Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• importance in the fabrication of active electrodes for a range of electrochemical applications. However, it is not always the case that these materials adopt the desired nanostructure. Dag and colleagues fabricated CaFe2O4 thin-film electrodes on graphite rods via a molten salt-assisted self-assembly process

• beneficial to extend the findings of this study to explore the nanoarchitectonics of other mesoporous metal oxides in electrocatalytic electrodes. Additionally, there are nanoarchitectonics examples that couple liquid crystal structure control with other functions, such as catalysis. Mavrikakis, Abbott, and

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• nanopipette with a sub-micrometer aperture, which is brought near the sample surface via piezo actuators in an electrolyte bath. A voltage applied between two Ag/AgCl electrodes, one in the pipette and the other in the bath, generates an ion current. If the pipette approaches the sample, the ionic current

• as quantity to be measured by a feedback loop. This current is generated by applying a voltage between two Ag/AgCl electrodes, one located in an electrolyte bath containing the non-conductive sample and the other within the nanopipette (Supporting Information File 1, Section S7, Figure S20). When the

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• electrodes for energy storing. Keywords: asymmetric supercapacitor; carbon dots; fluorescence emission; green approach; silver nanoparticles; Introduction The extensive usage of fossil fuels is a result from the rising demand for energy. However, the use of fossil fuels is not sufficient to attend the

• synthesized cost-effective carbon-dot- (CD) mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for supercapacitor electrodes. AgNPs have garnered substantial interest due to their capacity to effectively facilitate biological, optical, chemical, electrical, and industrial applications [13][14]. AgNPs are widely utilized

• also shown that AgNPs actively improve the electrochemical characteristics of different electrode materials. Salve et al. reported a noteworthy charge-storing capacity of 367.16 mF/cm2 of the synthesized hybrid material, PGE/AgNPs/CS (pencil graphite electrodes/silver nanoparticles/chitosan) [15

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• used for deposition with different beam energies. Bright-field images of Cs+-induced Pt deposit and Pt grain size data for different acceleration voltages. (a) Structure for the resistivity measurements consisting of four Cr electrodes and the 35 μm by 1.5 μm Ga-induced Pt deposit layer. The red line

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• of diamond surfaces is important for many applications, which require the formation of thin conductive electrodes on dielectric substrates. Transition metal catalysts can facilitate the graphitization process, which depends on the diamond face orientation. In the present work, the role of a nickel

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• film, and annealing of the sodiated sample restores its structure. The obtained results demonstrate the important role of the graphitic coating in the development of viable MoS2-based electrodes for energy storage systems. Keywords: graphitic coating; molybdenum disulfide film; Na adsorption

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• potential regarding industrial application. Results and Discussion Crystal structure and phase of the as-synthesized electrodes were verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements with 2θ ranging from 20° to 80°. Figure 1 displays the XRD patterns of SS, Ni/NiO/SS-5, Ni/NiO/SS-10, Ni/NiO/SS-15, and Ni/NiO

• /SS-20 electrodes. Regarding the commercial 304 SS sample, the typical peaks at 43.64°, 50.68°, and 74.56° were indexed to the (111), (200), and (220) crystal planes of the cubic γ-Ni–Cr–Fe phase [27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. At a low O2 flow rate (5 sccm), a Ni metal phase appeared, visible by the

• /SS-15, and Ni/NiO/SS-20 electrodes became rougher, as shown in Figure 2b–d, which was attributed to a higher metal oxide content. More importantly, the composition of the samples (wt %) changed with different O2 flow rates in the sputtering process. The proportion of O increases when the O2 flow rate

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• [35], the p-type nature of FeS2 was identified. Based on this, an n-type Si (n-Si) substrate was chosen to achieve the photodiode structure. Well cleaned n-type silicon substrates were used as the anode and the cathode in the EPD setup. With a 4.5 mm gap between them, the electrodes were positioned

• in the dark and under illumination. Using silver paint (Flash-Dry silver colloidal suspension, SPI® supplies), two contact electrodes with a 4 mm length and a 4 mm distance between them were prepared on the films for electrical measurements. The photoresponse curves were evaluated using light sources

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• few nanometers along the entire nanowire. For operando SPEM measurements, nanowires were transferred onto a prepatterned device template with flat, individually contacted Au/Ti electrodes deposited onto a SiO2/Si substrate, separated by a 1.5 µm wide insulating gap. Optical microscopy images of the

• the electrodes is attenuated. The apparently larger length of the nanowire in the In and P maps as compared to the Au map is due to the finite width of the X-ray beam, and demonstrates the convolution of nanowire shape and beam shape in the resulting image. The binding energies of the In 4d and P 2p

• maps were centered at 17.5 and 129 eV, respectively, and therewith below and above the binding energy of Au 4f, imaged here at 83.5 eV. This explains why inelastically scattered electrons from the Au electrodes contribute to a strong contrast in the P 2p map but cannot be seen in the In 4d map. In

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• .16.42 Abstract An electrochemical biosensor based on modified carbon screen-printed electrodes was developed for the detection of hemagglutinin of influenza A H1N1 virus (H1). Gold nanoflowers were electrodeposited on the electrode to increase conductivity and surface area. The electrochemical signal

• , followed by blocking with bovine serum albumin to minimize nonspecific hydrophobic binding. The electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4−. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to measure the change in

• transducer system of our biosensor is based on low-cost carbon screen printed electrodes (CSPEs) modified with functionalized gold nanoflowers (AuNFs). The complex morphology and surface functionalization of the nanoparticles with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) significantly increased the surface area and the

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• chemical substances [7][8]. Target detection in real time is a strong suit for electrochemical devices. Electron mediators are typically used to modify the working electrodes in electrochemical sensor fabrication. These days, due to their unique electrical and optical characteristics, nanomaterials are

• (FRA) potentiostat on both fabricated Ag–ZnO/Au electrodes and bare gold electrodes. The modified Ag@ZnO NRs electrode exhibits higher impedance than that of the bare gold electrode. This higher impedance leads to better sensitivity, better electron exchange, and can provide more information about the

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• detection method with a laser diode, which is not compatible with the design limitations of a reactor volume of 95 μL. Figure 3a shows a zoomed-in image of a third-generation M5B qPlus sensor (purchased from Nanosurf). The sensor has four gold electrodes of which three are used for AFM drive and readout

• non-conductive epoxy. The metallic sections are then coated with gold to ensure catalytic inertness and slide over tracks that serve as electrical feedthrough. The wiring from the QTF electrodes to the holder is made with 25 μm-diameter gold wire glued with conductive epoxy (EpoTek H20E). The holder

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• technique for quantifying surfactants employs ionic electrodes to measure the unknown concentration of the target substance within 30 minutes. However, this method exhibits reduced sensitivity (280–600 µg/mL) and selectivity, rendering it less than optimal for analyzing surfactants in relatively complex

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• fibers, taking advantage of the high internal surface area of carbon fiber paper. The pulsed laser-grafted composites exhibited zero measurable charge transfer resistance between gold nanoparticles and the carbon support, leading to superior cathode performance over conventionally prepared electrodes for

• electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution in aqueous bicarbonate reduction. Keywords: catalysis; composite; electroreduction; gold nanoparticles; impedance; Introduction The main challenge in the manufacturing of nanocatalyst-containing electrodes is the attachment of nanoparticles on electrode supports. Nanoparticles

• must be integrated with macroscopic supports to function as electrodes. A major obstacle in contemporary manufacturing of nanoparticle–support composites is their laborious inefficient multistep preparation, involving chemical synthesis, heating, cooling, collection, purification, distribution, and

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• nozzles so that the fibers attract instead of repelling each other, or using auxiliary electrodes to control the electric field and concentrate the flow of fiber jets into a smaller deposition area [89]. Multichamber electrospinning Multichamber electrospinning incorporates special nozzle designs to

Comparison of organic and inorganic hole transport layers in double perovskite material-based solar cell

• Deepika K and
• Arjun Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 119–127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.11

• and shunt resistance, interfacial defect density, and various metal electrodes were studied. An efficiency of 18.89% with VOC = 0.7919 V, JSC = 27.89 mA/cm2, and FF = 85.52% was reported for the device structure FTO/WS2/La2NiMnO6/Cu2O/Au [15][16]. In 2023, the highest optimized efficiency of 24.08

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• peak current, though a steady addition led to decreased currents, possibly due to surface accumulation. The Nyquist plots display a larger impedance for ZnO electrodes. To fit the data into an analogous circuit, an uninterrupted phase element (Q1) was introduced with the adjustable parameters angular

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• −6 M [32]. The combination of two types of MOFs has been rarely investigated for the detection of antibiotics. To our current knowledge, no reports have been made on the use of electrodes modified with a mixture of MOFs for the detection of enrofloxacin. In this study, a sensor was developed using a

• mixture of CuBTC and FeBTC to modify carbon paste electrodes for the determination of enrofloxacin. The characterization and properties of the fabricated electrode, including molecular structure, morphology, and electrochemical characteristics, were thoroughly investigated using various analytical

• )(Fe)BTC@CPE electrode The electrochemical behaviour of ENR was studied on both CPE and modified electrodes using cyclic voltammetry in the potential window from 0.4 to 1.2 V. A modified electrode containing 5% CuBTC and 5% FeBTC was used for the investigation. The green line in Figure 6a shows the

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• wavelength can be tuned by changing the electric field without altering the reflectance values [32]. Shuai et al. introduce a bulk acoustic resonator (BAW) comprised of a sandwich-like structure with an LN film positioned between two aluminum electrodes. In this setup, acoustic waves are generated and

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• monolayers of WSe2 were aligned at a 0° angle to form the 3R phase. The graphene/3R WSe2/graphene heterojunctions were aligned and assembled onto a SiO2/Si substrate by the all-dry transfer method. Au/Cr (50/10 nm) electrodes were patterned using standard electron-beam lithography (EBL, Raith 150 Two) and

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• , shown in Figure 1a, are connected by 140 μm-wide electrodes, which increase the effective bridge length. This has to be thought about when calculating the resistivity. Thus, 280 μm was added to the length of all square bridges except sample A1 (electrodes are already integrated into this sample). The

• resistivity estimated considering the width of the electrodes ranged from 0.7 × 10−7 to 1.1 × 10−7 Ω·m for the four structures A1–A4 from Figure 1a. Bearing in mind that the residual resistance ratio of the studied samples is in the range from 1.9 to 2.5, the room temperature resistivity is close to the value

• clamp contacts as sample C1, but the measured area was further away from the contact points. This way, the current first flows through the superconducting electrodes with low thermal conductivity in the superconducting state, and only then goes to the bridge. Nevertheless, non-equilibrium heating

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• floor for the smallest deflections. In addition to the above parameters, the resistances of the actuation and measurement lines were measured to be 340 and 450 Ω, respectively. The opMEMS bridge was then milled to obtain four coincident electrodes in the RoI (Figure 5) with the following FIB parameters

• importantly, our opMEMS already integrates four measurement lines, with the ability to expand to six or eight separate electrodes in the RoI. This encourages us to think of opMEMS as an experimental platform for more complex measurements than a simple two-line connection case. In the future, we will pursue

Quantum-to-classical modeling of monolayer Ge₂Se₂ and its application in photovoltaic devices

• Anup Shrivastava,
• Shivani Saini,
• Dolly Kumari,
• Sanjai Singh and
• Jost Adam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1153–1169, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.94

• , a large number of materials have been reported as ETLs/HTL materials, such as carbon [15], copper iodide [16], CuSbS2, NiO, CuSCN [17], ZnO, and CdS [18]. These materials promote efficient extraction of charge carriers and suppress recombination between the perovskite film and the electrodes. But in

• coating between the absorber and substrate/electrodes in the design of solar cells. Device Modeling The high carrier mobility, optimum bandgap, and suitable optical characteristics of monolayer Ge2Se2 as discussed in the previous section, further motivated us to design a photovoltaic solar cell using

Effect of wavelength and liquid on formation of Ag, Au, Ag/Au nanoparticles via picosecond laser ablation and SERS-based detection of DMMP

• Sree Satya Bharati Moram,
• Chandu Byram and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1054–1069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.86

• laser ablating Au/Fe multilayers with varying thicknesses and deposition orders. Jakobi et al. [26] reported the synthesis of Pt–Ir alloy NPs by femtosecond laser ablation of a Pt9Ir target in acetone and further utilized as PtIr electrodes. In recent years, laser-ablated NPs/NSs have gained prominent

Bolometric IR photoresponse based on a 3D micro-nano integrated CNT architecture

• Yasameen Al-Mafrachi,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Sascha Preu,
• Jörg J. Schneider and
• Oktay Yilmazoglu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1030–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.84

• CNT thermistor wall stabilized by complementary CNT block structures. Two strategically positioned metal electrodes on the Si substrate provide lateral contacts with the vertical CNT bolometer, facilitating effective resistance measurements. Importantly, this CNT structure exhibits remarkable thermal