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Search for "annealing" in Full Text gives 486 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

  • Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

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  • . Additionally, they can be employed as precursors to produce CaFe2O4 thin films upon calcination. The resulting transparent solution is coated and subjected to calcination/annealing to form mesoporous thin films. The mesoporous films display excellent performance in the oxygen evolution reaction. It would be
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Published 04 Jul 2025

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

  • Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
  • Krzysztof Bajer,
  • Ludmila Dulebova,
  • Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
  • Oksana Krasinska and
  • Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

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  • of 10 °C·min−1, annealing at 300 °C for 3 min, cooling to 0 °C at 10 °C·min−1, and reheating to 300 °C at 10 °C·min−1. The Universal STARe SW 11.00 software (Mettler Toledo) was used to analyze the obtained data and calculate the degree of crystallinity of PBS, assuming a thermodynamic fusion
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Published 03 Jul 2025

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

  • Bob Kyeyune,
  • Philipp Rahe and
  • Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

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  • . The sample was prepared in situ by first degassing a p-type Si (B-doped) sample (Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland) for several hours after introduction into the vacuum. Second, the Si(111)-(7 × 7) termination was formed by flash annealing cycles. Third, CaF2 material (99.9
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Published 26 Jun 2025

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO2/Fe2O3 nanocomposite

  • Sumanta Sahoo,
  • Ankur Sood and
  • Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

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  • ternary NCs of graphene materials, several conventional approaches, such as sol–gel, hydrothermal/solvothermal, calcination/thermal annealing, chemical vapor deposition, liquid-phase exfoliation, and freeze-drying have been reported. However, the MW-assisted synthetic approaches are found to be superior
  • phase change of this metal oxide is generally implemented through a few approaches, including annealing, sol–gel process, hydrothermal process, vapor transport method. However, such approaches are time consuming [26][27][28]. In this context, the ultrafast reduction of V2O5 to VO2 through the MW route
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Published 20 Jun 2025

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

  • Olga V. Sedelnikova,
  • Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
  • Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
  • Yuri N. Palyanov,
  • Elena V. Shlyakhova,
  • Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
  • Anna A. Makarova,
  • Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
  • Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

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  • thin nickel film deposited by thermal evaporation. The graphitization of diamond with and without a nickel coating as a result of high-vacuum annealing at a temperature of about 1100 °C was studied in situ using synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption
  • crystallites; however, the layer defectiveness increased in areas with fine-dispersed crystallites. According to NEXAFS and Raman spectroscopy data, the most ordered atomic structure of graphitic layers was obtained by annealing nickel-coated SCD. The angular dependence of NEXAFS C K-edge spectra of nickel
  • -coated (110) face after annealing discovered the vertical orientation of sp2-hybridized carbon layers relative to the diamond surface. The observed behavior suggests that sp2 carbon layers were formed on the diamond surface due to its saturation by released carbon atoms as a result of etching by nickel
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Published 12 Jun 2025

Ar+ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

  • Manu Bura,
  • Divya Gupta,
  • Arun Kumar and
  • Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

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  • deposition rates and uniform growth of films with good reproducibility [4]. The physical properties of grown ZnO films can be tuned by altering various growth parameters and employing post-deposition treatments such as ion implantation and thermal annealing. Ion implantation has proven a versatile tool to
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Published 11 Jun 2025

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

  • Paola Luches and
  • Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

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  • configurations at 110 and 125 eV, respectively [23][25][26][27][28]. Figure 1 reports valence band spectra from an ultrathin cerium oxide film before and after ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) annealing at 600 °C, acquired at the two resonant energies. Using a photon energy at the Ce4+-related resonance (110 eV), the
  • spectrum shows only minor modifications after annealing, while if the Ce3+-related resonant energy is used (125 eV), a marked Ce 4f peak appears around 2 eV binding energy after the annealing. This demonstrates the significantly higher sensitivity to Ce3+ that can be achieved by exploiting resonant
  • extent of their spatial propagation, are extremely relevant questions in order to design materials with optimal efficiency. Valence band photoemission spectra of 1.3 MLE cerium oxide/Rh(111) as laid (a, b) and after annealing at 600 °C (c, d). Spectra (b) and (d) have been excited by a photon energy of
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Published 10 Jun 2025

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS2 layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

  • Alexander V. Okotrub,
  • Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
  • Anna A. Makarova,
  • Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
  • Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
  • Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

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  • interaction with MoS2 leads to the transformation of the original hexagonal structure into a distorted tetragonal one. Under the experimental conditions, sodium is unable to diffuse through the carbon film consisting of horizontally oriented graphene domains and is almost completely removed by annealing the
  • film, and annealing of the sodiated sample restores its structure. The obtained results demonstrate the important role of the graphitic coating in the development of viable MoS2-based electrodes for energy storage systems. Keywords: graphitic coating; molybdenum disulfide film; Na adsorption
  • the preparation and measurement chambers. The Na/Mo ratio on the surface of the MoS2 film is 2.0 after Na deposition for 10 min, 5.5 after additional Na deposition for 20 min, and 3.0 after annealing (Figure 4c). The corresponding Na/Mo ratios in the bulk of the MoS2 film are 1.0, 2.4, and 1.5 (Figure
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Published 10 Jun 2025

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

  • Ha Huu Do,
  • Khac Binh Nguyen,
  • Phuong N. Nguyen and
  • Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

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  • and coworkers prepared Ni/NiO nanosheets via a hydrothermal process and annealing, which gave a high HER efficiency [18]. Wang et al. found that Ni metal plays a crucial role in NiOx-based material for water electrolysis [19]. However, using chemical methods to fabricate Ni/NiO-based nanomaterials is
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Published 06 Jun 2025

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

  • Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
  • Bindu Krishnan,
  • Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
  • David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
  • Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
  • Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

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  • nanocolloids. The structural, morphological and electrical characterizations of the films are also presented. By sulfurization of the films, phase-pure pyrite thin films are obtained. The photodetection range was up to 785 nm photocurrent in the order of 10−6 to 10−4 A for different annealing conditions and a
  • presented. Photodiode configuration of n-Si/p-FeS2 is achieved using nanocolloids synthesized in IPA and DMF. Annealing of these structures is also done in vacuum at different temperatures to improve their film properties and device performance. The photodiodes prepared using thin films of these
  • . The FIPA that was deposited by EPD and then spin coated with FeS2 NPs in DMF is indicated as "FIPA+DMF A350" in Figure 1. The as-prepared film is referred to as AP, and the annealing temperature is referred to as A350 and A450. A photodiode structure of p-FeS2/n-Si was successfully fabricated
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Published 03 Jun 2025

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

  • Konstantinos Bidinakis and
  • Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

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  • deposition method (500 rpm for 10 s and 4000 rpm for 25 s). A volume of 150 μL of toluene was used as anti-solvent 10 s into the second step. The perovskite was crystalized during a 100 °C annealing step for 30 min. For the cells that incorporated spiro-OMeTAD, we used a solution containing 72.3 mg spiro
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Published 21 May 2025

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in CdxZn1−xO composite thin films

  • Arkaprava Das,
  • Marcin Zając and
  • Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

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  • the B1 to B2 PT in CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.4) binary oxide thin films subjected to various annealing temperatures of 700, 800, 850, and 900 °C [1]. The data reveals the emergence of the B2 phase characterized by the (100) Bragg reflection in CdO nanoparticles as the annealing temperature increases. In
  • evident; rather, distinct void regions are observed. Given that CdO has a melting temperature of ≈1000 °C, a portion of CdO may have melted during the annealing process at 900 °C, subsequently condensing in energetically favorable sites at the film surface. The whitish regions in the CZ900_Pris thin film
  • electronic system, and where TD is the Debye temperature and na is the atomic number density. All the calculated values used in the simulation code are mentioned in Table 2. Discussion for retrieval of the B1 phase with O ion irradiation The thermal annealing at temperatures exceeding 800 °C induces atomic
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Published 17 Apr 2025

N2+-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

  • Usha Rani,
  • Kafi Devi,
  • Divya Gupta and
  • Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

Graphical Abstract
  • tensile after annealing. Lee et al. [24] efficiently incorporated nitrogen ions into epitaxial Mo films, forming a buried superconducting layer. They deposited atomically flat epitaxial Mo(110) films on Al2O3(0001) substrates. Carreri et al. [25] investigated high-temperature (800–1200 °C) plasma-based
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Published 01 Apr 2025

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

  • Tycho Roorda,
  • Hamed Achour,
  • Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
  • Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
  • Sander B. Roobol,
  • Willem Onderwaater,
  • Mirthe Bergman,
  • Peter van der Tuijn,
  • Gertjan van Baarle,
  • Johan W. Bakker,
  • Joost W. M. Frenken and
  • Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

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  • sputtering (3 μA, 1 kV, 30 min) at room temperature followed by annealing at 1000 K for 5 min. In Figure 5a,c, taken at 450 K under UHV conditions, we recognize steps in the vertical direction, which correspond to the Pd(100) steps. In the current signal image, the same steps are visible and defined more
  • annealing at 1000 K for 5 min. The oxide is deposited ex situ (in a nearby setup, transfer is done in air) by physical vapor deposition using an aluminum oxide sputter target and NiAl(110) as substrate. The deposition was performed at a 10−3 mbar argon pressure for a duration of 40 min. Once placed back in
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Published 21 Mar 2025

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

  • Kafi Devi,
  • Usha Rani,
  • Arun Kumar,
  • Divya Gupta and
  • Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

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  • . Rakhshani et al. [16] reported the impact of substrate temperature (35 and 305 °C), thermal annealing, and nitrogen doping on optoelectronic properties of ZnTe films and established an optimal doping concentration of nitrogen for lowering the resistivity of the grown films. Further, there are reports [17
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Published 05 Mar 2025

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

  • Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
  • Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
  • Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
  • Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

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  • methods are still predominantly used, even though combining two methods is more efficient. For instance, the combination of electrospinning with stretching and annealing treatments has been shown to produce ultrafine nanofibers [25]. Another issue with electrospun scaffolds is balancing their function of
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Published 26 Feb 2025

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

  • Bedah Rupaedah,
  • Indrika Novella,
  • Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
  • Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
  • Anna Safarrida,
  • Abdul Hapid,
  • Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
  • Suryana Suryana,
  • Irwan Kurnia and
  • Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

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  • cycles consisting of denaturation at 94 °C for 45 s, annealing at 52 °C for 1 min, and elongation at 72 °C for 1 min. After the final cycle, polymerization continued at 72 °C for 5 min. The PCR products were then analyzed by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel. Visualization was performed under UV light
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Published 18 Feb 2025

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO2 capture

  • Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
  • Nicholas Hansen,
  • Mahboubeh Motadayen,
  • Nina Lock,
  • Martin Lahn Henriksen and
  • Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

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  • functionalization, Figure 7c,d, reducing filler sizes, in situ MOF growth, or applying annealing treatments. Interfacial adhesion can also be improved using ionic liquids (Figure 7e). MOF functionalization is commonly employed in MMM research. For example, in the study by Katayama et al. [113] mentioned earlier
  • between polymer and fillers has also been enhanced through annealing treatments. Although annealing of MOFs can cause partial decomposition of the structural framework by imposing local defects, such treatments have been shown to increase CO2 uptake capacity in MOFs [129] and improve CO2 capture
  • performance of MOF-based MMM [130]. In a study by Lai et al. [130], ZIF-8 was annealed at 300 °C for 1 h before being mixed with a poly(styrene-co-butadiene) solution during MMM fabrication. For filler loadings of 10 to 30 wt %, annealing led to an increase in CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity due to
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Published 12 Feb 2025

Orientation-dependent photonic bandgaps in gold-dust weevil scales and their titania bioreplicates

  • Norma Salvadores Farran,
  • Limin Wang,
  • Primoz Pirih and
  • Bodo D. Wilts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.1

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  • the effective refractive index of titania thin films produced by sol–gel synthesis varies because of porosity, depending on the specific process, chemicals, and reaction conditions [41]. A higher annealing temperature seems to have a large influence on reducing the porosity of thin films, while
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Published 02 Jan 2025

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

  • Aram Shirinyan and
  • Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

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  • , changes in the structural properties of Ni nanostructures due to ion bombardment have been reported in [15]. Interestingly, certain types of radiation ions have shown a positive effect on the crystal structure, leading to an increase in the degree of crystallinity after the austenitic annealing of defects
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Published 21 Nov 2024

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

  • Midhun Murali,
  • Amit Banerjee and
  • Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

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  • implantation, the wafer is bonded to a SiO2 (or TiO2) substrate using direct bonding techniques, which involves bringing the surfaces into close contact and applying pressure or heat to form a strong bond. The wafer is then subjected to thermal annealing, which activates the splitting process along the
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Published 14 Nov 2024

Various CVD-grown ZnO nanostructures for nanodevices and interdisciplinary applications

  • The-Long Phan,
  • Le Viet Cuong,
  • Vu Dinh Lam and
  • Ngoc Toan Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1390–1399, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.112

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  • annealing Zn powder under atmospheric pressure conditions, we collected nanocrystals with various morphologies, including rods, pencils, sheets, combs, tetrapods, and multilegs. Raman scattering study reveals that the samples are monophasic with a hexagonal structure, and fall into the P63mc space group
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Published 11 Nov 2024

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe3O4 thin films

  • Hai Dang Ngo,
  • Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
  • Van Qui Le,
  • Hoai Phuong Pham and
  • Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

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  • process [14][15]. The impact of substrate temperature, annealing temperature, gas flow rate, and thickness on enhancing the characteristics of Fe3O4 thin films has been examined [15][16][17][18]. The substrates play a crucial role in directing the growth and enhancing the quality of the crystal, resulting
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Published 14 Oct 2024

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

  • Daniel Rothhardt,
  • Amina Kimouche,
  • Tillmann Klamroth and
  • Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

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  • -dependent measurements. Experimental The experiments were conducted in an Omicron VT-SFM system (base pressure 2 × 10−10 mbar). The Au(111) single crystal substrate (Mateck GmbH) was cleaned by repeated Ar ion sputtering–annealing cycles. The cleanliness of the samples was checked by SFM measurements. Then
  • , 10,10′-dibromo-9,9′-bianthryl (DBBA) molecules were deposited by thermal evaporation (Kentax evaporator) onto the hot (Tsample = 470 K) sample surface for 10 min. The deposition rate was kept constant using a quartz crystal microbalance. Annealing up to 670 K for 10 min after deposition induced
  • (f0 = 292 kHz, cL = 41 N/m) were used for imaging in the frequency modulation (FM) mode operated by a Nanonis electronic system. The tips were cleaned by sputtering (Ar pressure 5 × 10−3 Pa, energy 1 keV, 15 min) and annealing up to 375 K for 1–5 h (pressure below 1 × 10−7 Pa) prior to measurement
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Published 29 Aug 2024

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

  • Monika Ozga,
  • Eunika Zielony,
  • Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
  • Anna Wolska,
  • Marcin Klepka,
  • Marek Godlewski,
  • Bogdan J. Kowalski and
  • Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

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  • and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspiańskiego 27, 50–370 Wroclaw, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.15.62 Abstract This paper presents an investigation into the influence of repeating cycles of hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing (HT+RTA) on the properties of CuO thin films. An innovative
  • devices. Keywords: CuO; hydrothermal method; rapid thermal annealing; thin films; Introduction Copper(II) oxide is a p-type semiconductor possessing a narrow bandgap, along with many beneficial electrical, optical, and magnetic properties. Particularly at the nanoscale, these properties set themselves
  • focuses on hydrothermally grown CuO films. There are only a few reports in the literature indicating the use of this method for the growth of CuO films. An example of a multistep method of producing CuO films has been described in [43]. It combines the hydrothermal process, annealing, and spin coating
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Published 24 Jun 2024
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