Homogeneous continuous flow nitration of O-methylisouronium sulfate and its optimization by kinetic modeling

• Jiapeng Guo,
• Weike Su and
• An Su

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2408–2420, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.205

• its control difficult and risky. In this paper, a homogeneous continuous flow microreactor system was developed for the nitration of O-methylisouronium sulfate under high concentrations of mixed acids, with a homemade static mixer eliminating the mass transfer resistance. In addition, the kinetic

• 94%, initial reactant concentration of 0.5 mol/L, reaction temperature of 40 °C, molar ratio of reactants at 4.4:1, and a residence time of 12.36 minutes. Keywords: continuous flow; kinetic modeling; nitration; reaction optimization; static mixer; Introduction The demand for high-quality

• mixer achieves efficient mixing in a wide range of Reynolds numbers at the micro- and milliscale. However, many static mixer designs are structurally complex and require the use of 3D printing technology to aid in their manufacture, which is more expensive to use. Kilcher et al. investigated in detail

Honeycomb reactor: a promising device for streamlining aerobic oxidation under continuous-flow conditions

• Masahiro Hosoya,
• Yusuke Saito and
• Yousuke Horiuchi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 752–763, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.55

• [23] or a static mixer [24]. Slug-flow is a simple method for passive mixing, but the formation of slug-flow depends on the tube diameter [23], and the reaction rate decreases as the tube diameter increases [25][26]. The gas–liquid biphasic reaction also displays the same characteristic, and a static

• mixer needs to be developed to enable more robust aerobic oxidation under continuous-flow conditions. A static mixer is generally used by inserting it into a tube reactor. In the gas-liquid biphasic flow reaction, the static mixer has to be inserted into the full range of the tube reactor to maintain

• the reactor. As the gas–liquid reaction mixture passes through the honeycomb reactor, the porous material functions as a static mixer, maintaining high mixing efficiency throughout the aerobic oxidation process. We believe that this processing technology offers much potential for application as a flow

Heterogeneous metallaphotoredox catalysis in a continuous-flow packed-bed reactor

• Wei-Hsin Hsu,
• Susanne Reischauer,
• Peter H. Seeberger,
• Bartholomäus Pieber and
• Dario Cambié

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 1123–1130, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.115

• the packed bed could cause the relatively long time necessary to reach steady-state conditions. Consequently, we evaluated a static mixer to improve the flow distribution in the packed bed [40][41][42]. The residence time distribution (RTD) of the reactor was measured via a pulsed tracer experiment

• (see Supporting Information File 2 for details) and compared with a modified reactor unit containing a helical static mixer (Figure 6) [43]. The addition of the static mixer had a limited impact on both the standard deviation of the mean residence time and the reaction outcome, most likely due to the

• 15 hours, comparable with batch results (22 h). The production campaign of 1 for a seven day experiment. Photo of the packed column with a helical static mixer (polished SS316, 10 cm length, 15 mixing elements L/D = 1.04 from Stamixco AG). C–O coupling between 4-iodobenzotrifluoride and N-(Boc

Inductive heating and flow chemistry – a perfect synergy of emerging enabling technologies

• Conrad Kuhwald,
• Sibel Türkhan and
• Andreas Kirschning

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2022, 18, 688–706, doi:10.3762/bjoc.18.70

• comparable to microwave-induced heating. In continuation of these studies a two-step sequence was developed which showed that Claisen rearrangements can be accelerated in water as solvent (Scheme 8B) [51]. The phenolate salt 11 was mixed with allyl bromide in a static mixer and inductively heated to 110 °C

A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries

• Guido Gambacorta,
• James S. Sharley and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1181–1312, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.90

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

• Christopher G. Thomson,
• Ai-Lan Lee and
• Filipe Vilela

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1495–1549, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.125

Nanangenines: drimane sesquiterpenoids as the dominant metabolite cohort of a novel Australian fungus, Aspergillus nanangensis

• Heather J. Lacey,
• Cameron L. M. Gilchrist,
• Andrew Crombie,
• John A. Kalaitzis,
• Daniel Vuong,
• Peter J. Rutledge,
• Peter Turner,
• John I. Pitt,
• Ernest Lacey,
• Yit-Heng Chooi and
• Andrew M. Piggott

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 2631–2643, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.256

• with static mixer, SPD-M10AVP diode array detector and SCL-10AVP system controller with standard Rheodyne injection port. The columns used in the purification of the metabolites were selected from either a Hypersil C18 column (50 × 100 mm, 5 μm; Grace Discovery), a Vydac C18 column (50 × 100 mm, 5 μm

A general and atom-efficient continuous-flow approach to prepare amines, amides and imines via reactive N-chloramines

• Katherine E. Jolley,
• Michael R. Chapman and
• A. John Blacker

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2220–2228, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.196

• fifth the volume of that in Table 1, entry 2, provides a much shorter tres than the in-line static mixer (SM) with comparable conversion of N-benzyl-N-methylamine (1) to the N-alkyl-N-chloramine 5 at steady state, representing a productivity value of 5.6 mol L−1 h−1. The same reactor geometry was used

Assessing the possibilities of designing a unified multistep continuous flow synthesis platform

• Mrityunjay K. Sharma,
• Roopashri B. Acharya,
• Chinmay A. Shukla and
• Amol A. Kulkarni

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1917–1936, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.166

• a flow reactor tube of required length and diameter or a microchannel reactor having various geometries or a static mixer) or a continuous stirred tank reactor or a fixed bed reactor or other intensified process equipment viz. spinning disc reactor, impinging jet reactor etc.) and a thermostat which

Continuous formation of N-chloro-N,N-dialkylamine solutions in well-mixed meso-scale flow reactors

• A. John Blacker and
• Katherine E. Jolley

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2408–2417, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.262

• solutions of N,N-dialkyl-N-chloramines produced continuously will enable their use in tandem flow reactions with a range of nucleophilic substrates. Keywords: amine; biphasic; chloramine; chlorination; continuous flow chemistry; CSTR; static mixer; sodium hypochlorite; tube reactor; Introduction N

• homopolymer, Delrin® that are solvent and oxidant resistant [34]. The set-up comprised one pump for the organic phase (amine/toluene) and one for the aqueous phase (NaOCl/water). The feeds were connected via a stainless steel T-piece to tubing (1/4 inch OD, 3/16 inch ID) containing static mixer tubes (1/8

• inch ID, 3/16 inch OD) along the flow channel (Figure 2). The length of the reactor and number of static mixer inserts were adjusted to vary the residence time, thus maintaining sufficient flow rate to give effective mixing. Initial experiments using toluene and an aqueous dye were used to assess

The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry

• Marcus Baumann and
• Ian R. Baxendale

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1194–1219, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.134

Flow Giese reaction using cyanoborohydride as a radical mediator

• Takahide Fukuyama,
• Takuji Kawamoto,
• Mikako Kobayashi and
• Ilhyong Ryu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1791–1796, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.208

• , equipped with a static mixer having 150 μm width and an automated fraction collector. Using the optimized flow conditions (70 °C, 10–15 min), high yielding conversions of 1b to 3b and 1c to 3c were also obtained. Pictures of the flow microreactor system (MiChS® System X-1), a micromixer (MiChS β-150