Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• temperature are amorphous; those deposited at other substrate temperatures are polycrystalline with a cubic zincblende structure and a preferred orientation along the [111] direction. An increase in crystallite size (from 37.60 ± 0.42 Å to 68.88 ± 1.04 Å) is observed with increased substrate temperature. This

• X-ray diffraction studies GXRD patterns of ZnTe films grown on quartz substrates at different substrate temperatures (R.T.–600 °C) are presented in Figure 1. A broad hump in the GXRD pattern of the film deposited at room temperature indicates that the film is amorphous. The three diffraction peaks

• values of D, ε, and Δ are listed in Table 2. Films deposited at R.T. are amorphous; therefore, the crystallite size has not been calculated. The crystallite size increases from 37.60 to 54.26 Å with the rise in substrate temperature from 300 to 400 °C. There is no appreciable change in crystallite size

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• pattern, characteristic of a hexagonal crystalline lattice, indicating that GO is not completely amorphous. In addition, the absence of any additional spots other than graphitic structures suggests that oxygen-containing functional groups in GO do not contribute to form-ordered lattice arrangements [28

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• liquid hydrocarbons such as pyrolysis products [15][16][17][18], polyynes [19][20][21], and dimers [13][22][23]. Furthermore, depending on the solvent and ablated material pairing, carbon may be “harvested” from the solvent forming crystalline carbides [24][25][26][27], amorphous carbon dopant [28][29

• ], and/or carbon shells on the nanoparticle surface [7]. These carbon shells are either amorphous or graphitic [7][8][30], while doping of the shells [31] is also possible. Besides carbon formation, the choice of organic solvent influences the properties of the generated nanoparticles and process

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• reflections at 2θ = 50.02° and 68.32°. The characteristic peaks that allowed the identification of the kaolinite phase (K) were at 2θ = 12.48°and 20.14° [7]. Figure 2a,b presents diffraction patterns with amorphous characteristics of the niobium compounds NbOPO4 and Nb2O5. Two broad peaks were identified, one

• at approximately 25.54° (2θ) and the other at 49.73° (2θ) [12][13]. The amorphous pattern characteristic of niobium compounds was maintained upon modification of the bentonite clay with these compounds. The X-ray pattern of the samples of bentonite clay modified with the niobium compounds (BeOx and

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• . Typically, such pillars are amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles formed during the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) introduced into liquid crystalline 2D CTAB layers that fill the interlamellar space between the 2D zeolite nanosheets. Tetraethoxytitanium (TEOT) is a homolog of TEOS, and its hydrolysis

• disruption of the long-range order of the lamellae. In addition, the full XRD patterns evidence the formation of an amorphous phase, presumably nanosized TiO2 (Figure 1b). Zang et al. [30] showed that the XRD pattern of nanometer-sized amorphous TiO2 consists of broad humps at 2θ values of 35°, 53°, and 75

• °. In the TiO2/2D mordenite composites studied in our work, the first hump is masked by the main zeolite peaks, but the remaining two are identical to the ones reported in [30]. Amorphous TiO2 particles exhibiting such an XRD pattern can be described as small strained anatase-like crystalline cores with

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• perfectly polycrystalline. In contrast, in Figure 6d, the presence of diffused rings for HfNPs-D indicates a mix of amorphous and polycrystalline phases in the NPs. The formation of HfO2 NPs in DW along with nanofibres and the observed crystallinity patterns can be explained by considering the decomposition

• ][47][48], leading to the formation of nanoparticles [43]. Some of these nuclei with abundant hafnium oxide molecules around grow like crystals [45][48]. The agglomeration [47] of such crystals leads to the observed polycrystalline state in the NPs [43][46]. The formation of the observed amorphous NPs

• is due to the suppression of nucleation [43][49]. Thus, a mix of amorphous and polycrystalline structures in NPs obtained in DW is seen. The formation of these HfO2 NPs and nanofibres is responsible for the turbid white colour observed after ablation in DW. Earlier reports on Hf ablation in toluene

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• ]. Additionally, high radiation tolerance was observed in crystalline Fe/amorphous SiOC nanolaminates [8]. Long-term irradiation treatments have revealed phase transformations in HDCMs, such as the crystallization of an earlier formed amorphous state (re-crystallization) or a change in the basic crystalline state

• transitions. Additionally, ceramics often amorphize rather than undergo polymorphic transformation. In such cases, the emerging amorphous phase is disordered and contains almost no radiation vacancies. Therefore, when considering the transition from the α phase to the amorphous phase (amorphization), it is

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• removed after an ion dose of ≈300 µC/cm2. Figure 2 shows that there is no evidence of amorphous carbon (a:C) being produced during ion irradiation of Pt(CO)2Cl2 by either Ar+ or He+. The Cl 2p doublet is initially centered at 199 eV, corresponding to Cl in metal chlorides, and remains in the same position

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• shown in Figure 2c. The weak and broad peak observed at 2θ = 21° is due to the weakly crystalline structure of the synthesized CDs and the presence of graphitic carbon, indicating that it is amorphous in nature [17]. FTIR measurements were taken to determine the functional groups on the surface of the

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• of amorphous oxide nanopowders, the precipitation of nanocrystalline metal oxides, and the drying and thermal treatment of oxide films [23]. However, there has been comparatively less focus on studying chemical reactions in sol–gel solutions under microwave irradiation [24][25][26][27]. Numerous

• value 1/2 for direct-bandgap semiconductors and 2 for indirect-bandgap semiconductors or amorphous compounds. Photoluminescence measurements (PL) were carried out using a Carry Eclipse fluorescence spectrometer from Agilent Technologies and the following parameters: scan rate of 120 nm·min−1, spectral

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• films on three different types of substrates, namely an amorphous SiO2/Si(100) substrate, a single crystal MgO(100) substrate, and a buffer layer consisting of MgO/Ta/SiO2/Si(100). The properties of Fe3O4 thin films were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and

• the Fe3O4 thin films causes a shift in the peak observed in sample 3 [32]. Our results reveal that the growth orientation of the Fe3O4 thin film depends on the lattice mismatch between the Fe3O4 thin film and the substrate or buffer layer. When the Fe3O4 thin film is deposited on the amorphous SiO2

• substrate, the lattice mismatch between the amorphous substrate and the crystalline film is large. In this case, the growth orientation of Fe3O4 thin film is determined by the direction having the least internal energy, which is [111]. The energetically favored [111] direction also has the highest

Atomistic insights into the morphological dynamics of gold and platinum nanoparticles: MD simulations in vacuum and aqueous media

• Evangelos Voyiatzis,
• Eugenia Valsami-Jones and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.81

• , the transition temperature from a melted/amorphous to a highly crystalline state varies considerably with NP size. For larger NPs, the transition temperature is almost diameter-independent, yet it differs considerably from the transition temperature of the respective bulk materials. The platinum NPs

• completed, further equilibration is performed for 20 ns in the NPT ensemble at 101.3 kPa and 1400 K (2100 K). The final amorphous system is replicated several times along all three Cartesian coordinates so that a spherical NP with the desired diameter can be curved out. Afterwards, the Au (Pt) NPs are

• . Additionally, every atom is assigned to a structural type matching a known crystal form (FCC, body-centered cubic (BCC), hexagonal close-packed (HCP), icosahedral, or amorphous) based on the Ackland–Jones bond-angle method [76] as implemented in Ovito. One of the employed cluster parameters is the surface area

Effects of cutting tool geometry on material removal of a gradient nanograined CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

• Yu-Sheng Lu,
• Yu-Xuan Hung,
• Thi-Xuyen Bui and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 925–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.76

• relatively concentrated stress distribution at the tip of the cutting tool. In polycrystalline materials, local stress is mainly concentrated at or near grain boundaries with amorphous structures, creating a complex stress distribution for the expansion of the amorphous regions [28][29]. The local stress on

• highest temperature at this position. Samples with small grain gradients, corresponding to a higher number of amorphous atoms, exhibit an increase in mixture disorder of the atoms, leading to higher kinetic energy, which generates more thermal energy [34]. Figure 7 displays the crystal structure evolution

• [35][36]. The subsurface damage increases as the cutting length increases. The chips removed during machining of nanocrystalline materials are mainly amorphous structures. In this study, the chips removed during the cutting process will transform into mixed-phase structures of FCC and HCP. The HCP

Water-assisted purification during electron beam-induced deposition of platinum and gold

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Fabian A. Polman and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 884–896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.73

• [16]. One of the most widely used FEBID gaseous precursors is trimethyl(methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) (MeCpPtMe3), which, under standard deposition conditions, leads to the deposition of a material that consists of around 15 atom % Pt, with the rest of the material consisting of an amorphous

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• -based [21], level set [22][23][24], and Monte Carlo [25] methods. The most commonly studied materials are monocrystalline silicon [21][22][23] and amorphous silicon dioxide [24][25] because of their technological importance in microelectronics. More complex simulations of multilayer milling, which need

• beam workstation Helios Nanolab 650. Both types of test structures were fabricated using 30 kV accelerating voltage and an ion beam current of I = 900 pA. The chamber pressure was not higher then 10−6 mbar. A layer of platinum and amorphous carbon (Pt + a-C) was deposited onto the manufactured

• calculated ion trajectories for each angle θ was equal to 107. The electronic energy loss was described by the equipartition of Oen–Robinson [42] and Lindhard–Scharff [43] models. The atomic density of amorphous SiO2 was assumed as = 6.9·1022 cm−3 in accordance with [44]. Conclusion In this study, an

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

• conditions during LSPC in organic liquids are quite different. The solvent molecules themselves as well as the created hydrocarbons can adsorb on the nanoparticle surface and act as ligands. If a carbon shell is formed, it can be amorphous or onion-like graphitic. In addition, composites such as carbides

• nanocomposites based on sp-hybridized carbon chains [64]. Liang et al. specified the conditions for inhibition of phase crystallization and, hence, the formation of metallic glass nanoparticles in organic solvents, which was attributed to the carbon doping of the amorphous phase as well as carbon shell formation

• [99][100][101][102][103] while modifying the surface with an amorphous or graphitic carbon shell [99][101][104][105]. As previously mentioned, gas formation is apparent during LSPC in organic solvents, too, but to a larger degree [44][106]. Kalus et al. found that LAL yielded around 20 times more gas

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• ° (400), 53.4° (422), 56.9° (511), and 62.7° (440) are consistent with the face-centered cubic structure of Fe3O4 (PDF#19-0629). The XRD pattern of CUR shows amorphous halos at about 20° to 30°. New broad amorphous halos of greater intensity appeared at approximately 20° to 30°, indicating the presence

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• cross-section and a five-fold twinned inner structure (Figure 9). A series of heating and cooling cycles was applied, accompanied by compression and tensile deformations along the NW. The heating cycle induced the formation of defects, and amorphous regions were the most pronounced in the central part

• taken when the structure had turned amorphous but not yet broken (right). Color code: green – FCC lattice, red – HCP, blue – BCC, white – amorphous. Supporting Information File contains additional SEM and TEM images, as well as additional details of FEM and MD simulations. Supporting Information File

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• observed the plateau-like region as reported here, where the gauge factor is similar to the gauge factor at very low strain [24][33]. A plateau-like region has neither been observed in nanocrystalline graphite [33], amorphous carbon films [34], nor in metallic films [35]. The mechanism that leads to an

• increase of resistance in amorphous carbon and gold films at large strain is crack formation. Also, in NCG, which is full of GBs and defects, crack formation and propagation have to be considered [36]. Assuming nanocrack formation at the GBs, we could understand the entire piezoresistance curve in the

• and destruction model [24]. (d) Typical stress–strain curve of amorphous polymer PMMA film (reprinted from [32], Polymer, Vol. 44, Issue 19, by Z. H. Stachurski, “Strength and deformation of rigid polymers: the stress–strain curve in amorphous PMMA“, pages 6067–6076, Copyright (2003), with permission

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• samples, the backscattered (BS) yield in an aligned direction reduces to 5% and 7%, respectively. In defect analysis through ion implantation [42], the category-I damage is the subthreshold damage (i.e., partially damaged region) before it completely turns amorphous. On a complete amorphization, an

• amorphous/crystalline (a/c) interface is formed and further incoming ions create damage beyond this interface or end-range (ER) defects are produced. The irradiated Ge and Si targets clearly show visible damage peaks between channel numbers (1000–1100) for Si and (1500–1600) for Ge. The clustering of

• + ions irradiated on Ge is 3 to 4% which is lower than that for Si, having 10 to 11% due to differences in mass values of the crystal atoms. However, the damage distribution within the amorphous layer is greater for Ge in comparison with Si implanted samples, and it increases with ion fluence. Conclusion

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• crystallinity after vacuum annealing might also play a role in determining the work function [45]. XRD measurements were carried out on the 60 nm thick film to investigate any possible change in the crystallinity due to vacuum annealing. The XRD data (Figure 5) of a 60 nm-thick NS-WOx film reveals an amorphous

• nature of the as-deposited film, which transforms into a polycrystalline monoclinic structure after vacuum annealing. A similar observation is reported in literature where the as-deposited amorphous WOx films transformed into monoclinic structures after annealing at or above 673 K [2][12][46]. It is to

• revealed from the XRD studies, as-deposited NS-WOx films are amorphous in nature, whereas post-growth vacuum-annealed (at 673 K for 1 h) films show an amorphous-to-crystalline structural phase transition. XPS analysis confirms an increasing concentration of defect density in the form of oxygen vacancies

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• the nanometer range (100–1000 nm), with a theoretical drug loading of 100%. They consist of pure drugs, usually in a solid amorphous state, with a minimal quantity of surface-active agents for stabilization. Nanocrystals are superior to microsuspensions at increasing the oral bioavailability of class

• , nanomedicines are highly susceptible to aggregation, hygroscopicity, contamination, phase transition, amorphous-to-crystalline transitions, and degradation. It is critical to maintain batch-to-batch reproducibility (in terms of mean size, polydispersity, ζ-potential, and drug loading) not only during large

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• larger than the geometric (electromagnetic) inductance in thin films and nanowires made of amorphous superconductors [16]. It is, therefore, useful in applications that require compact microwave resonators with low loss [17], including microwave filters [18] and resonant radiation detectors [19]. Large

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• disordered amorphous superconductors [50] revealed that in the regime of superconductor–insulator transition the superconducting gap is stable, whereas the coherence peaks in the single-particle density of states (DOS) disappear. Following this observation, it was suggested that the system exhibits