Search for "tetrahydrofurans" in Full Text gives 26 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2025, 21, 1324–1373, doi:10.3762/bjoc.21.101
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Bond lengths and bond angles in oxetane at 140 K [2].
Figure 2: Analogy of 3-substituted oxetanes to carbonyl and gem-dimethyl groups [12].
Figure 3: Use of oxetanes in drug design – selected examples.
Figure 4: Examples of oxetane-containing natural products.
Scheme 1: Synthetic strategies towards construction of the oxetane ring.
Scheme 2: Overview of intramolecular Williamson etherification and competing Grob fragmentation.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of spiro-oxetanes via 1,4-C–H insertion and Williamson etherification.
Scheme 4: Use of phenyl vinyl selenone in the synthesis of spirooxindole oxetanes.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of bicyclic 3,5-anhydrofuranoses via double epoxide opening/etherification.
Scheme 6: Preparation of spirooxetanes by cycloisomerisation via MHAT/RPC.
Scheme 7: Oxetane synthesis via alcohol C–H functionalisation.
Scheme 8: Access to oxetanes 38 from α-acetyloxy iodides.
Scheme 9: The kilogram-scale synthesis of oxetane intermediate 41.
Scheme 10: Overview of the intramolecular opening of 3-membered rings.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of 4,7-dioxatricyclo[3.2.1.03,6]octane skeletons.
Scheme 12: Silicon-directed electrophilic cyclisation of homoallylic alcohols.
Scheme 13: Hydrosilylation–iodocyclisation of homopropargylic alcohols.
Scheme 14: Cu-catalysed intramolecular O-vinylation of γ-bromohomoallylic alcohols.
Scheme 15: Cu-catalysed intramolecular cross-coupling of hydroxyvinylstannanes.
Scheme 16: Isomerisation of oxiranyl ethers containing weakly carbanion-stabilising groups.
Scheme 17: Cyclisation of diethyl haloalkoxymalonates.
Scheme 18: Synthesis of oxetanes through a 1,5-HAT/radical recombination sequence.
Scheme 19: General approach to oxetanes via [2 + 2] cycloadditions.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of tricyclic 4:4:4 oxetanes through a photochemical triple cascade reaction.
Scheme 21: Iridium-catalysed Paternò–Büchi reaction between α-ketoesters and simple alkenes.
Scheme 22: Three-step synthesis of spirocyclic oxetanes 83 via Paternò–Büchi reaction, nucleophilic ring openi...
Scheme 23: Enantioselective Paternò–Büchi reaction catalysed by a chiral iridium photocatalyst.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of polysubstituted oxetanes 92 via Cu(II)-mediated formal [2 + 2] cycloadditions.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of alkylideneoxetanes via NHC- and DBU-mediated formal [2 + 2] cycloadditions.
Scheme 26: Use of sulphur-stabilised carbanions in ring expansions.
Scheme 27: Synthesis of α,α-difluoro(arylthio)methyl oxetanes.
Scheme 28: Ring expansion in an industrial synthesis of PF-06878031.
Scheme 29: Ring contraction of triflated 2-hydroxy-γ-lactones.
Scheme 30: Ring contraction in an industrial synthesis of PF-06878031.
Scheme 31: Photochemical ring contraction of 2,5-dihydrofurans by aryldiazoacetic acid esters.
Scheme 32: Synthesis of 3-oxetanones via O-H insertion of carbenes.
Scheme 33: Synthesis of phosphonate oxetanones via gold-mediated alkyne oxidation/O–H insertion.
Scheme 34: Syntheses and common derivatisations of 3-oxetanone.
Scheme 35: SN1 substitution of 3-aryloxetan-3-ols by thiols and alcohols.
Scheme 36: Fe–Ni dual-catalytic olefin hydroarylation towards 3-alkyl-3-(hetero)aryloxetanes.
Scheme 37: Synthesis of 3-aryloxetan-3-carboxylic acids.
Scheme 38: Decarboxylative alkylation of 3-aryloxetan-3-carboxylic acids.
Scheme 39: Synthesis of 3-amino-3-aryloxetanes via photoredox/nickel cross-coupling catalysis.
Scheme 40: Intermolecular cross-selective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition towards spirooxetanes.
Scheme 41: Synthesis of 3-aryl-3-aminooxetanes via defluorosulphonylative coupling.
Scheme 42: Two-step synthesis of amide bioisosteres via benzotriazolyl Mannich adducts 170.
Scheme 43: Functionalisation of oxetanyl trichloroacetimidates 172.
Scheme 44: Synthesis of oxetane-amino esters 176.
Scheme 45: Tandem Friedel–Crafts alkylation/intramolecular ring opening of 3-aryloxetan-3-ols.
Scheme 46: Synthesis of polysubstituted furans and pyrroles.
Scheme 47: Synthesis of oxazolines and bisoxazolines.
Scheme 48: Tandem, one-pot syntheses of various polycyclic heterocycles.
Scheme 49: Synthesis of 1,2-dihydroquinolines via skeletal reorganisation of oxetanes.
Scheme 50: Synthesis of benzoindolines and 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans and their derivatisations.
Scheme 51: Synthesis of polysubstituted 1,4-dioxanes.
Scheme 52: Preparation of various lactones via ring opening of oxetane-carboxylic acids 219.
Scheme 53: Tsuji-Trost allylation/ring opening of 3-aminooxetanes.
Scheme 54: Arylative skeletal rearrangement of 3-vinyloxetan-3-ols to 2,5-dihydrofurans.
Scheme 55: Reductive opening of oxetanes using catalytic Mg–H species.
Scheme 56: Opening of oxetanes by silyl ketene acetals.
Scheme 57: Rhodium-catalysed hydroacylation of oxetanes.
Scheme 58: Generation of radicals from oxetanes mediated by a vitamin B12-derived cobalt catalyst.
Scheme 59: Reductive opening of oxetanes by B–Si frustrated Lewis pairs.
Scheme 60: Zirconocene-mediated reductive opening of oxetanes.
Scheme 61: Enantioselective syntheses of small and medium-size rings using chiral phosphoric acids.
Scheme 62: Asymmetric synthesis of 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]oxepines catalysed by a chiral scandium complex.
Scheme 63: Enantioselective synthesis of 1,3-bromohydrins under a chiral squaramide catalysis.
Scheme 64: Enantioselective opening of 2-aryl-2-ethynyloxetanes by anilines.
Scheme 65: Ru-catalysed insertion of diazocarbonyls into oxetanes.
Scheme 66: Ring expansion of oxetanes by stabilised carbenes generated under blue light irradiation.
Scheme 67: Expansion of oxetanes via nickel-catalysed insertion of alkynyltrifluoroborates.
Scheme 68: Nickel-catalysed expansion of oxetanes into ε-caprolactones.
Scheme 69: Expansion of oxetanes via cobalt-catalysed carbonyl insertion.
Scheme 70: Gold-catalysed intramolecular 1,1-carboalkoxylation of oxetane-ynamides.
Scheme 71: Expansion of oxetanes by stabilised sulphoxonium ylides.
Scheme 72: Cu-catalysed ring expansion of 2-vinyloxetanes by diazoesters.
Scheme 73: Total synthesis of (+)-oxetin.
Scheme 74: Total synthesis of racemic oxetanocin A.
Scheme 75: Total synthesis of (−)-merrilactone A.
Scheme 76: Total synthesis of (+)-dictyoxetane.
Scheme 77: Total synthesis of ent-dichrocephone B.
Scheme 78: Total synthesis of (−)-mitrephorone A.
Scheme 79: Total synthesis of (−)-taxol.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 3113–3133, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.258
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Example bioactive compounds containing cyclic scaffolds potentially accessible by HVI chemistry.
Figure 2: A general mechanism for HVI-mediated endo- or exo-halocyclisation.
Scheme 1: Metal-free synthesis of β-fluorinated piperidines 6. Ts = tosyl.
Scheme 2: Intramolecular aminofluorination of unactivated alkenes with a palladium catalyst.
Scheme 3: Aminofluorination of alkenes in the synthesis of enantiomerically pure β-fluorinated piperidines. P...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of β-fluorinated piperidines.
Scheme 5: Intramolecular fluoroaminations of unsaturated amines published by Li.
Scheme 6: Intramolecular aminofluorination of unsaturated amines using 1-fluoro-3,3-dimethylbenziodoxole (12)...
Scheme 7: 3-fluoropyrrolidine synthesis. aDiastereomeric ratio (cis/trans) determined by 19F NMR analysis.
Scheme 8: Kitamura’s synthesis of 3-fluoropyrrolidines. Values in parentheses represent the cis:trans ratio.
Scheme 9: Jacobsen’s enantio- and diastereoselective protocol for the synthesis of syn-β-fluoroaziridines 15.
Scheme 10: Different HVI reagents lead to different diastereoselectivity in aminofluorination competing with c...
Scheme 11: Fluorocyclisation of unsaturated alcohols and carboxylic acids to make tetrahydrofurans, fluorometh...
Scheme 12: Oxyfluorination of unsaturated alcohols.
Scheme 13: Synthesis and mechanism of fluoro-benzoxazepines.
Scheme 14: Intramolecular fluorocyclisation of unsaturated carboxylic acids. Yield of isolated product within ...
Scheme 15: Synthesis of fluorinated tetrahydrofurans and butyrolactone.
Scheme 16: Synthesis of fluorinated oxazolines 32. aReaction time increased to 40 hours. Yields refer to isola...
Scheme 17: Electrochemical synthesis of fluorinated oxazolines.
Scheme 18: Electrochemical synthesis of chromanes.
Scheme 19: Synthesis of fluorinated oxazepanes.
Scheme 20: Enantioselective oxy-fluorination with a chiral aryliodide catayst.
Scheme 21: Catalytic synthesis of 5‑fluoro-2-aryloxazolines using BF3·Et2O as a source of fluoride and an acti...
Scheme 22: Intramolecular carbofluorination of alkenes.
Scheme 23: Intramolecular chlorocyclisation of unsaturated amines.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of chlorinated cyclic guanidines 44.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of chlorinated pyrido[2,3-b]indoles 46.
Scheme 26: Chlorolactonization and chloroetherification reactions.
Scheme 27: Proposed mechanism for the synthesis of chloromethyl oxazolines 49.
Scheme 28: Oxychlorination to form oxazine and oxazoline heterocycles promoted by BCl3.
Scheme 29: Aminobromocyclisation of homoallylic sulfonamides 53. The cis:trans ratios based on the 1H NMR of t...
Scheme 30: Synthesis of cyclic imines 45.
Scheme 31: Synthesis of brominated pyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles 59.
Scheme 32: Bromoamidation of alkenes.
Scheme 33: Synthesis of brominated cyclic guanidines 61 and 61’.
Scheme 34: Intramolecular bromocyclisation of N-oxyureas.
Scheme 35: The formation of 3-bromoindoles.
Scheme 36: Bromolactonisation of unsaturated acids 68.
Scheme 37: Synthesis of 5-bromomethyl-2-oxazolines.
Scheme 38: Synthesis of brominated chiral morpholines.
Scheme 39: Bromoenolcyclisation of unsaturated dicarbonyl groups.
Scheme 40: Brominated oxazines and oxazolines with BBr3.
Scheme 41: Synthesis of 5-bromomethtyl-2-phenylthiazoline.
Scheme 42: Intramolecular iodoamination of unsaturated amines.
Scheme 43: Formation of 3-iodoindoles.
Scheme 44: Iodoetherification of 2,2-diphenyl-4-penten-1-carboxylic acid (47’) and 2,2-diphenyl-4-penten-1-ol (...
Scheme 45: Synthesis of 5-iodomethyl-2-oxazolines.
Scheme 46: Synthesis of chiral iodinated morpholines. aFrom the ʟ-form of the amino acid starting material. Th...
Scheme 47: Iodoenolcyclisation of unsaturated dicarbonyl compounds 74.
Scheme 48: Synthesis of 5-iodomethtyl-2-phenylthiazoline (87).
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 561–569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.48
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: DAS spirocyclizations reported earlier and the synthetic methodology investigated in this work.
Figure 1: Examples of biologically active compounds and natural products based on THF/THP spiro-conjugates wi...
Scheme 2: An initial example on Rh(II)-catalyzed O–H insertion/base-promoted cyclization involving diazo comp...
Scheme 3: Tandem Rh2(esp)2-catalyzed O–H insertion/base-promoted cyclization involving DAS 1 and various prop...
Scheme 4: Tandem Rh2(esp)2-catalyzed O–H insertion/base-promoted cyclization involving DAS 1 and allenic acid...
Scheme 5: Tandem Rh2(esp)2-catalyzed O–H insertion/base-promoted cyclization involving various DAS 1 and 3-br...
Scheme 6: Tandem Rh2(esp)2-catalyzed O–H insertion/base-promoted cyclization involving DAS 1 and 2-(bromometh...
Scheme 7: Examples where a target spirocyclic product was not observed.
Scheme 8: Plausible mechanism of the transformations studied.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1471–1502, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.106
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Sulfur-containing bioactive molecules.
Scheme 2: Scandium-catalyzed synthesis of thiosulfonates.
Scheme 3: Palladium-catalyzed aryl(alkyl)thiolation of unactivated arenes.
Scheme 4: Catalytic cycle for Pd-catalyzed aryl(alkyl)thiolation of unactivated arenes.
Scheme 5: Iron- or boron-catalyzed C–H arylthiation of substituted phenols.
Scheme 6: Iron-catalyzed azidoalkylthiation of alkenes.
Scheme 7: Plausible mechanism for iron-catalyzed azidoalkylthiation of alkenes.
Scheme 8: BF3·Et2O‑mediated electrophilic cyclization of aryl alkynoates.
Scheme 9: Tentative mechanism for BF3·Et2O‑mediated electrophilic cyclization of aryl alkynoates.
Scheme 10: Construction of 6-substituted benzo[b]thiophenes.
Scheme 11: Plausible mechanism for construction of 6-substituted benzo[b]thiophenes.
Scheme 12: AlCl3‑catalyzed cyclization of N‑arylpropynamides with N‑sulfanylsuccinimides.
Scheme 13: Synthetic utility of AlCl3‑catalyzed cyclization of N‑arylpropynamides with N‑sulfanylsuccinimides.
Scheme 14: Sulfenoamination of alkenes with sulfonamides and N-sulfanylsuccinimides.
Scheme 15: Lewis acid/Brønsted acid controlled Pd-catalyzed functionalization of aryl C(sp2)–H bonds.
Scheme 16: Possible mechanism for Lewis acid/Brønsted acid controlled Pd-catalyzed functionalization of aryl C...
Scheme 17: FeCl3-catalyzed carbosulfenylation of unactivated alkenes.
Scheme 18: Copper-catalyzed electrophilic thiolation of organozinc halides.
Scheme 19: h-BN@Copper(II) nanomaterial catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of sulfoximines and N‑(arylthio)succ...
Scheme 20: AlCl3‑mediated cyclization and sulfenylation of 2‑alkyn-1-one O‑methyloximes.
Scheme 21: Lewis acid-promoted 2-substituted cyclopropane 1,1-dicarboxylates with sulfonamides and N-(arylthio...
Scheme 22: Lewis acid-mediated cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes and hydrazones with N-(arylthio/seleno)su...
Scheme 23: Credible pathway for Lewis acid-mediated cyclization of β,γ-unsaturated oximes with N-(arylthio)suc...
Scheme 24: Synthesis of 4-chalcogenyl pyrazoles via chalcogenation/cyclization of α,β-alkynic hydrazones.
Scheme 25: Controllable synthesis of 3-thiolated pyrroles and pyrrolines.
Scheme 26: Possible mechanism for controllable synthesis of 3-thiolated pyrroles and pyrrolines.
Scheme 27: Co-catalyzed C2-sulfenylation and C2,C3-disulfenylation of indole derivatives.
Scheme 28: Plausible catalytic cycle for Co-catalyzed C2-sulfenylation and C2,C3-disulfenylation of indoles.
Scheme 29: C–H thioarylation of electron-rich arenes by iron(III) triflimide catalysis.
Scheme 30: Difunctionalization of alkynyl bromides with thiosulfonates and N-arylthio succinimides.·
Scheme 31: Suggested mechanism for difunctionalization of alkynyl bromides with thiosulfonates and N-arylthio ...
Scheme 32: Synthesis of thioesters, acyl disulfides, ketones, and amides by N-thiohydroxy succinimide esters.
Scheme 33: Proposed mechanism for metal-catalyzed selective acylation and acylthiolation.
Scheme 34: AlCl3-catalyzed synthesis of 3,4-bisthiolated pyrroles.
Scheme 35: α-Sulfenylation of aldehydes and ketones.
Scheme 36: Acid-catalyzed sulfetherification of unsaturated alcohols.
Scheme 37: Enantioselective sulfenylation of β-keto phosphonates.
Scheme 38: Organocatalyzed sulfenylation of 3‑substituted oxindoles.
Scheme 39: Sulfenylation and chlorination of β-ketoesters.
Scheme 40: Intramolecular sulfenoamination of olefins.
Scheme 41: Plausible mechanism for intramolecular sulfenoamination of olefins.
Scheme 42: α-Sulfenylation of 5H-oxazol-4-ones.
Scheme 43: Metal-free C–H sulfenylation of electron-rich arenes.
Scheme 44: TFA-promoted C–H sulfenylation indoles.
Scheme 45: Proposed mechanism for TFA-promoted C–H sulfenylation indoles.
Scheme 46: Organocatalyzed sulfenylation and selenenylation of 3-pyrrolyloxindoles.
Scheme 47: Organocatalyzed sulfenylation of S-based nucleophiles.
Scheme 48: Conjugate Lewis base Brønsted acid-catalyzed sulfenylation of N-heterocycles.
Scheme 49: Mechanism for activation of N-sulfanylsuccinimide by conjugate Lewis base Brønsted acid catalyst.
Scheme 50: Sulfenylation of deconjugated butyrolactams.
Scheme 51: Intramolecular sulfenofunctionalization of alkenes with phenols.
Scheme 52: Organocatalytic 1,3-difunctionalizations of Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates.
Scheme 53: Organocatalytic sulfenylation of β‑naphthols.
Scheme 54: Acid-promoted oxychalcogenation of o‑vinylanilides with N‑(arylthio/arylseleno)succinimides.
Scheme 55: Lewis base/Brønsted acid dual-catalytic C–H sulfenylation of aryls.
Scheme 56: Lewis base-catalyzed sulfenoamidation of alkenes.
Scheme 57: Cyclization of allylic amide using a Brønsted acid and tetrabutylammonium chloride.
Scheme 58: Catalytic electrophilic thiocarbocyclization of allenes with N-thiosuccinimides.
Scheme 59: Suggested mechanism for electrophilic thiocarbocyclization of allenes with N-thiosuccinimides.
Scheme 60: Chiral chalcogenide-catalyzed enantioselective hydrothiolation of alkenes.
Scheme 61: Proposed mechanism for chalcogenide-catalyzed enantioselective hydrothiolation of alkenes.
Scheme 62: Organocatalytic sulfenylation for synthesis a diheteroatom-bearing tetrasubstituted carbon centre.
Scheme 63: Thiolative cyclization of yne-ynamides.
Scheme 64: Synthesis of alkynyl and acyl disulfides from reaction of thiols with N-alkynylthio phthalimides.
Scheme 65: Oxysulfenylation of alkenes with 1-(arylthio)pyrrolidine-2,5-diones and alcohols.
Scheme 66: Arylthiolation of arylamines with (arylthio)-pyrrolidine-2,5-diones.
Scheme 67: Catalyst-free isothiocyanatoalkylthiation of styrenes.
Scheme 68: Sulfenylation of (E)-β-chlorovinyl ketones toward 3,4-dimercaptofurans.
Scheme 69: HCl-promoted intermolecular 1, 2-thiofunctionalization of aromatic alkenes.
Scheme 70: Possible mechanism for HCl-promoted 1,2-thiofunctionalization of aromatic alkenes.
Scheme 71: Coupling reaction of diazo compounds with N-sulfenylsuccinimides.
Scheme 72: Multicomponent reactions of disulfides with isocyanides and other nucleophiles.
Scheme 73: α-Sulfenylation and β-sulfenylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 487–540, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.38
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Ring-strain energies of homobicyclic and heterobicyclic alkenes in kcal mol−1. a) [2.2.1]-Bicyclic ...
Figure 2: a) Exo and endo face descriptions of bicyclic alkenes. b) Reactivity comparisons for different β-at...
Scheme 1: Ni-catalyzed ring-opening/cyclization cascade of heterobicyclic alkenes 1 with alkyl propiolates 2 ...
Scheme 2: Ni-catalyzed ring-opening/cyclization cascade of heterobicyclic alkenes 8 with β-iodo-(Z)-propenoat...
Scheme 3: Ni-catalyzed two- and three-component difunctionalizations of norbornene derivatives 15 with alkyne...
Scheme 4: Ni-catalyzed intermolecular three-component difunctionalization of oxabicyclic alkenes 1 with alkyn...
Scheme 5: Ni-catalyzed intermolecular three-component carboacylation of norbornene derivatives 15.
Scheme 6: Photoredox/Ni dual-catalyzed coupling of 4-alkyl-1,4-dihydropyridines 31 with heterobicyclic alkene...
Scheme 7: Photoredox/Ni dual-catalyzed coupling of α-amino radicals with heterobicyclic alkenes 30.
Scheme 8: Cu-catalyzed rearrangement/allylic alkylation of 2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenes 47 with Grignard r...
Scheme 9: Cu-catalyzed aminoboration of bicyclic alkenes 1 with bis(pinacolato)diboron (B2pin2) (53) and O-be...
Scheme 10: Cu-catalyzed borylalkynylation of oxabenzonorbornadiene (30b) with B2pin2 (53) and bromoalkynes 62.
Scheme 11: Cu-catalyzed borylacylation of bicyclic alkenes 1.
Scheme 12: Cu-catalyzed diastereoselective 1,2-difunctionalization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 for the synthe...
Scheme 13: Fe-catalyzed carbozincation of heterobicyclic alkenes 1 with arylzinc reagents 74.
Scheme 14: Co-catalyzed addition of arylzinc reagents of norbornene derivatives 15.
Scheme 15: Co-catalyzed ring-opening/dehydration of oxabicyclic alkenes 30 via C–H activation of arenes.
Scheme 16: Co-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulation/ring-opening/dehydration domino reaction of oxabicyclic alkenes 1 w...
Scheme 17: Co-catalyzed enantioselective carboamination of bicyclic alkenes 1 via C–H functionalization.
Scheme 18: Ru-catalyzed cyclization of oxabenzonorbornene derivatives with propargylic alcohols for the synthe...
Scheme 19: Ru-catalyzed coupling of oxabenzonorbornene derivatives 30 with propargylic alcohols and ethers 106...
Scheme 20: Ru-catalyzed ring-opening/dehydration of oxabicyclic alkenes via the C–H activation of anilides.
Scheme 21: Ru-catalyzed of azabenzonorbornadiene derivatives with arylamides.
Scheme 22: Rh-catalyzed cyclization of bicyclic alkenes with arylboronate esters 118.
Scheme 23: Rh-catalyzed cyclization of bicyclic alkenes with dienyl- and heteroaromatic boronate esters.
Scheme 24: Rh-catalyzed domino lactonization of doubly bridgehead-substituted oxabicyclic alkenes with seconda...
Scheme 25: Rh-catalyzed domino carboannulation of diazabicyclic alkenes with 2-cyanophenylboronic acid and 2-f...
Scheme 26: Rh-catalyzed synthesis of oxazolidinone scaffolds 147 through a domino ARO/cyclization of oxabicycl...
Scheme 27: Rh-catalyzed oxidative coupling of salicylaldehyde derivatives 151 with diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 28: Rh-catalyzed reaction of O-acetyl ketoximes with bicyclic alkenes for the synthesis of isoquinoline...
Scheme 29: Rh-catalyzed domino coupling reaction of 2-phenylpyridines 165 with oxa- and azabicyclic alkenes 30....
Scheme 30: Rh-catalyzed domino dehydrative naphthylation of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with N-sulfonyl 2-aminob...
Scheme 31: Rh-catalyzed domino dehydrative naphthylation of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with arylphosphine deriv...
Scheme 32: Rh-catalyzed domino ring-opening coupling reaction of azaspirotricyclic alkenes using arylboronic a...
Scheme 33: Tandem Rh(III)/Sc(III)-catalyzed domino reaction of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with alkynols 184 dir...
Scheme 34: Rh-catalyzed asymmetric domino cyclization and addition reaction of 1,6-enynes 194 and oxa/azabenzo...
Scheme 35: Rh/Zn-catalyzed domino ARO/cyclization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with phosphorus ylides 201.
Scheme 36: Rh-catalyzed domino ring opening/lactonization of oxabenzonorbornadienes 30 with 2-nitrobenzenesulf...
Scheme 37: Rh-catalyzed domino C–C/C–N bond formation of azabenzonorbornadienes 30 with aryl-2H-indazoles 210.
Scheme 38: Rh/Pd-catalyzed domino synthesis of indole derivatives with 2-(phenylethynyl)anilines 212 and oxabe...
Scheme 39: Rh-catalyzed domino carborhodation of heterobicyclic alkenes 30 with B2pin2 (53).
Scheme 40: Rh-catalyzed three-component 1,2-carboamidation reaction of bicyclic alkenes 30 with aromatic and h...
Scheme 41: Pd-catalyzed diarylation and dialkenylation reactions of norbornene derivatives.
Scheme 42: Three-component Pd-catalyzed arylalkynylation reactions of bicyclic alkenes.
Scheme 43: Three-component Pd-catalyzed arylalkynylation reactions of norbornene and DFT mechanistic study.
Scheme 44: Pd-catalyzed three-component coupling N-tosylhydrazones 236, aryl halides 66, and norbornene (15a).
Scheme 45: Pd-catalyzed arylboration and allylboration of bicyclic alkenes.
Scheme 46: Pd-catalyzed, three-component annulation of aryl iodides 66, alkenyl bromides 241, and bicyclic alk...
Scheme 47: Pd-catalyzed double insertion/annulation reaction for synthesizing tetrasubstituted olefins.
Scheme 48: Pd-catalyzed aminocyclopropanation of bicyclic alkenes 1 with 5-iodopent-4-enylamine derivatives 249...
Scheme 49: Pd-catalyzed, three-component coupling of alkynyl bromides 62 and norbornene derivatives 15 with el...
Scheme 50: Pd-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization/ring-opening reaction of heterobicyclic alkenes 30 with 2-i...
Scheme 51: Pd-catalyzed dimer- and trimerization of oxabenzonorbornadiene derivatives 30 with anhydrides 268.
Scheme 52: Pd-catalyzed Catellani-type annulation and retro-Diels–Alder of norbornadiene 15b yielding fused xa...
Scheme 53: Pd-catalyzed hydroarylation and heteroannulation of urea-derived bicyclic alkenes 158 and aryl iodi...
Scheme 54: Access to fused 8-membered sulfoximine heterocycles 284/285 via Pd-catalyzed Catellani annulation c...
Scheme 55: Pd-catalyzed 2,2-bifunctionalization of bicyclic alkenes 1 generating spirobicyclic xanthone deriva...
Scheme 56: Pd-catalyzed Catellani-type annulation and retro-Diels–Alder of norbornadiene (15b) producing subst...
Scheme 57: Pd-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] annulation furnishing bicyclic-fused indanes 281 and 283.
Scheme 58: Pd-catalyzed ring-opening/ring-closing cascade of diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 59: Pd-NHC-catalyzed cyclopentannulation of diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 60: Pd-catalyzed annulation cascade generating diazabicyclic-fused indanones 292 and indanols 294.
Scheme 61: Pd-catalyzed skeletal rearrangement of spirotricyclic alkenes 176 towards large polycyclic benzofur...
Scheme 62: Pd-catalyzed oxidative annulation of aromatic enamides 298 and diazabicyclic alkenes 130a.
Scheme 63: Accessing 3,4,5-trisubstituted cyclopentenes 300, 301, 302 via the Pd-catalyzed domino reaction of ...
Scheme 64: Palladacycle-catalyzed ring-expansion/cyclization domino reactions of terminal alkynes and bicyclic...
Scheme 65: Pd-catalyzed carboesterification of norbornene (15a) with alkynes, furnishing α-methylene γ-lactone...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2848–2893, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.196
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Price comparison among iron and other transition metals used in catalysis.
Scheme 1: Typical modes of C–C bond formation.
Scheme 2: The components of an iron-catalyzed domino reaction.
Scheme 3: Iron-catalyzed tandem cyclization and cross-coupling reactions of iodoalkanes 1 with aryl Grignard ...
Scheme 4: Three component iron-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of vinyl cyclopropanes 14.
Scheme 5: Three-component iron-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes 21.
Scheme 6: Double carbomagnesiation of internal alkynes 31 with alkyl Grignard reagents 32.
Scheme 7: Iron-catalyzed cycloisomerization/cross-coupling of enyne derivatives 35 with alkyl Grignard reagen...
Scheme 8: Iron-catalyzed spirocyclization/cross-coupling cascade.
Scheme 9: Iron-catalyzed alkenylboration of alkenes 50.
Scheme 10: N-Alkyl–N-aryl acrylamide 60 CDC cyclization with C(sp3)–H bonds adjacent to a heteroatom.
Scheme 11: 1,2-Carboacylation of activated alkenes 60 with aldehydes 65 and alcohols 67.
Scheme 12: Iron-catalyzed dicarbonylation of activated alkenes 68 with alcohols 67.
Scheme 13: Iron-catalyzed cyanoalkylation/radical dearomatization of acrylamides 75.
Scheme 14: Synergistic photoredox/iron-catalyzed 1,2-dialkylation of alkenes 82 with common alkanes 83 and 1,3...
Scheme 15: Iron-catalyzed oxidative coupling/cyclization of phenol derivatives 86 and alkenes 87.
Scheme 16: Iron-catalyzed carbosulfonylation of activated alkenes 60.
Scheme 17: Iron-catalyzed oxidative spirocyclization of N-arylpropiolamides 91 with silanes 92 and tert-butyl ...
Scheme 18: Iron-catalyzed free radical cascade difunctionalization of unsaturated benzamides 94 with silanes 92...
Scheme 19: Iron-catalyzed cyclization of olefinic dicarbonyl compounds 97 and 100 with C(sp3)–H bonds.
Scheme 20: Radical difunctionalization of o-vinylanilides 102 with ketones and esters 103.
Scheme 21: Dehydrogenative 1,2-carboamination of alkenes 82 with alkyl nitriles 76 and amines 105.
Scheme 22: Iron-catalyzed intermolecular 1,2-difunctionalization of conjugated alkenes 107 with silanes 92 and...
Scheme 23: Four-component radical difunctionalization of chemically distinct alkenes 114/115 with aldehydes 65...
Scheme 24: Iron-catalyzed carbocarbonylation of activated alkenes 60 with carbazates 117.
Scheme 25: Iron-catalyzed radical 6-endo cyclization of dienes 119 with carbazates 117.
Scheme 26: Iron-catalyzed decarboxylative synthesis of functionalized oxindoles 130 with tert-butyl peresters ...
Scheme 27: Iron‑catalyzed decarboxylative alkylation/cyclization of cinnamamides 131/134.
Scheme 28: Iron-catalyzed carbochloromethylation of activated alkenes 60.
Scheme 29: Iron-catalyzed trifluoromethylation of dienes 142.
Scheme 30: Iron-catalyzed, silver-mediated arylalkylation of conjugated alkenes 115.
Scheme 31: Iron-catalyzed three-component carboazidation of conjugated alkenes 115 with alkanes 101/139b and t...
Scheme 32: Iron-catalyzed carboazidation of alkenes 82 and alkynes 160 with iodoalkanes 20 and trimethylsilyl ...
Scheme 33: Iron-catalyzed asymmetric carboazidation of styrene derivatives 115.
Scheme 34: Iron-catalyzed carboamination of conjugated alkenes 115 with alkyl diacyl peroxides 163 and acetoni...
Scheme 35: Iron-catalyzed carboamination using oxime esters 165 and arenes 166.
Scheme 36: Iron-catalyzed iminyl radical-triggered [5 + 2] and [5 + 1] annulation reactions with oxime esters ...
Scheme 37: Iron-catalyzed decarboxylative alkyl etherification of alkenes 108 with alcohols 67 and aliphatic a...
Scheme 38: Iron-catalyzed inter-/intramolecular alkylative cyclization of carboxylic acid and alcohol-tethered...
Scheme 39: Iron-catalyzed intermolecular trifluoromethyl-acyloxylation of styrene derivatives 115.
Scheme 40: Iron-catalyzed carboiodination of terminal alkenes and alkynes 180.
Scheme 41: Copper/iron-cocatalyzed cascade perfluoroalkylation/cyclization of 1,6-enynes 183/185.
Scheme 42: Iron-catalyzed stereoselective carbosilylation of internal alkynes 187.
Scheme 43: Synergistic photoredox/iron catalyzed difluoroalkylation–thiolation of alkenes 82.
Scheme 44: Iron-catalyzed three-component aminoazidation of alkenes 82.
Scheme 45: Iron-catalyzed intra-/intermolecular aminoazidation of alkenes 194.
Scheme 46: Stereoselective iron-catalyzed oxyazidation of enamides 196 using hypervalent iodine reagents 197.
Scheme 47: Iron-catalyzed aminooxygenation for the synthesis of unprotected amino alcohols 200.
Scheme 48: Iron-catalyzed intramolecular aminofluorination of alkenes 209.
Scheme 49: Iron-catalyzed intramolecular aminochlorination and aminobromination of alkenes 209.
Scheme 50: Iron-catalyzed intermolecular aminofluorination of alkenes 82.
Scheme 51: Iron-catalyzed aminochlorination of alkenes 82.
Scheme 52: Iron-catalyzed phosphinoylazidation of alkenes 108.
Scheme 53: Synergistic photoredox/iron-catalyzed three-component aminoselenation of trisubstituted alkenes 82.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2348–2376, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.153
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Schematic representation of Hg(II)-mediated addition to an unsaturated bond.
Scheme 2: First report of Hg(II)-mediated synthesis of 2,5-dioxane derivatives from allyl alcohol.
Scheme 3: Stepwise synthesis of 2,6-distubstituted dioxane derivatives.
Scheme 4: Cyclization of carbohydrate alkene precursor.
Scheme 5: Hg(II)-mediated synthesis of C-glucopyranosyl derivatives.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of C-glycosyl amino acid derivative using Hg(TFA)2.
Scheme 7: Hg(OAc)2-mediated synthesis of α-ᴅ-ribose derivative.
Scheme 8: Synthesis of β-ᴅ-arabinose derivative 18.
Scheme 9: Hg(OAc)2-mediated synthesis of tetrahydrofuran derivatives.
Scheme 10: Synthesis of Hg(TFA)2-mediated bicyclic nucleoside derivative.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of pyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives.
Scheme 12: HgCl2-mediated synthesis of diastereomeric pyrrolidine derivatives.
Scheme 13: HgCl2-mediated cyclization of alkenyl α-aminophosphonates.
Scheme 14: Cyclization of 4-cycloocten-1-ol with Hg(OAc)2 forming fused bicyclic products.
Scheme 15: trans-Amino alcohol formation through Hg(II)-salt-mediated cyclization.
Scheme 16: Hg(OAc)2-mediated 2-aza- or 2-oxa-bicyclic ring formations.
Scheme 17: Hg(II)-salt-induced cyclic peroxide formation.
Scheme 18: Hg(OAc)2-mediated formation of 1,2,4-trioxanes.
Scheme 19: Endocyclic enol ether derivative formation through Hg(II) salts.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of optically active cyclic alanine derivatives.
Scheme 21: Hg(II)-salt-mediated formation of tetrahydropyrimidin-4(1H)-one derivatives.
Scheme 22: Cyclization of ether derivatives to form stereoselective oxazolidine derivatives.
Scheme 23: Cyclization of amide derivatives induced by Hg(OAc)2.
Scheme 24: Hg(OAc)2/Hg(TFA)2-promoted cyclization of salicylamide-derived amidal auxiliary derivatives.
Scheme 25: Hg(II)-salt-mediated cyclization to form dihydrobenzopyrans.
Scheme 26: HgCl2-induced cyclization of acetylenic silyl enol ether derivatives.
Scheme 27: Synthesis of exocyclic and endocyclic enol ether derivatives.
Scheme 28: Cyclization of trans-acetylenic alcohol by treatment with HgCl2.
Scheme 29: Synthesis of benzofuran derivatives in presence of HgCl2.
Scheme 30: a) Hg(II)-salt-mediated cyclization of 4-hydroxy-2-alkyn-1-ones to furan derivatives and b) its mec...
Scheme 31: Cyclization of arylacetylenes to synthesize carbocyclic and heterocyclic derivatives.
Scheme 32: Hg(II)-salt-promoted cyclization–rearrangement to form heterocyclic compounds.
Scheme 33: a) HgCl2-mediated cyclization reaction of tethered alkyne dithioacetals; and b) proposed mechanism.
Scheme 34: Cyclization of aryl allenic ethers on treatment with Hg(OTf)2.
Scheme 35: Hg(TFA)2-mediated cyclization of allene.
Scheme 36: Hg(II)-catalyzed intramolecular trans-etherification reaction of 2-hydroxy-1-(γ-methoxyallyl)tetrah...
Scheme 37: a) Cyclization of alkene derivatives by catalytic Hg(OTf)2 salts and b) mechanism of cyclization.
Scheme 38: a) Synthesis of 1,4-dihydroquinoline derivatives by Hg(OTf)2 and b) plausible mechanism of formatio...
Scheme 39: Synthesis of Hg(II)-salt-catalyzed heteroaromatic derivatives.
Scheme 40: Hg(II)-salt-catalyzed synthesis of dihydropyranone derivatives.
Scheme 41: Hg(II)-salt-catalyzed cyclization of alkynoic acids.
Scheme 42: Hg(II)-salt-mediated cyclization of alkyne carboxylic acids and alcohol to furan, pyran, and spiroc...
Scheme 43: Hg(II)-salt-mediated cyclization of 1,4-dihydroxy-5-alkyne derivatives.
Scheme 44: Six-membered morpholine derivative formation by catalytic Hg(II)-salt-induced cyclization.
Scheme 45: Hg(OTf)2-catalyzed hydroxylative carbocyclization of 1,6-enyne.
Scheme 46: a) Hg(OTf)2-catalyzed hydroxylative carbocyclization of 1,6-enyne. b) Proposed mechanism.
Scheme 47: a) Synthesis of carbocyclic derivatives using a catalytic amount of Hg(II) salt. b) Proposed mechan...
Scheme 48: Cyclization of 1-alkyn-5-ones to 2-methylfuran derivatives.
Scheme 49: Hg(NO3)2-catalyzed synthesis of 2-methylenepiperidine.
Scheme 50: a) Preparation of indole derivatives through cycloisomerization of 2-ethynylaniline and b) its mech...
Scheme 51: a) Hg(OTf)2-catalyzed synthesis of 3-indolinones and 3-coumaranones and b) simplified mechanism.
Scheme 52: a) Hg(OTf)2-catalyzed one pot cyclization of nitroalkyne and b) its plausible mechanism.
Scheme 53: Synthesis of tricyclic heterocyclic scaffolds.
Scheme 54: HgCl2-mediated cyclization of 2-alkynylphenyl alkyl sulfoxide.
Scheme 55: a) Hg(OTf)2-catalyzed cyclization of allenes and alkynes. b) Proposed mechanism of cyclization.
Scheme 56: Stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyran derivatives.
Scheme 57: a) Hg(ClO4)2-catalyzed cyclization of α-allenol derivatives. b) Simplified mechanism.
Scheme 58: Hg(TFA)2-promoted cyclization of a γ-hydroxy alkene derivative.
Scheme 59: Synthesis Hg(II)-salt-mediated cyclization of allyl alcohol for the construction of ventiloquinone ...
Scheme 60: Hg(OAc)2-mediated cyclization as a key step for the synthesis of hongconin.
Scheme 61: Examples of Hg(II)-salt-mediated cyclized ring formation in the syntheses of (±)-fastigilin C and (...
Scheme 62: Formal synthesis of (±)-thallusin.
Scheme 63: Total synthesis of hippuristanol and its analog.
Scheme 64: Total synthesis of solanoeclepin A.
Scheme 65: a) Synthesis of Hg(OTf)2-catalyzed azaspiro structure for the formation of natural products. b) Pro...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1163–1187, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.103
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Selected examples of organic dyes. Mes-Acr+: 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium, DCA: 9,10-dicyanoanthra...
Scheme 1: Activation modes in photocatalysis.
Scheme 2: Main strategies for the formation of C(sp3) radicals used in organophotocatalysis.
Scheme 3: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of radicals from carboxylic acids:...
Scheme 4: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic reductive generation of C(sp3) radicals from redoxactiv...
Figure 2: Common substrates for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of C(sp3) radicals.
Scheme 5: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of radicals from dihydropyridines ...
Scheme 6: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of C(sp3) radicals from trifluorob...
Scheme 7: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic reductive generation of C(sp3) radicals from benzylic h...
Scheme 8: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic generation of C(sp3) radicals via direct HAT: the cross...
Scheme 9: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic generation of C(sp3) radicals via indirect HAT: the deu...
Scheme 10: Selected precursors for the generation of aryl radicals using organophotocatalysis.
Scheme 11: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic reductive generation of aryl radicals from aryl diazoni...
Scheme 12: Illustrative examples for the photocatalytic reductive generation of aryl radicals from haloarenes:...
Scheme 13: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic reductive generation of aryl radicals from aryl halides...
Scheme 14: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic reductive generation of aryl radicals from arylsulfonyl...
Scheme 15: Illustrative example for the reductive photocatalytic generation of aryl radicals from triaryl sulf...
Scheme 16: Main strategies towards acyl radicals used in organophotocatalysis.
Scheme 17: Illustrative example for the decarboxylative photocatalytic generation of acyl radicals from α-keto...
Scheme 18: Illustrative example for the oxidative photocatalytic generation of acyl radicals from acyl silanes...
Scheme 19: Illustrative example for the oxidative photocatalytic generation of carbamoyl radicals from 4-carba...
Scheme 20: Illustrative example of the photocatalytic HAT approach for the generation of acyl radicals from al...
Scheme 21: General reactivity of a) radical cations; b) radical anions; c) the main strategies towards aryl an...
Scheme 22: Illustrative example for the oxidative photocatalytic generation of alkene radical cations from alk...
Scheme 23: Illustrative example for the reductive photocatalytic generation of an alkene radical anion from al...
Figure 3: Structure of C–X radical anions and their neutral derivatives.
Scheme 24: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic reduction of imines and the generation of an α-amino C(...
Scheme 25: Illustrative example for the oxidative photocatalytic generation of aryl radical cations from arene...
Scheme 26: NCR classifications and generation.
Scheme 27: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic reductive generation of iminyl radicals from O-aryl oxi...
Scheme 28: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of iminyl radicals from α-N-oxy ac...
Scheme 29: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of iminyl radicals via an N–H bond...
Scheme 30: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of amidyl radicals from Weinreb am...
Scheme 31: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic reductive generation of amidyl radicals from hydroxylam...
Scheme 32: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic reductive generation of amidyl radicals from N-aminopyr...
Scheme 33: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of amidyl radicals from α-amido-ox...
Scheme 34: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of aminium radicals: the N-aryltet...
Scheme 35: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of nitrogen-centered radical catio...
Scheme 36: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of nitrogen-centered radical catio...
Scheme 37: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic oxidative generation of hydrazonyl radical from hydrazo...
Scheme 38: Generation of O-radicals.
Scheme 39: Illustrative examples for the photocatalytic generation of O-radicals from N-alkoxypyridinium salts...
Scheme 40: Illustrative examples for the photocatalytic generation of O-radicals from alkyl hydroperoxides: th...
Scheme 41: Illustrative example for the oxidative photocatalytic generation of thiyl radicals from thiols: the...
Scheme 42: Main strategies and reagents for the generation of sulfonyl radicals used in organophotocatalysis.
Scheme 43: Illustrative example for the reductive photocatalytic generation of sulfonyl radicals from arylsulf...
Scheme 44: Illustrative example of a Cl atom abstraction strategy for the photocatalytic generation of sulfamo...
Scheme 45: Illustrative example for the oxidative photocatalytic generation of sulfonyl radicals from sulfinic...
Scheme 46: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic generation of electronically excited triplet states: th...
Scheme 47: Illustrative example for the photocatalytic generation of electronically excited triplet states: th...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 54–83, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.4
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: General overview over the sulfur-based substrates and reactive intermediates that are discussed in ...
Scheme 2: Photoredox-catalyzed radical thiol–ene reaction, applying [Ru(bpz)3](PF6)2 as photocatalyst.
Scheme 3: Photoredox-catalyzed thiol–ene reaction of aliphatic thiols with alkenes enabled by aniline derivat...
Scheme 4: Photoredox-catalyzed radical thiol–ene reaction for the postfunctionalization of polymers (a) and n...
Scheme 5: Photoredox-catalyzed thiol–ene reaction enabled by bromotrichloromethane as redox additive.
Scheme 6: Photoredox-catalyzed preparation of β-ketosulfoxides with Eosin Y as organic dye as photoredox cata...
Scheme 7: Greaney’s photocatalytic radical thiol–ene reaction, applying TiO2 nanoparticles as photocatalyst.
Scheme 8: Fadeyi’s photocatalytic radical thiol–ene reaction, applying Bi2O3 as photocatalyst.
Scheme 9: Ananikov’s photocatalytic radical thiol-yne reaction, applying Eosin Y as photocatalyst.
Scheme 10: Organocatalytic visible-light photoinitiated thiol–ene coupling, applying phenylglyoxylic acid as o...
Scheme 11: Xia’s photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzothiophenes, applying 9-mesityl-10-me...
Scheme 12: Wang’s metal-free photoredox-catalyzed radical thiol–ene reaction, applying 9-mesityl-10-methylacri...
Scheme 13: Visible-light benzophenone-catalyzed metal- and oxidant-free radical thiol–ene reaction.
Scheme 14: Visible-light catalyzed C-3 sulfenylation of indole derivatives using Rose Bengal as organic dye.
Scheme 15: Photocatalyzed radical thiol–ene reaction and subsequent aerobic sulfide-oxidation with Rose Bengal...
Scheme 16: Photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of diaryl sulfides.
Scheme 17: Photocatalytic cross-coupling of aryl thiols with aryl diazonium salts, using Eosin Y as photoredox...
Scheme 18: Photocatalyzed cross-coupling of aryl diazonium salts with cysteines in batch and in a microphotore...
Scheme 19: Fu’s [Ir]-catalyzed photoredox arylation of aryl thiols with aryl halides.
Scheme 20: Fu’s photoredox-catalyzed difluoromethylation of aryl thiols.
Scheme 21: C–S cross-coupling of thiols with aryl iodides via [Ir]-photoredox and [Ni]-dual-catalysis.
Scheme 22: C–S cross-coupling of thiols with aryl bromides, applying 3,7-bis-(biphenyl-4-yl)-10-(1-naphthyl)ph...
Scheme 23: Collin’s photochemical dual-catalytic cross-coupling of thiols with bromoalkynes.
Scheme 24: Visible-light-promoted C–S cross-coupling via intermolecular electron donor–acceptor complex format...
Scheme 25: Li’s visible-light photoredox-catalyzed thiocyanation of indole derivatives with Rose Bengal as pho...
Scheme 26: Hajra’s visible-light photoredox-catalyzed thiocyanation of imidazoheterocycles with Eosin Y as pho...
Scheme 27: Wang’s photoredox-catalyzed thiocyanation reaction of indoles, applying heterogeneous TiO2/MoS2 nan...
Scheme 28: Yadav’s photoredox-catalyzed α-C(sp3)–H thiocyanation reaction for tertiary amines, applying Eosin ...
Scheme 29: Yadav’s photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of 5-aryl-2-imino-1,3-oxathiolanes.
Scheme 30: Yadav’s photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolane-2-thiones.
Scheme 31: Li’s photoredox catalysis for the preparation of 2-substituted benzothiazoles, applying [Ru(bpy)3](...
Scheme 32: Lei’s external oxidant-free synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles by merging photoredox and tra...
Scheme 33: Metal-free photocatalyzed synthesis of 2-aminobenzothiazoles, applying Eosin Y as photocatalyst.
Scheme 34: Metal-free photocatalyzed synthesis of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, using Eosin Y as photocatalyst.
Scheme 35: Visible-light photoredox-catalyzed preparation of benzothiophenes with Eosin Y.
Scheme 36: Visible-light-induced KOH/DMSO superbase-promoted preparation of benzothiophenes.
Scheme 37: Jacobi von Wangelin’s photocatalytic approach for the synthesis of aryl sulfides, applying Eosin Y ...
Scheme 38: Visible-light photosensitized α-C(sp3)–H thiolation of aliphatic ethers.
Scheme 39: Visible-light photocatalyzed cross-coupling of alkyl and aryl thiosulfates with aryl diazonium salt...
Scheme 40: Visible-light photocatalyzed, controllable sulfenylation and sulfoxidation with organic thiosulfate...
Scheme 41: Rastogi’s photoredox-catalyzed methylsulfoxidation of aryl diazonium salts, using [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 as ...
Scheme 42: a) Visible-light metal-free Eosin Y-catalyzed procedure for the preparation of vinyl sulfones from ...
Scheme 43: Visible-light photocatalyzed cross-coupling of sodium sulfinates with secondary enamides.
Scheme 44: Wang’s photocatalyzed oxidative cyclization of phenyl propiolates with sulfinic acids, applying Eos...
Scheme 45: Lei’s sacrificial oxidant-free synthesis of allyl sulfones by merging photoredox and transition met...
Scheme 46: Photocatalyzed Markovnikov-selective radical/radical cross-coupling of aryl sulfinic acids and term...
Scheme 47: Visible-light Eosin Y induced cross-coupling of aryl sulfinic acids and styrene derivatives, afford...
Scheme 48: Photoredox-catalyzed bicyclization of 1,7-enynes with sulfinic acids, applying Eosin Y as photocata...
Scheme 49: Visible-light-accelerated C–H-sulfinylation of arenes and heteroarenes.
Scheme 50: Visible-light photoredox-catalyzed β-selenosulfonylation of electron-rich olefins, applying [Ru(bpy)...
Scheme 51: Photocatalyzed preparation of β-chlorosulfones from the respective olefins and p-toluenesulfonyl ch...
Scheme 52: a) Photocatalyzed preparation of β-amidovinyl sulfones from sulfonyl chlorides. b) Preparation of β...
Scheme 53: Visible-light photocatalyzed sulfonylation of aliphatic tertiary amines, applying [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2 ...
Scheme 54: Reiser’s visible-light photoredox-catalyzed preparation of β-hydroxysulfones from sulfonyl chloride...
Scheme 55: a) Sun’s visible-light-catalyzed approach for the preparation of isoquinolinonediones, applying [fac...
Scheme 56: Visible-light photocatalyzed sulfonylation/cyclization of vinyl azides, applying [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 as p...
Scheme 57: Visible-light photocatalyzed procedure for the formation of β-ketosulfones from aryl sulfonyl chlor...
Scheme 58: Zheng’s method for the sulfenylation of indole derivatives, applying sulfonyl chlorides via visible...
Scheme 59: Cai’s visible-light induced synthesis of β-ketosulfones from sulfonyl hydrazines and alkynes.
Scheme 60: Photoredox-catalyzed approach for the preparation of vinyl sulfones from sulfonyl hydrazines and ci...
Scheme 61: Jacobi von Wangelin’s visible-light photocatalyzed chlorosulfonylation of anilines.
Scheme 62: Three-component photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of N-amino sulfonamides, applying PDI as organic dye....
Scheme 63: Visible-light induced preparation of complex sulfones from oximes, silyl enol ethers and SO2.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 2569–2576, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.253
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: General scheme for intramolecular heterocylization of intermediate X-ylides.
Figure 1: Thioamides 1a–e, diazoesters 2a–d and Rh(II)-catalysts used in the project.
Figure 2: The structures of compounds 4a and 3b according to the data of X-ray analysis (Olex2 plot with 50% ...
Scheme 2: Rh(II)-Catalyzed reactions of α-diazocyanoacetic ester 2d with α-cyanothioacetamides 1a–e.
Figure 3: The structure of thiophene 5c according to the data of X-ray analysis (Olex2 plot with 50% probabil...
Scheme 3: Interaction of thioacetamide 1e with dirhodium pivalate to produce complex 6e.
Figure 4: The structure of the complex 6e according to the data of X-ray analysis (Olex2 plot with 50% probab...
Scheme 4: The assumed mechanism for the formation of thiophenes 3, 5.
Scheme 5: The plausible mechanism for the formation of thiophenes 4.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 644–647, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.63
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Top: The natural product deoxynojirimycin and two analogues and marketed drugs Glyset and Zavesca. ...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of Boc- and Pht-protected diene substrates for endoperoxide synthesis. TBA-Cl = tetrabuty...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of endoperoxides 17–19 by [4 + 2]-cycloaddition of dienes 14–16 with singlet oxygen. The ...
Scheme 4: Dihydroxylation and protection of endoperoxides 18 and 19 to provide novel building blocks 20–23 fo...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 2104–2123, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.200
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Putative structures of geraniol 1a (R = H) or 1b (R = H) (in 1924), their expected dihydroxylation ...
Scheme 2: Correlation between the substrate double bond geometry and relative stereochemistry of the correspo...
Scheme 3: Mechanisms and classification for the metal-mediated oxidative cyclizations to form 2,5-disubstitut...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of (+)-anhydro-D-glucitol and (+)-D-chitaric acid using an OsO4-mediated oxidative cycliz...
Scheme 5: Total synthesis of neodysiherbaine A via a Ru(VIII)- and an Os(VI)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization,...
Scheme 6: Formal synthesis of ionomycin by Kocienski and co-workers.
Scheme 7: Total synthesis of amphidinolide F by Fürstner and co-workers.
Scheme 8: Brown`s and Donohoe`s oxidative cyclization approach to cis-solamin A.
Scheme 9: Total synthesis of cis-solamin A using a Ru(VIII)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization and enzymatic des...
Scheme 10: Donohoe´s double oxidative cyclization approach to cis-sylvaticin.
Scheme 11: Permanganate-mediated approach to cis-sylvaticin by Brown and co-workers.
Scheme 12: Total synthesis of membranacin using a KMnO4-mediated oxidative cyclization.
Scheme 13: Total synthesis of membrarollin and its analogue 21,22-diepi-membrarollin.
Scheme 14: Total synthesis of rollidecin C and D using a late stage Re(VII)-catalyzed oxidative polycyclizatio...
Scheme 15: Co(II)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization in the total synthesis of asimilobin and gigantetrocin A.
Scheme 16: Mn(VII)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of a 1,5-diene in the synthesis of trans-(+)-linalool oxide....
Scheme 17: Re(VII)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization in the total synthesis of teurilene.
Scheme 18: Total synthesis of (+)-eurylene via Re(VII)- and Cr(VI)-mediated oxidative cyclizations.
Scheme 19: Synthesis of cis- and trans-THF Rings of eurylene via Mn(VII)-mediated oxidative cyclizations.
Scheme 20: Cr(VI)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization in the total synthesis of venustatriol by Corey et al.
Scheme 21: Ru(VIII)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of a 1,5-diene in the synthesis and evaluation of its ster...
Scheme 22: Ru(VII)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of a 5,6-dihydroxy alkene in the synthesis of the core stru...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1340–1347, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.127
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Catalytic regio- and enantioselective [3 + 2] annulation reactions of 2-vinylcyclopropanes with ena...
Scheme 2: Single X-ray crystal structures of 7h’ and 7h’’.
Scheme 3: The proposed transition states.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 882–902, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.87
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Singlet carbene, triplet carbene and carbenoids.
Figure 2: Classification of the carbenoid intermediates by the electronic nature of the groups attached to th...
Figure 3: Chiral bis(oxazoline) ligands used in enantioselective copper carbenoid insertion.
Scheme 1: Pioneering work of Peter Yates on the carbenoid insertion reaction into X–H bonds (where X = O, S, ...
Scheme 2: Copper carbenoid insertion into C(sp3)–H bond of a stereogenic center with full retention of the as...
Scheme 3: Carbenoid insertion into a C(sp3)–H bond as the key step of the Taber’s (+)-α-cuparenone (8) synthe...
Scheme 4: First enantioselective carbenoid insertion into C–O bonds catalyzed by chiral metallic complexes.
Figure 4: Chemical structures of complexes (R)-18 and (S)-18.
Scheme 5: Asymmetric carbenoid insertions into C(sp3)–H bonds of cycloalkanes catalyzed by chiral rhodium car...
Scheme 6: First diastereo and enantioselective intermolecular carbenoid insertion into tetrahydrofuran C(sp3)...
Scheme 7: Simplified mechanism of the carbenoid insertion into a C(sp3)–H bond.
Scheme 8: Nakamura’s carbenoid insertion into a C(sp3)–H bond catalytic cycle.
Scheme 9: Investigation of the relationship between the electronic characteristics of the substituent X attac...
Scheme 10: Empirical model to predict the stereoselectivity of the donor/acceptor dirhodium carbenoid insertio...
Scheme 11: Asymmetric insertion of copper carbenoids in C(sp3)–H bonds to prepare trans-γ-lactam.
Figure 5: Iridium catalysts used by Suematsu and Katsuki for carbenoid insertion into C(sp3)–H bonds.
Scheme 12: Chiral porphyrin iridium complex catalyzes the carbenoid insertion into bis-allylic C(sp3)–H bonds.
Scheme 13: Chiral porphyrin iridium complex catalyzes the carbenoid insertion into tetrahydrofuran C(sp3)–H bo...
Scheme 14: Chiral porphyrin–iridium complex catalyzes the intramolecular carbenoid insertion into C(sp3)–H bon...
Scheme 15: Chiral bis(oxazoline)–iridium complex catalyzes the carbenoid insertion into bis-allylic C(sp3)–H b...
Scheme 16: New cyclopropylcarboxylate-based chiral catalyst to enantioselective carbenoid insertion into the e...
Scheme 17: Regio- and enantioselective carbenoid insertion into the C(sp3)–H bond catalyzed by a new bulky cyc...
Scheme 18: Regio and diastereoselective carbenoid insertion into the C(sp3)–H bond catalyzed by a new bulky cy...
Scheme 19: 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl (TCE) aryldiazoacetates to improve the scope, regio- and enantioselective of t...
Scheme 20: Sequential C–H functionalization approach to 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans.
Scheme 21: Enantioselective intramolecular rhodium carbenoid insertion into C(sp3)–H bonds to afford cis-disub...
Scheme 22: Enantioselective intramolecular rhodium carbenoid insertion into C(sp3)–H bonds to afford cis-2-vin...
Scheme 23: First rhodium porphyrin-based catalyst for enantioselective carbenoid insertion into C(sp3)–H bond.
Scheme 24: Rhodium porphyrin-based catalyst for enantioselective carbenoid insertion into benzylic C(sp3)–H bo...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1893–1901, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.204
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: ROCM reactions of 7-oxanorbornene.
Figure 1: Chemical structures of catalysts [Ru]1–6 used in this work.
Scheme 2: Metathesis products of exo- and endo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-carbonitriles (1 and 2) with al...
Figure 2: Representative GC chromatograms recorded from crude reaction mixtures described in Table 1: a) entry 1 and...
Scheme 3: The plausible mechanism of the formation of ROCM and ROMP products from exo- or endo-7-oxabicyclo[2...
Figure 3: Numbering of carbon atoms in cross metathesis products.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2858–2873, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.303
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Common types of electrochemically induced cyclization reactions.
Scheme 1: Principle of indirect electrolysis.
Scheme 2: Anodic intramolecular cyclization of olefines in methanol.
Scheme 3: Anodic cyclization of olefines in CH2Cl2/DMSO.
Scheme 4: Intramolecular coupling of 1,6-dienes in CH2Cl2/DMSO.
Scheme 5: Cyclization of bromopropargyloxy ester 12.
Scheme 6: Proposed mechanism for the radical cyclization of bromopropargyloxy ester 12.
Scheme 7: Preparation of pyrrolidines and tetrahydrofurans via Kolbe-type electrolysis of unsaturated carboxy...
Scheme 8: Anodic cyclization of chalcone oximes 19.
Scheme 9: Generation of N-acyliminium (23) and alkoxycarbenium species (24) from amides and ethers with and w...
Scheme 10: Anodic cyclization of dipeptide 25.
Scheme 11: Anodic cyclization of a dipeptide using an electroauxiliary.
Scheme 12: Anodic cyclization of hydroxyamino compound 29.
Scheme 13: Cyclization of unsaturated thioacetals using the ArS(ArSSAr)+ mediator.
Scheme 14: Cyclization of biaryl 35 to carbazol 36 as key-step of the synthesis of glycozoline (37).
Scheme 15: Electrosynthesis of 39 as part of the total synthesis of alkaloids 40 and 41.
Scheme 16: Wacker-type cyclization of alkenyl phenols 42.
Scheme 17: Cathodic synthesis of indol derivatives.
Scheme 18: Fluoride mediated anodic cyclization of α-(phenylthio)acetamides.
Scheme 19: Synthesis of 2-substituted benzoxazoles from Schiff bases.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of euglobal model compounds via electrochemically induced Diels–Alder cycloaddition.
Scheme 21: Cycloaddition of anodically generated N-acyliminium species 58 with olefins and alkynes.
Scheme 22: Electrochemical aziridination of olefins.
Scheme 23: Proposed mechanism for the aziridination reaction.
Scheme 24: Electrochemical synthesis of benzofuran and indole derivatives.
Scheme 25: Anodic anellation of catechol derivatives 66 with different 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
Scheme 26: Electrosynthesis of 1,2-fused indoles from catechol and ketene N,O-acetals.
Scheme 27: Reaction of N-acyliminium pools with olefins having a nucleophilic substituent.
Scheme 28: Synthesis of thiochromans using the cation-pool method.
Scheme 29: Electrochemical synthesis and diversity-oriented modification of 73.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2089–2121, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.218
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Cyclic chiral phosphines based on bridged-ring skeletons.
Figure 2: Cyclic chiral phosphines based on binaphthyl skeletons.
Figure 3: Cyclic chiral phosphines based on ferrocene skeletons.
Figure 4: Cyclic chiral phosphines based on spirocyclic skeletons.
Figure 5: Cyclic chiral phosphines based on phospholane ring skeletons.
Figure 6: Acyclic chiral phosphines.
Figure 7: Multifunctional chiral phosphines based on binaphthyl skeletons.
Figure 8: Multifunctional chiral phosphines based on amino acid skeletons.
Scheme 1: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of allenoates with electron-deficient olefins, catalyzed by the chir...
Scheme 2: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of allenoate and enones, catalyzed by the chiral binaphthyl-based ph...
Scheme 3: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of N-substituted olefins and allenoates, catalyzed by the chiral bin...
Scheme 4: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of 2-aryl-1,1-dicyanoethylenes with ethyl allenoate, catalyzed by th...
Scheme 5: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of 3-alkylideneindolin-2-ones with ethyl allenoate, catalyzed by the...
Scheme 6: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of 2,6-diarylidenecyclohexanones with allenoates, catalyzed by the c...
Scheme 7: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of allenoate with alkylidene azlactones, catalyzed by the chiral bin...
Scheme 8: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of C60 with allenoates, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine B6.
Scheme 9: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of α,β-unsaturated esters and ketones with an allenoate, catalyzed b...
Scheme 10: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of exocyclic enones with allenoates, catalyzed by the ferrocene-modi...
Scheme 11: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of enones with an allenylphosphonate, catalyzed by the ferrocene-mod...
Scheme 12: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of 3-alkylidene-oxindoles with ethyl allenoate, catalyzed by the fer...
Scheme 13: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of dibenzylideneacetones with ethyl allenoate, catalyzed by the ferr...
Scheme 14: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of trisubstituted alkenes with ethyl allenoate, catalyzed by the fer...
Scheme 15: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of 2,6-diarylidenecyclohexanones with allenoates, catalyzed by the f...
Scheme 16: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of α,β-unsaturated ketones with ethyl allenoates, catalyzed by the f...
Scheme 17: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of α,β-unsaturated esters with allenoates, catalyzed by the ferrocen...
Scheme 18: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of alkylidene azlactones with allenoates, catalyzed by the chiral sp...
Scheme 19: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of α-trimethylsilyl allenones and electron-deficient olefins, cataly...
Scheme 20: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of α,β-unsaturated ketones with an allenone, catalyzed by the chiral...
Scheme 21: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of cyclic enones with allenoates, catalyzed by the chiral α-amino ac...
Scheme 22: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of arylidenemalononitriles and analogues with an allenoate, catalyze...
Scheme 23: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of α,β-unsaturated esters with an allenoate, catalyzed by the chiral...
Scheme 24: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of 3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-derived acrylamides with an allenoate, c...
Scheme 25: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of maleimides with allenoates, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine H10....
Scheme 26: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of α-substituted acrylates with allenoate, catalyzed by the chiral p...
Scheme 27: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulation of an N-tosylimine with an allenoate, catalyzed by the chiral phosphi...
Scheme 28: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of N-tosylimines with an allenoate, catalyzed by the chiral phosphin...
Scheme 29: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of N-tosylimines with an allenoate, catalyzed by the chiral phosphin...
Scheme 30: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of N-diphenylphosphinoyl aromatic imines with butynoates, catalyzed ...
Scheme 31: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of N-tosylimines with allenylphosphonates, catalyzed by the chiral p...
Scheme 32: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulation of an N-tosylimine with an allenoate, catalyzed by the chiral phosphi...
Scheme 33: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of N-diphenylphosphinoyl aromatic imines with allenoates (top), cata...
Scheme 34: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulation of N-diphenylphosphinoylimines with allenoates, catalyzed by the chir...
Scheme 35: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulation of an azomethine imine with an allenoate, catalyzed by the chiral pho...
Scheme 36: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations between α,β-unsaturated esters/ketones and 3-butynoates, catalyzed b...
Scheme 37: Asymmetric intramolecular [3 + 2] annulations of electron-deficient alkenes and MBH carbonates, cat...
Scheme 38: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of methyleneindolinone and methylenebenzofuranone derivatives with M...
Scheme 39: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of activated isatin-based alkenes with MBH carbonates, catalyzed by ...
Scheme 40: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of maleimides with MBH carbonates, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine ...
Scheme 41: A series of [3 + 2] annulations of various activated alkenes with MBH carbonates, catalyzed by the ...
Scheme 42: Asymmetric [3 + 2] annulations of an alkyne with isatins, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine F1.
Scheme 43: Asymmetric [4 + 2] annulations catalyzed by the chiral phosphine B1.
Scheme 44: Asymmetric [4 + 2] annulations catalyzed by the chiral phosphine H5.
Scheme 45: Asymmetric [4 + 2] annulations catalyzed by the chiral phosphines H13 and H12.
Scheme 46: Asymmetric [4 + 2] annulations catalyzed by the chiral phosphine H6.
Scheme 47: Kerrigan’s [2 + 2] annulations of ketenes with imines, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine B7.
Scheme 48: Asymmetric [4 + 1] annulations, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine G6.
Scheme 49: Asymmetric homodimerization of ketenes, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine F5 and F6.
Scheme 50: Aza-MBH/Michael reactions, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine G1.
Scheme 51: Tandem RC/Michael additions, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine H14.
Scheme 52: Intramolecular tandem RC/Michael addition, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine H15.
Scheme 53: Double-Michael addition, catalyzed by the chiral aminophosphine G9.
Scheme 54: Tandem Michael addition/Wittig olefinations, mediated by the chiral phosphine BIPHEP.
Scheme 55: Asymmetric Michael additions, catalyzed by the chiral phosphines H7, H8, and H9.
Scheme 56: Asymmetric γ-umpolung additions, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine A1.
Scheme 57: Asymmetric γ-umpolung additions, catalyzed by the chiral phosphines E2 and E3.
Scheme 58: Intramolecular γ-additions of hydroxy-2-alkynoates, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine D2.
Scheme 59: Intra-/intermolecular γ-additions, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine D2.
Scheme 60: Intermolecular γ-additions, catalyzed by the chiral phosphines B5 and B3.
Scheme 61: Intermolecular γ-additions, catalyzed by the chiral phosphines E6 and B4.
Scheme 62: Asymmetric allylic substitution of MBH acetates, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine G2.
Scheme 63: Allylic substitutions between MBH acetates or carbonates and an array of nucleophiles, catalyzed by...
Scheme 64: Asymmetric acylation of diols, catalyzed by the chiral phosphines E4 and E5.
Scheme 65: Kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols, catalyzed by the chiral phosphine E8 and E9.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2077–2086, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.216
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of naturally occurring tetrahydrofurans.
Scheme 1: PdCl2/CuCl2-catalysed bicyclisation of unsaturated polyols [22].
Figure 2: Structures of C5-alkenitols.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of alkenols 20-23 and 30. Reagents and conditions: a) lit. [31] (COCl)2, DMSO, Et3N, CH2Cl2, ...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of alkenols 24–26 and 28. Reagents and conditions: a) lit. [32] DIBAL-H, CH2Cl2; b) TBDPSCl, ...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of substrates 33–35, 37. Reagents and conditions: a) lit. [33] L-proline (0.25 equiv), 2-nitr...
Scheme 5: Synthesis of rac-42. Reagents and conditions: a) MCPBA, CH2Cl2, 0 °C to rt, 45 min; b) TFA, H2O, TH...
Figure 3: Structure of 43.
Scheme 6: Suggested mechanisms for PdII–Pd0, PdII–PdIV and PdII-chloro/cyclisation of unsaturated polyols.
Figure 4: An ORTEP [44] view of crystal and molecular structure of 53.
Scheme 7: Bicyclisation of 55–58. Reagents and conditions: a) NaH, DMF, 50 °C, 2 h; b) I2, CH3CN, rt, overnig...
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 1267–1271, doi:10.3762/bjoc.10.127
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: General transformation of selenides to selenones.
Scheme 2: Phenylselenone 2 as useful leaving group for the synthesis of different organic molecules.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2564–2569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.291
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Structure of jaspine B 1 and its stereoisomers 2–4.
Scheme 2: Retrosynthetic analysis of jaspine B leading to pentadecanal and an alkoxyallene.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of racemic dihydrofuran 8.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of racemic jaspine B rac-1 and its diastereomer rac-2.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of dihydrofurans 14 and 15.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of jaspine B (1) and its (2S,3R,4R)-diastereomer 2.
Scheme 7: Protection and separation of the diastereomers.
Scheme 8: Reduction of the separated diastereomers leading to jaspine B (1) and its diastereomer 2.
Scheme 9: Route to ent-jaspine B (3) and the (2R,3S,4S)-diastereomer 4.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1319–1325, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.148
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Formation of (Z)-chloro-exo-methyleneketals.
Scheme 2: Mechanism of formation of (Z)-chloro-exo-methylenetetrahydrofurans.
Scheme 3: Stepwise formation of (Z)-chloro-exo-methylenetetrahydrofurans.
Scheme 4: Optimized protocols to form (Z)-chloro-exo-methylenetetrahydrofurans.
Scheme 5: Hydration of (Z)-chloro-exo-methylenetetrahydrofurans.
Scheme 6: Formation of dioxanes.
Figure 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of dioxanes 35 and 36.
Scheme 7: Formation of a new spirocyclic dimer.
Scheme 8: Mechanism leading to dioxanes and spirocycles.
Scheme 9: (S,S)-syn and (S,R)-syn approaches.
Scheme 10: Formation of a bridged dimer and a triene.
Figure 2: X-ray diffraction analysis of two new dimers.
Scheme 11: Mechanism leading to bridged and dienic dimers.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 565–569, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.65
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Domino cyclization–substitution reactions of 2-alkynylanilines.
Scheme 2: Gold-catalyzed direct alkynylation of indoles with TIPS-EBX (1).
Scheme 3: One-pot alkynylaniline cyclization/direct alkynylation.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 2-alkynylanilines 2.
Scheme 5: Domino cyclization–alkynylation of aniline 2a.
Scheme 6: Scope of the reaction.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2010, 6, No. 22, doi:10.3762/bjoc.6.22
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Dearomatising cyclisations (a) of enolates; (b) of electron-rich heteroaromatics.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of ketone 7.
Scheme 3: Dearomatising cyclisation to a 5-benzoylhexahydroisoquinoline.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of ester 12.
Scheme 5: Dearomatising cyclisation of ester 12.
Figure 1: Coupling constants (Hz) in the major diastereoisomer of 15.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of esters 18.
Scheme 7: Dearomatising cyclisation to form tetrahydrofurans.
Figure 2: Determination of the stereochemistry of 20b. Arrows indicate nuclear Overhauser enhancements.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 48, doi:10.3762/bjoc.4.48
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Total synthesis of longifolicin by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 2: Total synthesis of corossoline by Tanaka’s group.
Scheme 3: Total synthesis of corossoline by Wu’s group.
Scheme 4: Total synthesis of pseudo-annonacin A by Hanessian’s group.
Scheme 5: Total synthesis of tonkinecin by Wu’s group.
Scheme 6: Total synthesis of gigantetrocin A by Shi’s group.
Scheme 7: Total synthesis of annonacin by Wu’s group.
Scheme 8: Total synthesis of solamin by Kitahara’s group.
Scheme 9: Total synthesis of solamin by Mioskowski’s group.
Scheme 10: Total synthesis of cis-solamin by Makabe’s group.
Scheme 11: Total synthesis of cis-solamin by Brown’s group.
Scheme 12: The formal synthesis of (+)-cis-solamin by Donohoe’s group.
Scheme 13: Total synthesis of cis-solamin by Stark’s group.
Scheme 14: Total synthesis of mosin B by Tanaka’s group.
Scheme 15: Total synthesis of longicin by Hanessian’s group.
Scheme 16: Total synthesis of murisolin and 16,19-cis-murisolin by Tanaka’s group.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of a stereoisomer library of (+)-murisolin by Curran’s group.
Scheme 18: Total synthesis of murisolin by Makabe’s group.
Scheme 19: Total synthesis of reticulatain-1 by Makabe’s group.
Scheme 20: Total synthesis of muricatetrocin C by Ley’s group.
Scheme 21: Total synthesis of (4R,12S,15S,16S,19R,20R,34S)-muricatetrocin (146) and (4R,12R,15S,16S,19R,20R,34S...
Scheme 22: Total synthesis of parviflorin by Hoye’s group.
Scheme 23: Total synthesis of parviflorin by Trost’s group.
Scheme 24: Total synthesis of trilobacin by Sinha’s group.
Scheme 25: Total synthesis of 15-epi-annonin I 181b by Scharf’s group.
Scheme 26: Total synthesis of squamocin A and squamocin D by Scharf’s group.
Scheme 27: Total synthesis of asiminocin by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 28: Total synthesis of asiminecin by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 29: Total synthesis of (+)-(30S)-bullanin by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 30: Total synthesis of uvaricin by the group of Sinha and Keinan.
Scheme 31: Formal synthesis of uvaricin by Burke’s group.
Scheme 32: Total synthesis of trilobin by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 33: Total synthesis of trilobin by the group of Sinha and Keinan.
Scheme 34: Total synthesis of asimilobin by the group of Wang and Shi.
Scheme 35: Total synthesis of squamotacin by the group of Sinha and Keinan.
Scheme 36: Total synthesis of asimicin by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 37: Total synthesis of asimicin by the group of Sinha and Keinan.
Scheme 38: Total synthesis of asimicin by Roush’s group.
Scheme 39: Total synthesis of asimicin by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 40: Total synthesis of 10-hydroxyasimicin by Ley’s group.
Scheme 41: Total synthesis of asimin by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 42: Total synthesis of bullatacin by the group of Sinha and Keinan.
Scheme 43: Total synthesis of bullatacin by Roush’s group.
Scheme 44: Total synthesis of bullatacin by Pagenkopf’s group.
Scheme 45: Total synthesis of rollidecins C and D by the group of Sinha and Keinan.
Scheme 46: Total synthesis of 30(S)-hydroxybullatacin by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 47: Total synthesis of uvarigrandin A and 5(R)-uvarigrandin A by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 48: Total synthesis of membranacin by Brown’s group.
Scheme 49: Total synthesis of membranacin by Lee’s group.
Scheme 50: Total synthesis of rolliniastatin 1 and rollimembrin by Lee’s group.
Scheme 51: Total synthesis of longimicin D by the group of Maezaki and Tanaka.
Scheme 52: Total synthesis of the structure proposed for mucoxin by Borhan’s group.
Scheme 53: Modular synthesis of adjacent bis-THF annonaceous acetogenins by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 54: Total synthesis of 4-deoxygigantecin by Tanaka’s group.
Scheme 55: Total synthesis of squamostatins D by Marshall’s group.
Scheme 56: Total synthesis of gigantecin by Crimmins’s group.
Scheme 57: Total synthesis of gigantecin by Hoye’s group.
Scheme 58: Total synthesis of cis-sylvaticin by Donohoe’s group.
Scheme 59: Total synthesis of 17(S),18(S)-goniocin by Sinha’s group.
Scheme 60: Total synthesis of goniocin and cyclogoniodenin T by the group of Sinha and Keinan.
Scheme 61: Total synthesis of jimenezin by Takahashi’s group.
Scheme 62: Total synthesis of jimenezin by Lee’s group.
Scheme 63: Total synthesis of jimenezin by Hoffmann’s group.
Scheme 64: Total synthesis of muconin by Jacobsen’s group.
Scheme 65: Total synthesis of (+)-muconin by Kitahara’s group.
Scheme 66: Total synthesis of muconin by Takahashi’s group.
Scheme 67: Total synthesis of muconin by the group of Yoshimitsu and Nagaoka.
Scheme 68: Total synthesis of mucocin by the group of Sinha and Keinan.
Scheme 69: Total synthesis of mucocin by Takahashi’s group.
Scheme 70: Total synthesis of (−)-mucocin by Koert’s group.
Scheme 71: Total synthesis of mucocin by the group of Takahashi and Nakata.
Scheme 72: Total synthesis of mucocin by Evans’s group.
Scheme 73: Total synthesis of mucocin by Mootoo’s group.
Scheme 74: Total synthesis of (−)-mucocin by Crimmins’s group.
Scheme 75: Total synthesis of pyranicin by the group of Takahashi and Nakata.
Scheme 76: Total synthesis of pyranicin by Rein’s group.
Scheme 77: Total synthesis of proposed pyragonicin by the group of Takahashi and Nakata.
Scheme 78: Total synthesis of pyragonicin by Rein’s group.
Scheme 79: Total synthesis of pyragonicin by Takahashi’s group.
Scheme 80: Total synthesis of squamostanal A by Figadère’s group.
Scheme 81: Total synthesis of diepomuricanin by Tanaka’s group.
Scheme 82: Total synthesis of (−)-muricatacin [(R,R)-373a] and its enantiomer (+)-muricatacin [(S,S)-373b] by ...
Scheme 83: Total synthesis of epi-muricatacin (+)-(S,R)-373c and (−)-(R,S)-373d by Scharf’s group.
Scheme 84: Total synthesis of (−)-muricatacin 373a and 5-epi-(−)-muricatacin 373d by Uang’s group.
Scheme 85: Total synthesis of four stereoisomers of muricatacin by Yoon’s group.
Scheme 86: Total synthesis of (+)-muricatacin by Figadère’s group.
Scheme 87: Total synthesis of (+)-epi-muricatacin and (−)-muricatacin by Couladouros’s group.
Scheme 88: Total synthesis of muricatacin by Trost’s group.
Scheme 89: Total synthesis of (−)-(4R,5R)-muricatacin by Heck and Mioskowski’s group.
Scheme 90: Total synthesis of muricatacin (−)-373a by the group of Carda and Marco.
Scheme 91: Total synthesis of (−)- and (+)-muricatacin by Popsavin’s group.
Scheme 92: Total synthesis of (−)-muricatacin by the group of Bernard and Piras.
Scheme 93: Total synthesis of (−)-muricatacin by the group of Yoshimitsu and Nagaoka.
Scheme 94: Total synthesis of (−)-muricatacin by Quinn’s group.
Scheme 95: Total synthesis of montecristin by Brückner’s group.
Scheme 96: Total synthesis of (−)-acaterin by the group of Franck and Figadère.
Scheme 97: Total synthesis of (−)-acaterin by Singh’s group.
Scheme 98: Total synthesis of (−)-acaterin by Kumar’s group.
Scheme 99: Total synthesis of rollicosin by Quinn’s group.
Scheme 100: Total synthesis of Rollicosin by Makabe’s group.
Scheme 101: Total synthesis of squamostolide by Makabe’s group.
Scheme 102: Total synthesis of tonkinelin by Makabe’s group.
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 39, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-39
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: General strategy for the synthesis of heterocycles via 5-endo-trig cyclisation
Scheme 2: Retrosynthesis of (+)-monomorine I
Scheme 3: The sulfone-mediated synthesis of 2,5-syn disubstituted pyrrolidines via a 5-endo-trig cyclisation
Scheme 4: The deprotection of N-benzoylpyrrolidines
Scheme 5: Synthesis of N-benzoyl protected pyrrolidine required for the preparation of (+)-monomorine I
Scheme 6: Mercury-mediated hydroamination
Scheme 7: Proposed transition state for mercury-mediate hydroamination
Scheme 8: Model study for the reductive amination-based cyclisation
Scheme 9: The synthesis of (+)-monomorine I