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Search for "xanthate" in Full Text gives 25 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry.
Recent advances in transition-metal-free arylation reactions involving hypervalent iodine salts
- Ritu Mamgain,
- Kokila Sakthivel and
- Fateh V. Singh
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 2891–2920, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.243
- 101 for the S-arylation of potassium O-alkyl xanthates 100 offers a simpler approach [95]. This method operates under mild conditions, facilitating the creation of substituted S-aryl xanthates 102 (Scheme 41). Utilizing diaryliodonium salts for the arylation of xanthate anions provides a pathway for
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Various structures of iodonium salts.
Scheme 1: Αrylation of α-fluoroacetoacetamides 5 to α-aryl-α-fluoroacetoacetamides 7 and α-fluoroacetamides 8...
Scheme 2: Proposed mechanism for the arylation of α-fluoroacetoacetamides 5 to α-aryl-α-fluoroacetoacetamides ...
Scheme 3: α-Arylation of α-nitro- and α-cyano derivatives of α-fluoroacetamides 9 employing unsymmetrical DAI...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of α,α-difluoroketones 13 by reacting α,α-difluoro-β-keto acid esters 11 with aryl(TMP)io...
Scheme 5: Coupling reaction of arynes generated by iodonium salts 6 and arynophiles 14 for the synthesis of t...
Scheme 6: Metal-free arylation of quinoxalines 17 and quinoxalinones 19 with DAISs 16.
Scheme 7: Transition-metal-free, C–C cross-coupling of 2-naphthols 21 to 1-arylnapthalen-2-ols 22 employing d...
Scheme 8: Arylation of vinyl pinacol boronates 23 to trans-arylvinylboronates 24 in presence of hypervalent i...
Scheme 9: Light-induced selective arylation at C2 of quinoline N-oxides 25 and pyridine N-oxides 28 in the pr...
Scheme 10: Plaussible mechanism for the light-induced selective arylation of N-heterobiaryls.
Scheme 11: Photoinduced arylation of heterocycles 31 with the help of diaryliodonium salts 16 activated throug...
Scheme 12: Arylation of MBH acetates 33 with DIPEA and DAIRs 16.
Scheme 13: Aryl sulfonylation of MBH acetates 33 with DABSO and diphenyliodonium triflates 16.
Scheme 14: Synthesis of oxindoles 37 from N-arylacrylamides 36 and diaryliodonium salts 26.
Scheme 15: Mechanically induced N-arylation of amines 38 using diaryliodonium salts 16.
Scheme 16: o-Fluorinated diaryliodonium salts 40-mediated diarylation of amines 38.
Scheme 17: Proposed mechanism for the diarylation of amines 38 using o-fluorinated diaryliodonium salts 40.
Scheme 18: Ring-opening difunctionalization of aliphatic cyclic amines 41.
Scheme 19: N-Arylation of amino acid esters 44 using hypervalent iodonium salts 45.
Scheme 20: Regioselective N-arylation of triazole derivatives 47 by hypervalent iodonium salts 48.
Scheme 21: Regioselective N-arylation of tetrazole derivatives 50 by hypervalent iodonium salt 51.
Scheme 22: Selective arylation at nitrogen and oxygen of pyridin-2-ones 53 by iodonium salts 16 depending on t...
Scheme 23: N-Arylation using oxygen-bridged acyclic diaryliodonium salt 56.
Scheme 24: The successive C(sp2)–C(sp2)/O–C(sp2) bond formation of naphthols 58.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of diarylethers 62 via in situ generation of hypervalent iodine salts.
Scheme 26: O-Arylated galactosides 64 by reacting protected galactosides 63 with hypervalent iodine salts 16 i...
Scheme 27: Esterification of naproxen methyl ester 65 via formation and reaction of naproxen-containing diaryl...
Scheme 28: Etherification and esterification products 72 through gemfibrozil methyl ester-derived diaryliodoni...
Scheme 29: Synthesis of iodine containing meta-substituted biaryl ethers 74 by reacting phenols 61 and cyclic ...
Scheme 30: Plausible mechanism for the synthesis of meta-functionalized biaryl ethers 74.
Scheme 31: Intramolecular aryl migration of trifluoromethane sulfonate-substituted diaryliodonium salts 75.
Scheme 32: Synthesis of diaryl ethers 80 via site-selective aryl migration.
Scheme 33: Synthesis of O-arylated N-alkoxybenzamides 83 using aryl(trimethoxyphenyl)iodonium salts 82.
Scheme 34: Synthesis of aryl sulfides 85 from thiols 84 using diaryliodonium salts 16 in basic conditions.
Scheme 35: Base-promoted synthesis of diarylsulfoxides 87 via arylation of general sulfinates 86.
Scheme 36: Plausible mechanism for the arylation of sulfinates 86 via sulfenates A to give diaryl sulfoxides 87...
Scheme 37: S-Arylation reactions of aryl or heterocyclic thiols 88.
Scheme 38: Site-selective S-arylation reactions of cysteine thiol groups in 91 and 94 in the presence of diary...
Scheme 39: The selective S-arylation of sulfenamides 97 using diphenyliodonium salts 98.
Scheme 40: Plausible mechanism for the synthesis of sulfilimines 99.
Scheme 41: Synthesis of S-arylxanthates 102 by reacting DAIS 101 with potassium alkyl xanthates 100.
Figure 2: Structured of the 8-membered and 4-membered heterotetramer I and II.
Scheme 42: S-Arylation by diaryliodonium cations 103 using KSCN (104) as a sulfur source.
Scheme 43: S-Arylation of phosphorothioate diesters 107 through the utilization of diaryliodonium salts 108.
Scheme 44: Transfer of the aryl group from the hypervalent iodonium salt 108 to phosphorothioate diester 107.
Scheme 45: Synthesis of diarylselenides 118 via diarylation of selenocyanate 115.
Scheme 46: Light-promoted arylation of tertiary phosphines 119 to quaternary phosphonium salts 121 using diary...
Scheme 47: Arylation of aminophosphorus substrate 122 to synthesize phosphine oxides 123 using aryl(mesityl)io...
Scheme 48: Reaction of diphenyliodonium triflate (16) with DMSO (124) via thia-Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement.
Scheme 49: Synthesis of biaryl compounds 132 by reacting diaryliodonium salts 131 with arylhydroxylamines 130 ...
Scheme 50: Synthesis of substituted indazoles 134 and 135 from N-hydroxyindazoles 133.
Generation of alkyl and acyl radicals by visible-light photoredox catalysis: direct activation of C–O bonds in organic transformations
- Mithu Roy,
- Bitan Sardar,
- Itu Mallick and
- Dipankar Srimani
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2024, 20, 1348–1375, doi:10.3762/bjoc.20.119
- , and UV light [21], among others. Recent advancements include the photoinduced deoxygenation of acids and alcohols by means of anhydride, xanthate, carboxylate, oxalate, and N-alkoxyphthalimide functionalization (Figure 1) and utilization in visible-light-mediated chemical transformations. Despite the
- xanthate esters with aryl bromides via dual photoredox and nickel catalysis (Scheme 14). sec-BuBF3K was found to be the best radical precursor for generating the alkyl radicals that initiated the C–O bond cleavage of O-benzyl xanthate esters to provide benzyl radicals. Next, the benzyl radicals underwent
- nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with aryl halides to deliver the desired cross-coupled products. Interestingly, in absence of any xanthate, sec-butyl radicals underwent cross-coupling reactions with aryl halides to form sec-butyl arenes, whereas in the presence of xanthate, no undesired sec
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Generation of alkyl and acyl radicals via C–O bond breaking.
Figure 2: General photocatalytic mechanism.
Scheme 1: Photoredox-catalyzed hydroacylation of olefins with aliphatic carboxylic acids.
Scheme 2: Acylation–aromatization of p-quinone methides using carboxylic acids.
Scheme 3: Visible-light-induced deoxygenation–defluorination for the synthesis of γ,γ-difluoroallylic ketones....
Scheme 4: Photochemical hydroacylation of azobenzenes with carboxylic acids.
Scheme 5: Photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of flavonoids.
Scheme 6: Synthesis of O-thiocarbamates and photocatalytic reduction of O-thiocarbamates.
Scheme 7: Deoxygenative borylation of alcohols.
Scheme 8: Trifluoromethylation of O-alkyl thiocarbonyl substrates.
Scheme 9: Redox-neutral radical coupling reactions of alkyl oxalates and Michael acceptors.
Scheme 10: Visible-light-catalyzed and Ni-mediated syn-alkylarylation of alkynes.
Scheme 11: 1,2-Alkylarylation of alkenes with aryl halides and alkyl oxalates.
Scheme 12: Deoxygenative borylation of oxalates.
Scheme 13: Coupling of N-phthalimidoyl oxalates with various acceptors.
Scheme 14: Cross-coupling of O-alkyl xanthates with aryl halides via dual photoredox and nickel catalysis.
Scheme 15: Deoxygenative borylation of secondary alcohol.
Scheme 16: Deoxygenative alkyl radical generation from alcohols under visible-light photoredox conditions.
Scheme 17: Deoxygenative alkylation via alkoxy radicals against hydrogenation or β-fragmentation.
Scheme 18: Direct C–O bond activation of benzyl alcohols.
Scheme 19: Deoxygenative arylation of alcohols using NHC to activate alcohols.
Scheme 20: Deoxygenative conjugate addition of alcohol using NHC as alcohol activator.
Scheme 21: Synthesis of polysubstituted aldehydes.
Aldiminium and 1,2,3-triazolium dithiocarboxylate zwitterions derived from cyclic (alkyl)(amino) and mesoionic carbenes
- Nedra Touj,
- François Mazars,
- Guillermo Zaragoza and
- Lionel Delaude
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1947–1956, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.145
- excess to compensate for the possible formation of sodium O-tert-butyl xanthate [72][73][74]. We reasoned that these conditions should favor a quantitative deprotonation of the starting triazolium salts and the concomitant trapping of the free carbenes by CS2 prior to their potential decomposition
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Various types of stable singlet carbenes and their acronyms.
Figure 2: Various types of NHC·CS2 zwitterions and their coordination modes.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of CAAC·CS2 zwitterion 2 from its free carbene parent 1.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of CAAC·CS2 zwitterions 4a–c with KN(SiMe3)2.
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazolium iodides 5a–f.
Scheme 4: Synthesis of MIC·CS2 zwitterions 6a and 6b with KN(SiMe3)2.
Scheme 5: Synthesis of MIC·CS2 zwitterions 6c–f with NaOt-Bu.
Figure 3: ORTEP representations of zwitterions 4a (CAAC-Mes-Cy·CS2, top) and 4c (CAAC-Die-MePh·CS2, bottom) w...
Figure 4: ORTEP representations of zwitterions 6b (MIC-Dip-Ph-Me·CS2, top) and 6e (MIC-Mes-Bu-Me·CS2, bottom)...
Synthesis of ether lipids: natural compounds and analogues
- Marco Antônio G. B. Gomes,
- Alicia Bauduin,
- Chloé Le Roux,
- Romain Fouinneteau,
- Wilfried Berthe,
- Mathieu Berchel,
- Hélène Couthon and
- Paul-Alain Jaffrès
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1299–1369, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.96
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Chemical structure of some natural ether lipids (ELs).
Figure 2: Synthesis of lyso-PAF and PAF from 1-O-alkylglycerol [64].
Figure 3: Synthesis of lyso-PAF from 1,3-benzylideneglycerol 3.1 [69].
Figure 4: A) Synthesis of the two enantiomers of octadecylglycerol (4.6 and 4.10) from ᴅ-mannitol (4.1); B) s...
Figure 5: Four-step synthesis of PAF 5.6 from (S)-glycidol [73].
Figure 6: Synthesis of 1-O-alkylglycerol A) from solketal, B) from ᴅ- or ʟ-tartaric acid and the intermediate ...
Figure 7: Synthesis of EL building blocks starting from substituted glycidol 7.1a–c [82].
Figure 8: Synthesis of PAF 8.5 by using phosphoramidite 8.2 [86].
Figure 9: Synthesis of oleyl-PAF 9.7 from ʟ-serine [88].
Figure 10: Synthesis of racemic analogues of lyso-PAF 10.8 and PAF 10.9 featuring a phenyl group between the g...
Figure 11: Synthesis of racemic deoxy-lyso-PAF 11.7 and deoxy-PAF 11.8 [91].
Figure 12: Synthesis of racemic thio-PAF 12.8 [93].
Figure 13: Racemic synthesis of 13.6 to illustrate the modification of the glycerol backbone by adding a methy...
Figure 14: Racemic synthesis of 14.5 as an illustration of the introduction of methyl substituents on the glyc...
Figure 15: Synthesis of functionalized sn-2-acyl chains of PC-EL; A) Steglich esterification or acylation reac...
Figure 16: Synthesis of racemic mc-PAF (16.3), a carbamate analogue of PAF [102].
Figure 17: A) Synthesis of (R)-17.2 and (S)-17.6 starting from (S)-solketal (17.1); B) synthesis of N3-PAF (17...
Figure 18: Modification of the phosphocholine polar head to produce PAF analogues [81].
Figure 19: Racemic PAF analogues 19.3 and 19.5 characterized by the absence of the phosphate group [107].
Figure 20: Synthesis of PIP3-PAF (20.7) [108].
Figure 21: Large-scale synthesis of C18-edelfosine (21.8) [116].
Figure 22: Synthesis of C16-edelfosine (22.10) starting from isopropylidene-ʟ-glyceric acid methyl ester (22.1...
Figure 23: Phosphocholine moiety installation by the use of chlorophosphite 23.2 as key reagent [119].
Figure 24: Synthesis of rac-1-alkyl-2-O-methylglycerol (AMG) [120].
Figure 25: Synthesis of stereocontrolled 1-alkyl-2-O-methyl glycerol 25.9 (AMG) from dimethyl ᴅ-tartrate [81].
Figure 26: A) Racemic synthesis of thioether 26.4 [129,130], B) structure of sulfone analogue 26.5 [129].
Figure 27: Stereocontrolled synthesis of C18-edelfosine thioether analogue 27.8 [118].
Figure 28: Synthesis of thioether 28.4 that include a thiophosphate function [134].
Figure 29: Synthesis of ammonium thioether 29.4 and 29.6 [135].
Figure 30: Synthesis of the N-methylamino analogue of edelfosine 30.6 (BN52211) [138].
Figure 31: Synthesis of 1-desoxy analogues of edelfosine; A) with a saturated alkyl chain; B) synthesis of the...
Figure 32: Stereocontrolled synthesis of edelfosine analogue (S)-32.8 featuring a C18:1 lipid chain [142].
Figure 33: Synthesis of edelfosine analogues with modulation of the lipid chain; A) illustration with the synt...
Figure 34: Synthesis of phospholipid featuring a carbamate function to link the lipid chain to the glycerol un...
Figure 35: Synthesis of sesquiterpene conjugates of phospho glycero ether lipids [148].
Figure 36: Racemic synthesis of methyl-substituted glycerol analogues 36.7 and 36.10: A) synthesis of diether ...
Figure 37: Racemic synthesis of ilmofosine (37.6) [155,156].
Figure 38: A) Stereoselective synthesis of 38.5 via a stereoselective hydroboration reaction; B) synthesis of ...
Figure 39: Racemic synthesis of SRI62-834 (39.6) featuring a spiro-tetrahydrofurane heterocycle in position 2 ...
Figure 40: Racemic synthesis of edelfosine analogue 40.5 featuring an imidazole moiety in sn-2 position [160].
Figure 41: Racemic synthesis of fluorine-functionalized EL: A) Synthesis of 41.6 and B) synthesis of 41.8 [161-163].
Figure 42: A) Synthesis of the β-keto-ester 42.6 that also features a decyl linker between the phosphate and t...
Figure 43: Synthesis of phosphonate-based ether lipids; A) edelfosine phosphonate analogue 43.7 and B) thioeth...
Figure 44: Enantioselective synthesis of phosphonates 44.3 and 44.4 [171].
Figure 45: Racemic synthesis of phosphinate-based ether lipid 45.10 [172].
Figure 46: Racemic synthesis of edelfosine arsonium analogue 46.5 [173].
Figure 47: Synthesis of edelfosine dimethylammonium analogue 47.2 [118].
Figure 48: Synthesis of rac-C18-edelfosine methylammonium analogue 48.4 [176].
Figure 49: A) Synthesis of edelfosine N-methylpyrrolidinium analogue 49.2 or N-methylmorpholinium analogue 49.3...
Figure 50: A) Synthesis of edelfosine’s analogue 50.4 with a PE polar group; B) illustration of a pyridinium d...
Figure 51: A) Synthesis of 51.4 featuring a thiazolium cationic moiety; B) synthesis of thiazolium-based EL 51...
Figure 52: Synthesis of cationic ether lipids 52.3, 52.4 and 52.6 [135,183].
Figure 53: Synthesis of cationic carbamate ether lipid 53.5 [184].
Figure 54: Synthesis of cationic sulfonamide 54.5 [185].
Figure 55: Chemical structure of ONO-6240 (55.1) and SRI-63-119 (55.2).
Figure 56: Synthesis of non-ionic ether lipids 56.2–56.9 [188].
Figure 57: Synthesis of ether lipid conjugated to foscarnet 57.6 [189].
Figure 58: A) Synthesis of ether lipid conjugated to arabinofuranosylcytosine; B) synthesis of AZT conjugated ...
Figure 59: Synthesis of quercetin conjugate to edelfosine [191].
Figure 60: Synthesis of 60.8 (Glc-PAF) [194].
Figure 61: A) Synthesis of amino ether lipid 61.7 functionalized with a rhamnose unit and its amide analogue 6...
Figure 62: A) Synthesis of glucose ether lipid 62.4; B) structure of ether lipid 62.5 possessing a maltose uni...
Figure 63: A) Synthesis of glucuronic methyl ester 63.8; B) structure of cellobiose 63.9 and maltose 63.10 ana...
Figure 64: A) Synthesis of maltosyl glycerolipid 64.7; B) structure of lactose analogue 64.8 prepared followin...
Figure 65: A) Asymmetric synthesis of the aglycone moiety starting from allyl 4-methoxyphenyl ether; B) glycos...
Figure 66: A) Synthesis of ohmline possessing a lactose moiety. B) Structure of other glyco glycero lipids pre...
Figure 67: A) Synthesis of lactose-glycerol ether lipid 67.5; B) analogues possessing a maltose (67.6) or meli...
Figure 68: Synthesis of digalactosyl EL 68.6, A) by using trityl, benzyl and acetyl protecting groups, B) by u...
Figure 69: A) Synthesis of α-ohmline; B) structure of disaccharide ether lipids prepared by using similar meth...
Figure 70: Synthesis of lactose ether lipid 70.3 and its analogue 70.6 featuring a carbamate function as linke...
Figure 71: Synthesis of rhamnopyranoside diether 71.4 [196].
Figure 72: Synthesis of 1-O-hexadecyl-2-O-methyl-3-S-(α-ᴅ-1'-thioglucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol (72.5) [225].
Figure 73: A) Preparation of lipid intermediate 73.4; B) synthesis of 2-desoxy-C-glycoside 73.10 [226].
Figure 74: Synthesis of galactose-pyridinium salt 74.3 [228].
Figure 75: Synthesis of myo-inositol derivative Ino-C2-PAF (75.10) [230].
Figure 76: A) Synthesis of myo-inositol phosphate building block 76.7; B) synthesis of myo-inositolphosphate d...
Figure 77: A) Synthesis of phosphatidyl-3-desoxy-inositol 77.4; B) synthesis of phosphono-3-desoxyinositol 77.9...
Figure 78: A) Structure of diether phosphatidyl-myo-inositol-3,4-diphosphate 78.1; B) synthesis of phosphatidy...
Figure 79: A) Synthesis of diether-phosphatidyl derivative 79.4 featuring a hydroxymethyl group in place of a ...
Figure 80: Synthesis of Glc-amine-PAF [78].
Figure 81: Synthesis of glucosamine ether lipid 81.4 and its analogues functionalized in position 3 of the ami...
Figure 82: Synthesis of fully deprotected aminoglucoside ether lipid 82.5 [246].
Figure 83: Synthesis of C-aminoglycoside 83.12 using Ramberg–Bäcklund rearrangement as a key step [250].
Figure 84: A) List of the most important glyco lipids and amino glyco lipids included in the study of Arthur a...
Figure 85: Synthesis of mannosamine ether lipid 85.6 [254].
Figure 86: A) Synthesis of glucosamine ether lipids with a non-natural ʟ-glucosamine moiety; B) synthesis of e...
Figure 87: A) Structure of the most efficient anticancer agents 87.1–87.4 featuring a diamino glyco ether lipi...
Figure 88: A) Synthesis of diamino glyco ether lipid 87.4; B) synthesis of bis-glycosylated ether lipid 88.10 [256]....
Figure 89: Synthesis of triamino ether lipid 89.4 [260].
Figure 90: Synthesis of chlorambucil conjugate 90.7 [261].
Figure 91: Three main methods for the preparation of glycerol ether lipid 91.3; A) from solketal and via a tri...
Figure 92: Four different methods for the installation of the phosphocholine polar head group; A) method using...
Figure 93: Illustration of two methods for the installation of saccharides or aminosaccharides; A) O-glycosyla...
Strategies to access the [5-8] bicyclic core encountered in the sesquiterpene, diterpene and sesterterpene series
- Cécile Alleman,
- Charlène Gadais,
- Laurent Legentil and
- François-Hugues Porée
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 245–281, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.23
- toward pleuromutilin scaffold synthesis, they proposed to perform a radical 8-endo-trig-cyclization of a xanthate precursor. The xanthate group was quantitatively installed on an adequately functionalized hydrindanone starting moiety 175, obtained in 10 steps from ethyl m-toluate (174), which was then
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of terpenes containing a bicyclo[3.6.0]undecane motif.
Figure 2: Commercially available first and second generation Grubbs and Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysts.
Figure 3: Examples of strategies to access the fusicoccan and ophiobolin tricyclic core structure by RCM.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of bicyclic core structure 12 of ophiobolin M (13) and cycloaraneosene (14).
Scheme 2: Synthesis of the core structure 21 of ophiobolins and fusicoccanes.
Scheme 3: Ring-closing metathesis attempts starting from thioester 22.
Scheme 4: Total synthesis of ent-fusicoauritone (28).
Figure 4: General structure of ophiobolins and congeners.
Scheme 5: Total synthesis of (+)-ophiobolin A (8).
Scheme 6: Investigation of RCM for the synthesis of ophiobolin A (8). Path A) RCM with TBDPS-protected alcoho...
Scheme 7: Synthesis of the core structure of cotylenin A aglycon, cotylenol (50).
Scheme 8: Synthesis of tricyclic core structure of fusicoccans.
Scheme 9: Total synthesis of (−)-teubrevin G (59).
Scheme 10: Synthesis of the core skeleton 63 of the basmane family.
Scheme 11: Total synthesis of (±)-schindilactone A (68).
Scheme 12: Total synthesis of dactylol (72).
Scheme 13: Ring-closing metathesis for the total synthesis of (±)-asteriscanolide (2).
Scheme 14: Synthesis of the simplified skeleton of pleuromutilin (1).
Scheme 15: Total synthesis of (−)-nitidasin (93) using a ring-closing metathesis to construct the eight-member...
Scheme 16: Total synthesis of (±)-naupliolide (97).
Scheme 17: Synthesis of the A-B ring structure of fusicoccane (101).
Scheme 18: First attempts of TRCM of dienyne substrates.
Scheme 19: TRCM on optimized substrates towards the synthesis of ophiobolin A (8).
Scheme 20: Tandem ring-closing metathesis for the synthesis of variecolin intermediates 114 and 115.
Scheme 21: Synthesis of poitediol (118) using the allylsilane ring-closing metathesis.
Scheme 22: Access to scaffold 122 by a NHK coupling reaction.
Scheme 23: Key step to construct the [5-8] bicyclooctanone core of aquatolide (4).
Scheme 24: Initial strategy to access aquatolide (4).
Scheme 25: Synthetic plan to cotylenin A (130).
Scheme 26: [5-8] Bicyclic structure of brachialactone (7) constructed by a Mizoroki–Heck reaction.
Scheme 27: Influence of the replacement of the allylic alcohol moiety.
Scheme 28: Formation of variecolin intermediate 140 through a SmI2-mediated Barbier-type reaction.
Scheme 29: SmI2-mediated ketyl addition. Pleuromutilin (1) eight-membered ring closure via C5–C14 bond formati...
Scheme 30: SmI2-mediated dialdehyde cyclization cascade of [5-8-6] pleuromutilin scaffold 149.
Scheme 31: A) Modular synthetic route to mutilin and pleuromutilin family members by Herzon’s group. B) Scaffo...
Scheme 32: Photocatalyzed oxidative ring expansion in pleuromutilin (1) total synthesis.
Scheme 33: Reductive radical cascade cyclization route towards (−)-6-epi-ophiobolin N (168).
Scheme 34: Reductive radical cascade cyclization route towards (+)-6-epi-ophiobolin A (173).
Scheme 35: Radical 8-endo-trig-cyclization of a xanthate precursor.
Figure 5: Structural representations of hypoestin A (177), albolic acid (178), and ceroplastol II (179) beari...
Scheme 36: Synthesis of the common [5-8-5] tricyclic intermediate of hypoestin A (177), albolic acid (178), an...
Scheme 37: Asymmetric synthesis of hypoestin A (177), albolic acid (178), and ceroplastol II (179).
Figure 6: Scope of the Pauson–Khand reaction.
Scheme 38: Nazarov cyclization revealing the fusicoauritone core structure 192.
Scheme 39: Synthesis of fusicoauritone (28) through Nazarov cyclization.
Scheme 40: (+)-Epoxydictymene (5) synthesis through a Nicholas cyclization followed by a Pauson–Khand reaction...
Scheme 41: Synthesis of aquatolide (4) by a Mukaiyama-type aldolisation.
Scheme 42: Tandem Wolff/Cope rearrangement furnishing the A-B bicyclic moiety 204 of variecolin.
Scheme 43: Asymmetric synthesis of the A-B bicyclic core 205 and 206 of variecolin.
Scheme 44: Formation of [5-8]-fused rings by cyclization under thermal activation.
Scheme 45: Construction of the [5-8-6] tricyclic core structure of variecolin (3) by Diels–Alder reaction.
Scheme 46: Synthesis of the [6-4-8-5]-tetracyclic skeleton by palladium-mediated cyclization.
Scheme 47: Access to the [5-8] bicyclic core structure of asteriscanolide (227) through rhodium-catalyzed cycl...
Scheme 48: Total syntheses of asterisca-3(15),6-diene (230) and asteriscanolide (2) with a Rh-catalyzed cycliz...
Scheme 49: Photocyclization of 2-pyridones to access the [5-8-5] backbone of fusicoccanes.
Scheme 50: Total synthesis of (+)-asteriscunolide D (245) and (+)-aquatolide (4) through photocyclization.
Scheme 51: Biocatalysis pathway to construct the [5-8-5] tricyclic scaffold of brassicicenes.
Scheme 52: Influence of the CotB2 mutant over the cyclization’s outcome of GGDP.
Synthetic strategies toward 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues
- Umesh P. Aher,
- Dhananjai Srivastava,
- Girij P. Singh and
- Jayashree B. S
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2680–2715, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.182
- derivative 11 was obtained by cyclization with 3 equivalents of potassium O-ethyl xanthate. It was then treated with a methanolic ammonia solution to give triol compound 12. The protection of the cis-2,3-vicinal hydroxy groups of 12 with an isopropylidene, followed by benzoylation, gave compound 13. Using 2
- recrystallized to obtain the enantiomerically pure ʟ-menthyl ester 35a (Scheme 8). Milton et al. [47] synthesized the key intermediate 38 by two synthetic routes. The first route involves a reaction of bromoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal (36) with a xanthate ester, followed by treatment of ethylenediamine, which
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative modified 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside analogues.
Figure 2: Mechanism of antiviral action of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides, 3TC (1) and FTC (2), as chain termina...
Figure 3: Synthetic strategies for the construction of the 1,3-oxathiolane sugar ring.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 4 from benzoyloxyacetaldehyde (3a) and 2-mercapto-substituted dimethyl acetal 3na.
Scheme 2: Synthesis of 8 from protected glycolic aldehyde 3b and 2-mercaptoacetic acid (3o).
Scheme 3: Synthesis of 20 from ᴅ-mannose (3c).
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 20 from 1,6-thioanhydro-ᴅ-galactose (3d).
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 8 from 2-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy)methyl-5-oxo-1,2-oxathiolane (3m).
Scheme 6: Synthesis of 20a from ʟ-gulose derivative 3f.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of 31 from (+)-thiolactic acid 3p and 2-benzoyloxyacetaldehyde (3a).
Scheme 8: Synthesis of 35a from 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol (3q) and glyoxylic acid (3g) hydrate.
Scheme 9: Synthetic routes toward 41 through Pummerer reaction from methyl 2-mercaptoacetate (3j) and bromoac...
Scheme 10: Strategy for the synthesis of 2,5-substituted 1,3-oxathiolane 41a using 4-nitrobenzyl glyoxylate an...
Scheme 11: Synthesis of 44 by a resolution method using Mucor miehei lipase.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of 45 from benzoyloxyacetaldehyde (3a) and 2-mercaptoacetaldehyde bis(2-methoxyethyl) ace...
Scheme 13: Synthesis of 46 from 2-mercaptoacetaldehyde bis(2-methoxyethyl) acetal (3nc) and diethyl 3-phosphon...
Scheme 14: Synthesis of 48 from 1,3-dihydroxyacetone dimer 3l.
Scheme 15: Approach toward 52 from protected alkene 3rb and lactic acid derivative 51 developed by Snead et al....
Scheme 16: Recent approach toward 56a developed by Kashinath et al.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of 56a from ʟ-menthyl glyoxylate (3h) hydrate by DKR.
Scheme 18: Possible mechanism with catalytic TEA for rapid interconversion of isomers.
Scheme 19: Synthesis of 35a by a classical resolution method through norephedrine salt 58 formation.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of 63 via [1,2]-Brook rearrangement from silyl glyoxylate 61 and thiol 3nb.
Scheme 21: Combined use of STS and CAL-B as catalysts to synthesize an enantiopure oxathiolane precursor 65.
Scheme 22: Synthesis of 1 and 1a from glycolaldehyde dimer 64 and 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol (3q) using STS and CAL...
Scheme 23: Synthesis of 68 by using Klebsiella oxytoca.
Scheme 24: Synthesis of 71 and 72 using Trichosporon taibachii lipase and kinetic resolution.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolan-5-ones 77 and 78 via dynamic covalent kinetic resolution.
Figure 4: Pathway for glycosidic bond formation.
Scheme 26: First synthesis of (±)-BCH-189 (1c) by Belleau et al.
Scheme 27: Enantioselective synthesis of 3TC (1).
Scheme 28: Synthesis of cis-diastereomer 3TC (1) from oxathiolane propionate 44.
Scheme 29: Synthesis of (±)-BCH-189 (1c) via SnCl4-mediated N-glycosylation of 8.
Scheme 30: Synthesis of (+)-BCH-189 (1a) via TMSOTf-mediated N-glycosylation of 20.
Scheme 31: Synthesis of 3TC (1) from oxathiolane precursor 20a.
Scheme 32: Synthesis of 83 via N-glycosylation of 20 with pyrimidine bases.
Scheme 33: Synthesis of 85 via N-glycosylation of 20 with purine bases.
Scheme 34: Synthesis of 86 and 87 via N-glycosylation using TMSOTf and pyrimidines.
Scheme 35: Synthesis of 90 and 91 via N-glycosylation using TMSOTf and purines.
Scheme 36: Synthesis of 3TC (1) via TMSI-mediated N-glycosylation.
Scheme 37: Stereoselective N-glycosylation for the synthesis of 1 by anchimeric assistance of a chiral auxilia...
Scheme 38: Whitehead and co-workers’ approach for the synthesis of 1 via direct N-glycosylation without an act...
Scheme 39: ZrCl4-mediated stereoselective N-glycosylation.
Scheme 40: Plausible reaction mechanism for stereoselective N-glycosylation using ZrCl4.
Scheme 41: Synthesis of enantiomerically pure oxathiolane nucleosides 1 and 2.
Scheme 42: Synthesis of tetrazole analogues of 1,3-oxathiolane nucleosides 97.
Scheme 43: Synthetic approach toward 99 from 1,3-oxathiolane 45 by Camplo et al.
Scheme 44: Synthesis of 100 from oxathiolane phosphonate analogue 46.
Scheme 45: Synthetic approach toward 102 and the corresponding cyclic thianucleoside monophosphate 102a by Cha...
Scheme 46: Synthesis of emtricitabine (2) from 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol (3q) and glyoxylic acid (3g).
Scheme 47: Synthesis of 1 and 2, respectively, from 56a–d using iodine-mediated N-glycosylation.
Scheme 48: Plausible mechanism for silane- and I2-mediated N-glycosylation.
Scheme 49: Pyridinium triflate-mediated N-glycosylation of 35a.
Scheme 50: Possible pathway for stereoselective N-glycosylation via in situ chelation with a metal ligand.
Scheme 51: Synthesis of novel 1,3-oxathiolane nucleoside 108 from oxathiolane precursor 8 and 3-benzyloxy-2-me...
Scheme 52: Synthesis of 110 using T-705 as a nucleobase and 1,3-oxathiolane derivative 8 via N-glycosylation.
Scheme 53: Synthesis of 1 using an asymmetric leaving group and N-glycosylation with bromine and mesitylene.
Scheme 54: Cytidine deaminase for enzymatic separation of 1c.
Scheme 55: Enzymatic resolution of the monophosphate derivative 116 for the synthesis of (−)-BCH-189 (1) and (...
Scheme 56: Enantioselective resolution by PLE-mediated hydrolysis to obtain FTC (2).
Scheme 57: (+)-Menthyl chloroformate as a resolving agent to separate a racemic mixture 120.
Scheme 58: Separation of racemic mixture 1c by cocrystal 123 formation with (S)-(−)-BINOL.
All-carbon [3 + 2] cycloaddition in natural product synthesis
- Zhuo Wang and
- Junyang Liu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 3015–3031, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.251
- NaBH4 afforded alcohol 79. Alcohol 79 was converted into the corresponding xanthate ester 80. This ester 80 was exposed to an excessive amount of AIBN and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide in the presence of a catalytic amount of tributylstannane producing bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane 81 in 54% yield. The
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Highly-substituted five-membered carbocycle in biologically significant natural products.
Figure 2: Natural product synthesis featuring the all-carbon [3 + 2] cycloaddition. (Quaternary carbon center...
Scheme 1: Representative natural product syntheses that feature the all-carbon [3 + 2] cyclization as the key...
Scheme 2: (A) An intramolecular trimethylenemethane diyl [3 + 2] cycloaddition with allenyl diazo compound 38...
Scheme 3: (A) Palladium-catalyzed intermolecular carboxylative TMM cycloaddition [36]. (B) The proposed mechanism....
Scheme 4: Natural product syntheses that make use of palladium-catalyzed intermolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition...
Scheme 5: (A) Phosphine-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition [17]. (B) The proposed mechanism.
Scheme 6: Lu’s [3 + 2] cycloaddition in natural product synthesis. (A) Synthesis of longeracinphyllin A (10) [41]...
Scheme 7: (A) Phosphine-catalyzed [3 + 2] annulation of unsymmetric isoindigo 100 with allene in the preparat...
Scheme 8: (A) Rhodium-catalyzed intracmolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition [49]. (B) The proposed catalytic cycle of t...
Scheme 9: Total synthesis of natural products reported by Yang and co-workers applying rhodium-catalyzed intr...
Scheme 10: (A) Platinum(II)-catalyzed intermolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition of propargyl ether 139 and n-butyl ...
Scheme 11: (A) Platinum-catalyzed intramolecular [3 + 2] cycloaddition of propargylic ketal derivative 142 to ...
Scheme 12: (A) Synthesis of phyllocladanol (21) features a Lewis acid-catalyzed formal intramolecular [3 + 2] ...
Scheme 13: The recent advances of [3 + 2] annulation in natural product synthesis. (A) The preparation of melo...
Recent synthesis of thietanes
- Jiaxi Xu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 1357–1410, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.116
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Examples of biologically active thietane-containing molecules.
Figure 2: The diverse methods for the synthesis of thietanes.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 1-(thietan-2-yl)ethan-1-ol (10) from 3,5-dichloropentan-2-ol (9).
Scheme 2: Synthesis of thietanose nucleosides 2,14 from 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol (11).
Scheme 3: Synthesis of methyl 3-vinylthietane-3-carboxylate (19).
Scheme 4: Synthesis of 1,6-thiazaspiro[3.3]heptane (24).
Scheme 5: Synthesis of 6-amino-2-thiaspiro[3.3]heptane hydrochloride (28).
Scheme 6: Synthesis of optically active thietane 31 from vitamin C.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of an optically active thietane nucleoside from diethyl L-tartrate (32).
Scheme 8: Synthesis of thietane-containing spironucleoside 40 from 5-aldo-3-O-benzyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D...
Scheme 9: Synthesis of optically active 2-methylthietane-containing spironucleoside 43.
Scheme 10: Synthesis of a double-linked thietane-containing spironucleoside 48.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of two diastereomeric thietanose nucleosides via 2,4-di(benzyloxymethyl)thietane (49).
Scheme 12: Synthesis of the thietane-containing PI3k inhibitor candidate 54.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of the spirothietane 57 as the key intermediate to Nuphar sesquiterpene thioalkaloids.
Scheme 14: Synthesis of spirothietane 61 through a direct cyclic thioetherification of 3-mercaptopropan-1-ol.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of thietanes 66 from 1,3-diols 62.
Scheme 16: Synthesis of thietanylbenzimidazolone 75 from (iodomethyl)thiazolobenzimidazole 70.
Scheme 17: Synthesis of 2-oxa-6-thiaspiro[3.3]heptane (80) from bis(chloromethyl)oxetane 76 and thiourea.
Scheme 18: Synthesis of the thietane-containing glycoside, 2-O-p-toluenesulfonyl-4,6-thioanhydro-α-D-gulopyran...
Scheme 19: Synthesis of methyl 4,6-thioanhydro-α-D-glucopyranoside (89).
Scheme 20: Synthesis of thietane-fused α-D-galactopyranoside 93.
Scheme 21: Synthesis of thietane-fused α-D-gulopyranoside 100.
Scheme 22: Synthesis of 3,5-anhydro-3-thiopentofuranosides 104.
Scheme 23: Synthesis of anhydro-thiohexofuranosides 110, 112 and 113 from from 1,2:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene D-f...
Scheme 24: Synthesis of optically active thietanose nucleosides from D- and L-xyloses.
Scheme 25: Synthesis of thietane-fused nucleosides.
Scheme 26: Synthesis of 3,5-anhydro-3-thiopentofuranosides.
Scheme 27: Synthesis of 2-amino-3,5-anhydro-3-thiofuranoside 141.
Scheme 28: Synthesis of thietane-3-ols 145 from (1-chloromethyl)oxiranes 142 and hydrogen sulfide.
Scheme 29: Synthesis of thietane-3-ol 145a from chloromethyloxirane (142a).
Scheme 30: Synthesis of thietane-3-ols 145 from 2-(1-haloalkyl)oxiranes 142 and 147 with ammonium monothiocarb...
Scheme 31: Synthesis of 7-deoxy-5(20)thiapaclitaxel 154a, a thietane derivative of taxoids.
Scheme 32: Synthesis of 5(20)-thiadocetaxel 158 from 10-deacetylbaccatin III (155).
Scheme 33: Synthesis of thietane derivatives 162 as precursors for deoxythiataxoid synthesis through oxiraneme...
Scheme 34: Synthesis of 7-deoxy 5(20)-thiadocetaxel 154b.
Scheme 35: Mechanism for the formation of the thietane ring in 171 from oxiranes with vicinal leaving groups 1...
Scheme 36: Synthesis of cis-2,3-disubstituted thietane 175 from thiirane-2-methanol 172.
Scheme 37: Synthesis of a bridged thietane 183 from aziridine cyclohexyl tosylate 179 and ammonium tetrathiomo...
Scheme 38: Synthesis of thietanes via the photochemical [2 + 2] cycloaddition of thiobenzophenone 184a with va...
Scheme 39: Synthesis of spirothietanes through the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of cyclic thiocarbonyls with ol...
Scheme 40: Photochemical synthesis of spirothietane-thioxanthenes 210 from thioxanthenethione (208) and butatr...
Scheme 41: Synthesis of thietanes 213 from 2,4,6-tri(tert-butyl)thiobenzaldehyde (211) with substituted allene...
Scheme 42: Photochemical synthesis of spirothietanes 216 and 217 from N-methylthiophthalimide (214) with olefi...
Scheme 43: Synthesis of fused thietanes from quadricyclane with thiocarbonyl derivatives 219.
Scheme 44: Synthesis of tricyclic thietanes via the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of N-methyldithiosuccinimides ...
Scheme 45: Synthesis of tricyclic thietanes via the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of N-methylthiosuccinimide/thi...
Scheme 46: Synthesis of tricyclic thietanes via the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of N-alkylmonothiophthalimides...
Scheme 47: Synthesis of spirothietanes from dithiosuccinimides 223 with 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene (215a).
Scheme 48: Synthesis of thietanes 248a,b from diaryl thione 184b and ketene acetals 247a,b.
Scheme 49: Photocycloadditions of acridine-9-thiones 249 and pyridine-4(1H)-thione (250) with 2-methylacrynitr...
Scheme 50: Synthesis of thietanes via the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of mono-, di-, and trithiobarbiturates 2...
Scheme 51: Synthesis of spirothietanes via the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of 1,1,3-trimethyl-2-thioxo-1,2-dih...
Scheme 52: Synthesis of spirothietanes via the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of thiocoumarin 286 with olefins.
Scheme 53: Photochemical synthesis of thietanes 296–299 from semicyclic and acyclic thioimides 292–295 and 2,3...
Scheme 54: Photochemical synthesis of spirothietane 301 from 1,3,3-trimethylindoline-2-thione (300) and isobut...
Scheme 55: Synthesis of spirobenzoxazolethietanes 303 via the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of alkyl and aryl 2-...
Scheme 56: Synthesis of spirothietanes from tetrahydrothioxoisoquinolines 306 and 307 with olefins.
Scheme 57: Synthesis of spirothietanes from 1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-thiones 311 and benzothiophene-1-thione...
Scheme 58: Synthesis of 2-triphenylsilylthietanes from phenyl triphenylsilyl thioketone (316) with electron-po...
Scheme 59: Diastereoselective synthesis of spiropyrrolidinonethietanes 320 via the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition...
Scheme 60: Synthesis of bicyclic thietane 323 via the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of 2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyri...
Scheme 61: Photo-induced synthesis of fused thietane-2-thiones 325 and 326 from silacyclopentadiene 324 and ca...
Scheme 62: Synthesis of highly strained tricyclic thietanes 328 via the intramolecular photo [2 + 2] cycloaddi...
Scheme 63: Synthesis of tri- and pentacyclic thietanes 330 and 332, respectively, through the intramolecular p...
Scheme 64: Synthesis of tricyclic thietanes 334 via the intramolecular photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of N-vinylt...
Scheme 65: Synthesis of tricyclic thietanes 336 via the intramolecular photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of N-but-3-...
Scheme 66: Synthesis of tricyclic thietanes via the intramolecular photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of N-but-3-enyl...
Scheme 67: Synthesis of tetracyclic thietane 344 through the intramolecular photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of N-[...
Scheme 68: Synthesis of tri- and tetracyclic thietanes 348, 350, and 351, through the intramolecular photo [2 ...
Scheme 69: Synthesis of tetracyclic fused thietane 354 via the photo [2 + 2] cycloaddition of vinyl 2-thioxo-3H...
Scheme 70: Synthesis of highly rigid thietane-fused β-lactams via the intramolecular photo [2 + 2] cycloadditi...
Scheme 71: Asymmetric synthesis of a highly rigid thietane-fused β-lactam 356a via the intramolecular photo [2...
Scheme 72: Diastereoselective synthesis of the thietane-fused β-lactams via the intramolecular photo [2 + 2] c...
Scheme 73: Asymmetric synthesis of thietane-fused β-lactams 356 via the intramolecular photo [2 + 2] cycloaddi...
Scheme 74: Synthesis of the bridged bis(trifluoromethyl)thietane from 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-di...
Scheme 75: Synthesis of the bridged-difluorothietane 368 from 2,2,4,4-tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane (367) and qua...
Scheme 76: Synthesis of bis(trifluoromethyl)thietanes from 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dithietane (3...
Scheme 77: Synthesis of 2,2-dimethylthio-4,4-di(trifluoromethyl)thietane (378) from 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoro...
Scheme 78: Formation of bis(trifluoromethyl)thioacetone (381) through nucleophilic attack of dithietane 363 by...
Scheme 79: Synthesis of 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)thietanes from 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dithietan...
Scheme 80: Synthesis of the bridged bis(trifluoromethyl)thietane 364 from of 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)...
Scheme 81: Synthesis of 2,4-diiminothietanes 390 from alkenimines and 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl isothiocyanate (...
Scheme 82: Synthesis of arylidene 2,4-diiminothietanes 393 starting from phosphonium ylides 391 and isothiocya...
Scheme 83: Synthesis of thietane-2-ylideneacetates 397 through a DABCO-catalyzed formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition ...
Scheme 84: Synthesis of 3-substituted thietanes 400 from (1-chloroalkyl)thiiranes 398.
Scheme 85: Synthesis of N-(thietane-3-yl)azaheterocycles 403 and 404 through reaction of chloromethylthiirane (...
Scheme 86: Synthesis of 3-sulfonamidothietanes 406 from sulfonamides and chloromethylthiirane (398a).
Scheme 87: Synthesis of N-(thietane-3-yl)isatins 408 from chloromethylthiirane (398a) and isatins 407.
Scheme 88: Synthesis of 3-(nitrophenyloxy)thietanes 410 from nitrophenols 409 and chloromethylthiirane (398a).
Scheme 89: Synthesis of N-aryl-N-(thietane-3-yl)cyanamides 412 from N-arylcyanamides 411 and chloromethylthiir...
Scheme 90: Synthesis of 1-(thietane-3-yl)pyrimidin-2,4(1H,3H)-diones 414 from chloromethylthiirane (398a) and ...
Scheme 91: Synthesis of 2,4-diiminothietanes 418 from 2-iminothiiranes 416 and isocyanoalkanes 415.
Scheme 92: Synthesis of 2-vinylthietanes 421 from thiiranes 419 and 3-chloroallyl lithium (420).
Scheme 93: Synthesis of thietanes from thiiranes 419 and trimethyloxosulfonium iodide 424.
Scheme 94: Mechanism for synthesis of thietanes 425 from thiiranes 419 and trimethyloxosulfonium iodide 424.
Scheme 95: Synthesis of functionalized thietanes from thiiranes and dimethylsulfonium acylmethylides.
Scheme 96: Mechanism for the rhodium-catalyzed synthesis of functionalized thietanes 429 from thiiranes 419 an...
Scheme 97: Synthesis of 3-iminothietanes 440 through thermal isomerization from 4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole-4-spir...
Scheme 98: Synthesis of thietanes 443 from 3-chloro-2-methylthiolane (441) through ring contraction.
Scheme 99: Synthesis of an optically active thietanose 447 from D-xylose involving a ring contraction.
Scheme 100: Synthesis of optically thietane 447 via the DAST-mediated ring contraction of 448.
Scheme 101: Synthesis of the optically thietane nucleoside 451 via the ring contraction of thiopentose in 450.
Scheme 102: Synthesis of spirothietane 456 from 3,3,5,5-tetramethylthiolane-2,4-dithione (452) and benzyne (453...
Scheme 103: Synthesis of thietanes 461 via photoisomerization of 2H,6H-thiin-3-ones 459.
Scheme 104: Phosphorodithioate-mediated synthesis of 1,4-diarylthietanes 465.
Scheme 105: Mechanism of the phosphorodithioate-mediated synthesis of 1,4-diarylthietanes 465.
Scheme 106: Phosphorodithioate-mediated synthesis of trisubstituted thietanes (±)-470.
Scheme 107: Mechanism on the phosphorodithioate-mediated synthesis of trisubstituted thietanes.
Scheme 108: Phosphorodithioate-mediated synthesis of thietanes (±)-475.
Scheme 109: Phosphorodithioate-mediated synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted thietanes from aldehydes 476 and acrylon...
Scheme 110: Phosphorodithioate-mediated synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted thietanes via a one-pot three-component ...
Scheme 111: Mechanism for the phosphorodithioate-mediated synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted thietanes via three-co...
Scheme 112: Phosphorodithioate-mediated synthesis of substituted 3-nitrothietanes.
Scheme 113: Mechanism on the phosphorodithioate-mediated synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted thietanes (±)-486.
Scheme 114: Asymmetric synthesis of (S)-2-phenylthietane (497).
Scheme 115: Asymmetric synthesis of optically active 2,4-diarylthietanes.
Scheme 116: Synthesis of 3-acetamidothietan-2-one 503 via the intramolecular thioesterification of 3-mercaptoal...
Scheme 117: Synthesis of 4-substituted thietan-2-one via the intramolecular thioesterification of 3-mercaptoalk...
Scheme 118: Synthesis of 4,4-disubstituted thietan-2-one 511 via the intramolecular thioesterification of the 3...
Scheme 119: Synthesis of a spirothietan-2-one 514 via the intramolecular thioesterification of 3-mercaptoalkano...
Scheme 120: Synthesis of thiatetrahydrolipstatin starting from (S)-(−)-epichlorohydrin ((S)-142a).
Scheme 121: Synthesis of 2-phenethyl-4-(propan-2-ylidene)thietane (520) from 5-bromo-6-methyl-1-phenylhept-5-en...
Scheme 122: Synthesis of 2-phenethyl-4-(propan-2-ylidene)thietane (520) directly from S-(5-bromo-6-methyl-1-phe...
Scheme 123: Synthesis of 2-alkylidenethietanes from S-(2-bromoalk-1-en-4-yl)thioacetates.
Scheme 124: Synthesis of 2-alkylidenethietanes from S-(2-bromo/chloroalk-1-en-4-yl)thiols.
Scheme 125: Synthesis of spirothietan-3-ol 548 from enone 545 and ammonium hydrosulfide.
Scheme 126: Asymmetric synthesis of the optically active thietanoside from cis-but-2-ene-1,4-diol (47).
Scheme 127: Synthesis of 2-alkylidenethietan-3-ols 557 via the fluoride-mediated cyclization of thioacylsilanes ...
Scheme 128: Synthesis of 2-iminothietanes via the reaction of propargylbenzene (558) and isothiocyanates 560 in...
Scheme 129: Synthesis of 2-benzylidenethietane 567 via the nickel complex-catalyzed electroreductive cyclizatio...
Scheme 130: Synthesis of 2-iminothietanes 569 via the photo-assisted electrocyclic reaction of N-monosubstitute...
Scheme 131: Synthesis of ethyl 3,4-diiminothietane-2-carboxylates from ethyl thioglycolate (570) and bis(imidoy...
Scheme 132: Synthesis of N-(thietan-3-yl)-α-oxoazaheterocycles from azaheterocyclethiones and chloromethyloxira...
Scheme 133: Synthesis of thietan-3-yl benzoate (590) via the nickel-catalyzed intramolecular reductive thiolati...
Scheme 134: Synthesis of 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)thietane from 3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-1,2-dithiolane.
Scheme 135: Synthesis of thietanes from enamines and sulfonyl chlorides.
Scheme 136: Synthesis of spirothietane 603 via the [2 + 3] cycloaddition of 2,2,4,4-tetramethylcyclobutane-1,3-...
Scheme 137: Synthesis of thietane (605) from 1-bromo-3-chloropropane and sulfur.
The reaction of arylmethyl isocyanides and arylmethylamines with xanthate esters: a facile and unexpected synthesis of carbamothioates
- Narasimhamurthy Rajeev,
- Toreshettahally R. Swaroop,
- Ahmad I. Alrawashdeh,
- Shofiur Rahman,
- Abdullah Alodhayb,
- Seegehalli M. Anil,
- Kuppalli R. Kiran,
- Chandra,
- Paris E. Georghiou,
- Kanchugarakoppal S. Rangappa and
- Maralinganadoddi P. Sadashiva
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 159–167, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.18
- hydride-mediated reaction of arylmethyl isocyanides with xanthate esters in DMF is reported. The products thus obtained were compared with the carbamothioates obtained by the sodium hydride-mediated condensation of the corresponding benzylamines and xanthate esters in DMF. To account for these unexpected
- reactions, a mechanism is proposed in which the key steps are supported by quantum chemical calculations. Keywords: benzylamines; carbamothioates; density functional theory; intrinsic reaction coordinate analysis; isocyanides; sodium hydride; xanthate esters; Introduction Carbamothioates (thiocarbamates
- of xanthate esters with amines [18]. Furthermore, many methods have also been reported for the synthesis of cyclic thiocarbamates, and these include reactions of isothiocyanates with aldehydes in the presence of organocatalysts [19][20], reactions of vicinal diols with potassium thiocyanate [21
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of carbamothioates from xanthate esters and benzyl isocyanides.
Figure 1: Substrate scope for the synthesis of carbamothioates. Reaction conditions for methods A and B: sodi...
Figure 2: ORTEP diagram of O-benzyl (4-fluorobenzyl)carbamothioate (4c).
Figure 3: Rotamers of thionocarbamates 4 (top) and computer-minimized structures of 4c (bottom).
Scheme 2: Proposed general reaction mechanism for the formation of carbamothioates (e.g., 4a) from xanthate e...
Figure 4: Optimized geometries of the reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products of the propos...
Figure 5: Relative energies of the reactants, transition states (TS1–TS3), and intermediates (Int1–Int3) of t...
Vicinal difunctionalization of alkenes by four-component radical cascade reaction of xanthogenates, alkenes, CO, and sulfonyl oxime ethers
- Shuhei Sumino,
- Takahide Fukuyama,
- Mika Sasano,
- Ilhyong Ryu,
- Antoine Jacquet,
- Frédéric Robert and
- Yannick Landais
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 1822–1828, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.176
- on the synthesis of functionalized α-keto oximes through such a one-pot, four-component procedure. Results and Discussion We first investigated the reaction of xanthate 1a [29], 1-octene (2a), CO, and sulfonyl oxime ether 3a as a model reaction. When the mixture of 1a, 2a (5 equiv), and 3a (1.2 equiv
- 2, CO, and oxime esters 3, leading to 5a–l (Figure 1). The xanthate 1b, bearing a phenyl ester, gave similarly to 1a, α-keto oxime 5b in moderate yield. The reaction of 1a or 1b with vinylcyclohexane (2b) in the presence of CO and 3a afforded the corresponding α-keto oximes 5c and 5d in 54 or 32
- xanthate 1c, 2b and 3a gave the corresponding keto oxime 5l in 39% yield. The functionalized α-keto oximes obtained herein should be useful scaffolds for further functionalization. Indeed, the α-keto oximes were reported to be used for the synthesis of a variety of synthetic intermediates, including
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Concept: Alkene difuctionalization by four-component radical reaction using xanthates, alkenes, CO ...
Figure 1: Vicinal difunctionalization of alkenes by four-component radical cascade reaction using xanthogenat...
Figure 2: Proposed radical chain mechanism.
Metal-free C–H mercaptalization of benzothiazoles and benzoxazoles using 1,3-propanedithiol as thiol source
- Yan Xiao,
- Bing Jing,
- Xiaoxia Liu,
- Hongyu Xue and
- Yajun Liu
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2019, 15, 279–284, doi:10.3762/bjoc.15.24
- -catalyzed C–S coupling reactions [13]. Conventional methods for the synthesis of 2-mercaptobenzoxazoles and 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles include the interaction of 2-aminophenol or 2-haloanilines with carbon disulfide [14][15][16], or potassium ethyl xanthate [17][18] (Scheme 1). In 2017, the Dong group
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Representative examples of biologically active 2-mercaptobenzoxazoles and 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles.
Scheme 1: Strategies for the synthesis of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (X = O, S).
Figure 2: Substrate scope of the developed C–H mercaptalization strategy. Reaction conditions: benzothiazole ...
Scheme 2: Control experiments.
Scheme 3: Proposed reaction pathway.
Degenerative xanthate transfer to olefins under visible-light photocatalysis
- Atsushi Kaga,
- Xiangyang Wu,
- Joel Yi Jie Lim,
- Hirohito Hayashi,
- Yunpeng Lu,
- Edwin K. L. Yeow and
- Shunsuke Chiba
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 3047–3058, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.283
- is initiated through triplet-sensitization of xanthates by the long-lived triplet state of the iridium-based photocatalyst. Keywords: energy transfer; olefin; photocatalysis; radical; xanthate; Introduction A degenerative radical transfer of xanthates to olefins has been developed as a robust
- proceeds through a radical chain mechanism, and thus requires an initial formation of carbon radicals A that add onto olefins 2. The subsequent reaction of the resulting alkyl radicals B with xanthates 1 provides xanthate adducts 3 with generation of carbon radicals A that maintain the radical chain
- dexanthylation of α-xanthyl ketones [17][18][19][20][21]. As an alternative strategy, a light-driven approach has been developed [22][23][24][25][26], since the first degenerative transfer of xanthates using S-benzoyl O-ethyl xanthate as a photo-cleavable initiator under tungsten lamp irradiation was reported by
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Degenerative radical transfer of xanthates to olefins.
Scheme 2: Photocatalytic RAFT polymerization of xanthate 4.
Figure 1: Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the 3MLCT state of 8 in degassed DMSO solvent with (A) various co...
Figure 2: (A) ns-Transient absorption spectra of photocatalyst 8 in degassed DMSO recorded at different delay...
Figure 3: UV–vis absorption spectrum of 1a (1 mM solution in DMSO).
Scheme 3: Determination of quantum yield.
Scheme 4: Proposed reaction mechanism.
Photocatalytic formation of carbon–sulfur bonds
- Alexander Wimmer and
- Burkhard König
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 54–83, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.4
- photocatalyst was accomplished in the presence of methanol under basic conditions. For a better handling of volatile CS2, they converted it into the corresponding caesium methyl xanthate prior to the photocatalytic reaction. Photoexcited Eosin Y is quenched reductively by caesium methyl xanthate, yielding the
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: General overview over the sulfur-based substrates and reactive intermediates that are discussed in ...
Scheme 2: Photoredox-catalyzed radical thiol–ene reaction, applying [Ru(bpz)3](PF6)2 as photocatalyst.
Scheme 3: Photoredox-catalyzed thiol–ene reaction of aliphatic thiols with alkenes enabled by aniline derivat...
Scheme 4: Photoredox-catalyzed radical thiol–ene reaction for the postfunctionalization of polymers (a) and n...
Scheme 5: Photoredox-catalyzed thiol–ene reaction enabled by bromotrichloromethane as redox additive.
Scheme 6: Photoredox-catalyzed preparation of β-ketosulfoxides with Eosin Y as organic dye as photoredox cata...
Scheme 7: Greaney’s photocatalytic radical thiol–ene reaction, applying TiO2 nanoparticles as photocatalyst.
Scheme 8: Fadeyi’s photocatalytic radical thiol–ene reaction, applying Bi2O3 as photocatalyst.
Scheme 9: Ananikov’s photocatalytic radical thiol-yne reaction, applying Eosin Y as photocatalyst.
Scheme 10: Organocatalytic visible-light photoinitiated thiol–ene coupling, applying phenylglyoxylic acid as o...
Scheme 11: Xia’s photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzothiophenes, applying 9-mesityl-10-me...
Scheme 12: Wang’s metal-free photoredox-catalyzed radical thiol–ene reaction, applying 9-mesityl-10-methylacri...
Scheme 13: Visible-light benzophenone-catalyzed metal- and oxidant-free radical thiol–ene reaction.
Scheme 14: Visible-light catalyzed C-3 sulfenylation of indole derivatives using Rose Bengal as organic dye.
Scheme 15: Photocatalyzed radical thiol–ene reaction and subsequent aerobic sulfide-oxidation with Rose Bengal...
Scheme 16: Photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of diaryl sulfides.
Scheme 17: Photocatalytic cross-coupling of aryl thiols with aryl diazonium salts, using Eosin Y as photoredox...
Scheme 18: Photocatalyzed cross-coupling of aryl diazonium salts with cysteines in batch and in a microphotore...
Scheme 19: Fu’s [Ir]-catalyzed photoredox arylation of aryl thiols with aryl halides.
Scheme 20: Fu’s photoredox-catalyzed difluoromethylation of aryl thiols.
Scheme 21: C–S cross-coupling of thiols with aryl iodides via [Ir]-photoredox and [Ni]-dual-catalysis.
Scheme 22: C–S cross-coupling of thiols with aryl bromides, applying 3,7-bis-(biphenyl-4-yl)-10-(1-naphthyl)ph...
Scheme 23: Collin’s photochemical dual-catalytic cross-coupling of thiols with bromoalkynes.
Scheme 24: Visible-light-promoted C–S cross-coupling via intermolecular electron donor–acceptor complex format...
Scheme 25: Li’s visible-light photoredox-catalyzed thiocyanation of indole derivatives with Rose Bengal as pho...
Scheme 26: Hajra’s visible-light photoredox-catalyzed thiocyanation of imidazoheterocycles with Eosin Y as pho...
Scheme 27: Wang’s photoredox-catalyzed thiocyanation reaction of indoles, applying heterogeneous TiO2/MoS2 nan...
Scheme 28: Yadav’s photoredox-catalyzed α-C(sp3)–H thiocyanation reaction for tertiary amines, applying Eosin ...
Scheme 29: Yadav’s photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of 5-aryl-2-imino-1,3-oxathiolanes.
Scheme 30: Yadav’s photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolane-2-thiones.
Scheme 31: Li’s photoredox catalysis for the preparation of 2-substituted benzothiazoles, applying [Ru(bpy)3](...
Scheme 32: Lei’s external oxidant-free synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles by merging photoredox and tra...
Scheme 33: Metal-free photocatalyzed synthesis of 2-aminobenzothiazoles, applying Eosin Y as photocatalyst.
Scheme 34: Metal-free photocatalyzed synthesis of 1,3,4-thiadiazoles, using Eosin Y as photocatalyst.
Scheme 35: Visible-light photoredox-catalyzed preparation of benzothiophenes with Eosin Y.
Scheme 36: Visible-light-induced KOH/DMSO superbase-promoted preparation of benzothiophenes.
Scheme 37: Jacobi von Wangelin’s photocatalytic approach for the synthesis of aryl sulfides, applying Eosin Y ...
Scheme 38: Visible-light photosensitized α-C(sp3)–H thiolation of aliphatic ethers.
Scheme 39: Visible-light photocatalyzed cross-coupling of alkyl and aryl thiosulfates with aryl diazonium salt...
Scheme 40: Visible-light photocatalyzed, controllable sulfenylation and sulfoxidation with organic thiosulfate...
Scheme 41: Rastogi’s photoredox-catalyzed methylsulfoxidation of aryl diazonium salts, using [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 as ...
Scheme 42: a) Visible-light metal-free Eosin Y-catalyzed procedure for the preparation of vinyl sulfones from ...
Scheme 43: Visible-light photocatalyzed cross-coupling of sodium sulfinates with secondary enamides.
Scheme 44: Wang’s photocatalyzed oxidative cyclization of phenyl propiolates with sulfinic acids, applying Eos...
Scheme 45: Lei’s sacrificial oxidant-free synthesis of allyl sulfones by merging photoredox and transition met...
Scheme 46: Photocatalyzed Markovnikov-selective radical/radical cross-coupling of aryl sulfinic acids and term...
Scheme 47: Visible-light Eosin Y induced cross-coupling of aryl sulfinic acids and styrene derivatives, afford...
Scheme 48: Photoredox-catalyzed bicyclization of 1,7-enynes with sulfinic acids, applying Eosin Y as photocata...
Scheme 49: Visible-light-accelerated C–H-sulfinylation of arenes and heteroarenes.
Scheme 50: Visible-light photoredox-catalyzed β-selenosulfonylation of electron-rich olefins, applying [Ru(bpy)...
Scheme 51: Photocatalyzed preparation of β-chlorosulfones from the respective olefins and p-toluenesulfonyl ch...
Scheme 52: a) Photocatalyzed preparation of β-amidovinyl sulfones from sulfonyl chlorides. b) Preparation of β...
Scheme 53: Visible-light photocatalyzed sulfonylation of aliphatic tertiary amines, applying [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2 ...
Scheme 54: Reiser’s visible-light photoredox-catalyzed preparation of β-hydroxysulfones from sulfonyl chloride...
Scheme 55: a) Sun’s visible-light-catalyzed approach for the preparation of isoquinolinonediones, applying [fac...
Scheme 56: Visible-light photocatalyzed sulfonylation/cyclization of vinyl azides, applying [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 as p...
Scheme 57: Visible-light photocatalyzed procedure for the formation of β-ketosulfones from aryl sulfonyl chlor...
Scheme 58: Zheng’s method for the sulfenylation of indole derivatives, applying sulfonyl chlorides via visible...
Scheme 59: Cai’s visible-light induced synthesis of β-ketosulfones from sulfonyl hydrazines and alkynes.
Scheme 60: Photoredox-catalyzed approach for the preparation of vinyl sulfones from sulfonyl hydrazines and ci...
Scheme 61: Jacobi von Wangelin’s visible-light photocatalyzed chlorosulfonylation of anilines.
Scheme 62: Three-component photoredox-catalyzed synthesis of N-amino sulfonamides, applying PDI as organic dye....
Scheme 63: Visible-light induced preparation of complex sulfones from oximes, silyl enol ethers and SO2.
Synthesis of benzannelated sultams by intramolecular Pd-catalyzed arylation of tertiary sulfonamides
- Valentin A. Rassadin,
- Mirko Scholz,
- Anastasiia A. Klochkova,
- Armin de Meijere and
- Victor V. Sokolov
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1932–1939, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.187
- examples [25][26]. More recently, Zard et al. have developed a sequence of lauroyl peroxide-catalyzed radical additions of xanthate to substituted N-aryl vinyl sulfonamides and subsequent intramolecular cyclization to yield benzo-annelated γ-sultams [27]. Quite interestingly, the obtained sultams were
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: A previous and a new approach to arene-annelated sultams.
Scheme 2: Pd-catalyzed cyclization of (2-iodophenyl)sulfonamides 3 and 5.
Scheme 3: Preparation of 4-methoxybenzyl-protected methyl 2-(N-o-iodoarylsulfamoyl)acetates 8. Reagents and c...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of arene-annelated sultams 10 by Pd-catalyzed intramolecular arylation of a C–H acidic me...
Figure 1: Structure of methyl 5-chloro-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]isothiazole-3-carboxylate-2,2-d...
Scheme 5: Palladium-catalyzed transformation of N-(2-iodophenyl)-N-(4-methoxybenzyl-benzylsulfonamide 12. Ar ...
Scheme 6: Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation to yield a benzannelated six-membered sultam 21. Ar = ...
Scheme 7: An attempted and a successful removal of the PMB group from the sultam 10a.
Figure 2: Structure of methyl 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-(nitrooxy)-1,3-dihydrobenzo[c]isothiazole-3-carboxylate-2...
Synthesis of 2-oxindoles via 'transition-metal-free' intramolecular dehydrogenative coupling (IDC) of sp2 C–H and sp3 C–H bonds
- Nivesh Kumar,
- Santanu Ghosh,
- Subhajit Bhunia and
- Alakesh Bisai
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.111
- as the presence of an o-halogen, an o-selenium, or an o-xanthate, respectively. One of the direct approaches to 2-oxindoles could be a one-electron oxidation of an amide enolate as shown in Scheme 1. Toward this end, in 2009, Kündig and co-workers have developed a novel route to 3,3-disubstituted-2
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of 2-oxindoles via oxidative processes.
Figure 1: Substrates scope of one-pot ‘transition-metal-free’ IDC. The syntheses of compounds 4a–s according ...
Figure 2: Further substrates scope of one-pot ‘transition metal-free’ IDC. Conditions A: KOt-Bu, iodine; cond...
Figure 3: Substrates scope of ‘transition-metal-free’ IDC using KOt-Bu/I2. Reproduced from [46].
Figure 4: C-Alkylation of anilides using KOt-Bu.
Figure 5: Substrates scope of ‘transition-metal-free’ IDC of C-alkylated anilides using DBU/I2.
Scheme 2: Oxidative coupling of C-arylated anilides (±)-11a–d. The synthesis of 12b as per method A has been ...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of spirocyclic product through IDC The synthesis of 14 as per method A has been reproduce...
Scheme 4: Dimerization of β-N-aryl-amidoesters 3a and b. Reproduced from [46].
Scheme 5: Synthesis of dimeric 2-oxindoles utilizing IDC. The syntheses of 19a and b have been reproduced fro...
Scheme 6: Plausible mechanism of ‘transition-metal-free’ IDC The mechanistic consideration in Scheme 6 has been repro...
Scheme 7: Intramolecular-dehydrogenative-coupling (IDC) of 3a and 5a. Reproduced from [46].
Scheme 8: IDC of 3a and 5a using different oxidants. Reproduced from [46].
Scheme 9: Synthesis of 3-substituted-2-oxindoles from benzyl esters.
Scheme 10: 3-Substituted-2-oxindoles from p-methoxybenzyl esters.
Scheme 11: Synthetic elaboration using Tsuji–Trost reactions. Reproduced from [46].
Anionic sigmatropic-electrocyclic-Chugaev cascades: accessing 12-aryl-5-(methylthiocarbonylthio)tetracenes and a related anthra[2,3-b]thiophene
- Laurence Burroughs,
- John Ritchie,
- Mkhethwa Ngwenya,
- Dilfaraz Khan,
- William Lewis and
- Simon Woodward
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 273–279, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.31
- , substituted phenyl, 2-thienyl) to ortho-C6H4(CHO)2 undergo cascades to tetracenes on simple admixture of LiHDMS, CS2 and MeI. Acene formation proceeds by [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of xanthate anions followed by 6π electrocyclisations. The reactions are terminated by E2 or anionic Chugaev-type
- to SH is available. We proposed that use of starting material xanthate 1c should provide suitably protected 5-thiotetracene derivatives directly (Scheme 2). The required [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements and subsequent 6π elecrocyclisations of 1c have precise stereochemical requirements (Scheme 2
- −78 °C solutions of the dialkoxide to warm slowly to ambient temperature in the presence of excess CS2/MeI provided small amounts of tetracene 7a (Table 1, run 1). Formation of the xanthate is favoured at −30 °C but this is slowed at −50 °C (Table 1, runs 2 and 3). The IR νmax [cm−1] (rac-1c: 1035
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Use of bis-allene intermediates 2 for rapid access to substituted tetracenes [14,16].
Scheme 2: Proposed access to aryl substituted 5-thiolatotetracene derivatives.
Scheme 3: Equilibration to meso species.
Scheme 4: Competing reaction pathways.
Scheme 5: Stacking motifs in 7a, d, f–h and j. Y = COSMe.
A practical synthesis of long-chain iso-fatty acids (iso-C12–C19) and related natural products
- Mark B. Richardson and
- Spencer J. Williams
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1807–1812, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.210
- using triethylsilane/BF3·Et2O [53], yielding 17. Finally, oxidation of 17 with KMnO4/Bu4NBr [54] afforded the iso-C17 acid 6. The iso-C15 acid 4 and iso-C16 acid 5 were prepared by recursive dehomologation through intercepting the alcohol 17. Preparation of the xanthate ester 18 (NaH, CS2, then MeI) [58
- ] followed by Chugaev elimination afforded the terminal alkene 19. Oxidative cleavage of 19 using KMnO4/Bu4NBr [54] afforded iso-C16 acid 5. Reduction of 5 (BH3·Me2S) [59] afforded the alcohol 20 that when subjected to the same transformations as before, via the xanthate ester 21, delivered the terminal
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Structures of iso-fatty acids.
Scheme 1: Synthesis of iso-C12 1, iso-C13 2, and iso-C14 3 fatty acids from methyl undecylenate (9). Reagents...
Scheme 2: Synthesis of iso-C15 4, iso-C16 5, and iso-C17 6 fatty acids from pentadecanolide (15). Reagents an...
Scheme 3: Synthesis of iso-C18 7 and iso-C19 8 fatty acids from hexadecanolide 23. Reagents and conditions: (...
Scheme 4: Synthesis of (A) 2-methyl- and 2-hydroxy-iso-fatty acids 30 and 32, and (B) the ketone 33. Reagents...
The preparation of several 1,2,3,4,5-functionalized cyclopentane derivatives
- André S. Kelch,
- Peter G. Jones,
- Ina Dix and
- Henning Hopf
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 1705–1712, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.195
- halogenated derivatives of 16 had been produced; their chromatographic separation failed. In order to avoid working in solution and subjecting the presumably reactive 5 to extended work-up and purification conditions, we next tried to prepare the xanthate 20 and the acetate 21 from 16, derivatives that could
- associated with the different solubility of the pentaalcohol mixture. Likewise, the pentaacetate 31 can be obtained from 30 in excellent yield (Scheme 5). As in the case of 16, no xanthate (see above) could be prepared from 30. Bromination of 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopenta-1,3-diene (8) The other substrate
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: The first members of the [n]radialene series and retrosynthesis for [5]radialene (3).
Scheme 2: Preparation of cis,cis,cis,cis-1,2,3,4,5-pentakis(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentane (16) according to Tolb...
Scheme 3: The preparation of derivatives of 16 better suited for nucleophilic substitution and elimination.
Figure 1: Structure of 19 in the crystal; ellipsoids represent 50% probability levels.
Scheme 4: Preparation of the pentaacetate 21 from 16.
Scheme 5: Preparation of the cycloheptadiene octaesters 24/25 according to Diels [11] and Le Goff [13], respectively,...
Figure 2: Structure of 24 in the crystal; ellipsoids represent 30% probability levels.
Figure 3: Structure of 26 in the crystal; ellipsoids represent 30% probability levels.
Scheme 6: Derivatives derived from the pentaester mixture 26/27.
Scheme 7: Bromination of 1,2,3,4,5-pentamethylcyclopenta-1,3-diene (8).
Figure 4: Structure of 32 in the crystal; ellipsoids represent 50% probability levels.
Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of novel phenotypic probes targeting the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway
- Paul M. Hershberger,
- Satyamaheshwar Peddibhotla,
- E. Hampton Sessions,
- Daniela B. Divlianska,
- Ricardo G. Correa,
- Anthony B. Pinkerton,
- John C. Reed and
- Gregory P. Roth
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 900–907, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.103
- ethyl xanthate in ethanol under reflux. Bromination of 1 led to the key intermediate 2-bromo-5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (2), which reacted smoothly with 3-aminopropanol to give the amine 3 in high yield and purity after extraction. The solvent-free microwave process employed was superior to traditional
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Synthesis of ML029 (4).
Scheme 2: Synthesis of ML236 (8).
Scheme 3: Synthesis of ML237 (12).
Scheme 4: Synthesis of ML130 (13).
Scheme 5: Synthesis of ML146 (17).
Some aspects of radical chemistry in the assembly of complex molecular architectures
- Béatrice Quiclet-Sire and
- Samir Z. Zard
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 557–576, doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.61
- processes. Keywords: amidyls; iminyls; radical allylation; radical vinylation; xanthate transfer; Introduction Natural products exhibit an astonishing diversity of molecular architectures and structural complexity. This has spurred the development of numerous synthetic strategies for the rapid assembly of
- of radical R· with its xanthate precursor 27 to give adduct 28 is fast but degenerate (path A). Radical R· is therefore continuously regenerated and acquires an extended effective lifetime. It can thus be readily captured intra- or intermolecularly, even by unactivated olefinic traps, to give finally
- (nitrile, ketones, esters, pyridines, tetrazoles, etc.) are particularly suitable. Benzyl radicals are not reactive enough towards unactivated alkenes; they tend to accumulate in the medium and ultimately dimerise. (b) The addition product, 30, being itself a xanthate, allows the implementation of a second
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Key radical step in the total synthesis of (–)-dendrobine.
Scheme 2: Radical cascade in the total synthesis of (±)-13-deoxyserratine (ACCN = 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarb...
Scheme 3: Formation of the complete skeleton of (±)-fortucine.
Scheme 4: Model radical sequence for the synthesis of quadrone.
Scheme 5: Radical cascade using the Barton decarboxylation.
Scheme 6: Simplified mechanism for the xanthate addition to alkenes.
Scheme 7: Synthesis of β-lactam derivatives.
Scheme 8: Sequential additions to three different alkenes (PhthN = phthalimido).
Scheme 9: Key cascade in the total synthesis of (±)-matrine (43).
Scheme 10: Synthesis of complex tetralones.
Scheme 11: Synthesis of functionalised azaindoline and indole derivatives.
Scheme 12: Synthesis of thiochromanones.
Scheme 13: Synthesis of complex benzothiepinones. Conditions: 1) CF3COOH; 2) RCHO / AcOH (PMB = p-methoxybenzy...
Scheme 14: Formation and capture of a cyclic nitrone.
Scheme 15: Synthesis of bicyclic cyclobutane motifs.
Scheme 16: Construction of the CD rings of steroids.
Scheme 17: Rapid assembly of polyquinanes.
Scheme 18: Formation of a polycyclic structure via an allene intermediate.
Scheme 19: A polycyclic structure via the alkylative Birch reduction.
Scheme 20: Synthesis of polycyclic pyrimidines and indoline structures.
Scheme 21: Construction of a trans-decalin derivative.
Scheme 22: Multiple uses of a chloroacetonyl xanthate.
Scheme 23: A convergent route to spiroketals.
Scheme 24: A modular approach to 3-arylpiperidines.
Scheme 25: A convergent route to cyclopentanols and to functional allenes.
Scheme 26: Allylation and vinylation of a xanthate and an iodide.
Scheme 27: Vinyl epoxides as allylating agents.
Scheme 28: Radical allylations using allylic alcohol derivatives.
Scheme 29: Synthesis of variously substituted lactams.
Scheme 30: Nickel-mediated synthesis of unsaturated lactams.
Scheme 31: Total synthesis of (±)-3-demethoxy-erythratidinone.
Scheme 32: Generation and capture of an iminyl radical from an oxime ester.
Ugi post-condensation copper-triggered oxidative cascade towards pyrazoles
- Aurélie Dos Santos,
- Laurent El Kaim,
- Laurence Grimaud and
- Caroline Ronsseray
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 1310–1314, doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.153
- , cyclocondensations and organometalic couplings, there was no existing description of radical processes on such adducts. Thus, we decided to undertake various studies using xanthate transfer [8][9][10], Mn(III) or copper(II) triggered oxidative couplings [11][12]. We recently reported a new synthesis of fused
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Copper-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of alkenyl hydrazone.
Scheme 2: Pyrazolidinone 3a from Ugi adduct 2a.
Scheme 3: Attempted reactions of N-methyl hydrazones.
Scheme 4: Proposed mechanism.
Radical cascades using enantioenriched 7-azabenzonorbornenes and their applications in synthesis
- David M. Hodgson and
- Leonard H. Winning
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2008, 4, No. 38, doi:10.3762/bjoc.4.38
- and Discussion Chatgilialoglu and co-workers have previously shown that (TMS)3SiH-mediated xanthate deoxygenations can be performed in tandem with electrophile trapping [22][23]. We were encouraged that the best yields of deoxygenated, trapped product relative to directly reduced product were achieved
- achieve a slow rate of addition of the radical initiator and reductant [21][24]. Pleasingly, combining these procedures, i.e. performing a slow addition of AIBN, (TMS)3SiH (1.5 equiv) and acrylonitrile (1.5 equiv) to a 0.03 M solution of xanthate 5 [24][25] in refluxing toluene, resulted in the formation
- alcohols 17 and 19 in similar ers. With highly enantioenriched alcohols 17 and 19 in hand, the possibility of extending the tandem deoxygenation–rearrangement–electrophile trapping to these substrates was examined. Simple deoxygenation–rearrangement–reduction of the methyl xanthate derivatives 20 and 23
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Cyclopropylmethyl–homoallyl and nortricyclyl–norbornenyl radical systems.
Scheme 2: Deoxygenation-rearrangement-electrophile trapping.
Figure 1: Radical SOMO/α-nitrogen lone-pair interaction in the rearranged radical 7.
Figure 2: Other products obtained from xanthate 5 by tandem deoxygenation–rearrangement–electrophile trapping....
Scheme 3: Asymmetric hydroboration–oxidation of alkenes 14, 16 and 18.
Scheme 4: Deoxygenation–rearrangement–isomerisation of xanthates 20 and 23.
Scheme 5: Deoxygenation–rearrangement–electrophile trapping of xanthates 20 and 23.
Scheme 6: 2-Azabenzonorbornene as a masked pyrrolidine.
Scheme 7: Ring-opening–hydration–oxidation of azacycle 8.
Scheme 8: Preparation of trisubstituted pyrrolidine (+)-36.
Scheme 9: Preparation of pyrrolidine diester (+)-35 from Vince’s lactam 37.
Scheme 10: Acid-catalysed ring-opening–oxidation of azacycle (+)-8.
Scheme 11: Birch reduction of (+)-8 and 10.
Part 3. Triethylborane- air: a suitable initiator for intermolecular radical additions of S-2-oxoalkyl- thionocarbonates (S-xanthates) to olefins
- Jean Boivin and
- Van Tai Nguyen
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 47, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-47
- triethylborane-air combination proves to be an efficient radical initiator that allows intermolecular radical additions of S-2-oxoalkyl-thionocarbonates (S-xanthates) to olefins. Depending on both the structures of the xanthate and the olefin, the addition process can be achieved at room temperature or slightly
- additions of various S-alkylxanthates to vinyl epoxides and related derivatives using an excess of triethylborane (2 equiv vs xanthate) at room temperature. The mechanism is different from that reported in this note as the radical chain is maintained by the ring opening of the oxirane that produces an
- alkoxy radical. The latter reacts rapidly with Et3B to afford a borinate and ethyl radical.[8] Results and discussion The pivotal experiments at the origin of this paper are depicted in Scheme 1. In the first experiment, 2.5 equiv of Et3B were added to a mixture of xanthate 1a and 1-decene in
Graphical Abstract
Scheme 1: Reactivity of 2-oxoalkylxanthates toward 1-decene in the presence of Et3B/O2: competition between a...
Figure 1: Starting xanthates and olefins.
Figure 2: Adducts between xanthates and olefins.
Scheme 2: Postulated mechanism for the reaction of 2-oxoalkyl xanthates with olefins in the presence of Et3B.
Part 2. Mechanistic aspects of the reduction of S-alkyl- thionocarbonates in the presence of triethylborane and air
- Florent Allais,
- Jean Boivin and
- Van Tai Nguyen
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 46, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-46
- from cyclododecanol afforded cyclododecane in a remarkable 62% yield. No hypothesis about the origin of the hydrogen atom that replaced the original xanthate function was proposed. Recently, as the work reported here was largely completed as already mentioned in the first part of this series,[3][4
- cleanly transfer a hydrogen atom to a specific type of carbon radical.[8][9] Disproportionation between the ethyl radical and the carbon-centred radical derived from the xanthate would have probably given the corresponding olefins, especially in the case of a tertiary radical. Such olefins were never
- an attempt to gain information about the mechanism, we performed deuteration experiments (Figure 1 and Table 1). Most of the results reported herein concern the reduction of xanthate 1a [see Supporting Information File 2, Supporting Information File 3, and Supporting Information File 4]. This
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Xanthates 1a, 2a and their corresponding alkanes.
Figure 2: Deuterated O-ethyl-S-ethyl dithiocarbonates 3–5, deuterated adduct 1d and alkane 1e.
Figure 3: Kinetics of the reduction of compound 1a in C6H6 at 20°C.
Scheme 1: Preparation of Et3B-d15.
Part 1. Reduction of S-alkyl- thionocarbonates and related compounds in the presence of trialkylboranes/air
- Jean Boivin and
- Van Tai Nguyen
Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2007, 3, No. 45, doi:10.1186/1860-5397-3-45
- of the xanthate moiety.[4][5] To date, the most widely used reductive method to remove these functional groups that become superfluous at the end of the reaction process, is based on the Bu3SnH/AIBN combination that operates at 80°C or above. The main virtue of this method relies on its versatility
- present in the commercial Et3B solution (entries 3 and 6). Experimentally, in method A, a solution of xanthate, Et3B (5 equiv., 1M solution in hexanes), in the given solvent (if needed) was simply stirred for 2 h in the presence of air under anhydrous conditions [see Supporting Information File 1
- . Thus, compounds 10a, 12a–14a gave the corresponding alkanes in fair to good yields (entries 8–11). The reduction of a tertiary xanthate, without risk of any pseudo-Tchugaev thermal elimination, was also feasible in good yield as shown by reaction of compound 15a (entry 12). Attempts to reduce a primary
Graphical Abstract
Figure 1: Reaction of α-acylxanthate 1a with 1-decene and Et3B/air.
Figure 2: Xanthates and thionoimidazolides 2–16 and their reduced derivatives.
Scheme 1: Reduction of xanthate 17a at different temperatures with Et3B (5 equiv.)/air.
Scheme 2: Reduction of S-alkylxanthates and O-alkylxanthates.
Scheme 3: Reduction of O-alkyl-S-methyl xanthate 19, thionoimidazolide 21 and iodide 22 by Et3B/air at 20°C.
Scheme 4: Products formed through a putative 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer.
