Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• . Khachartryan et al. highlight the strength of cantilever displacement detection with a Michelson-type fibre interferometer and provide a model for interferometric signal generation [4]. The interferometer response is slightly nonlinear under typical NC-AFM working conditions, while a large cantilever

• oscillation amplitude yields a signal with a complex temporal structure. This is due to the interferometer signal being limited in amplitude by the spatial periodicity of the cavity light field. By the fit of a model function to the measured time-domain interferometer signal, all displacement signal

Signal generation in dynamic interferometric displacement detection

• Knarik Khachatryan,
• Simon Anter,
• Michael Reichling and
• Alexander von Schmidsfeld

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1070–1076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.87

• . In a non-contact atomic force microscope (NC-AFM), it facilitates the force measurement by recording the periodic displacement of an oscillating microcantilever. To understand signal generation in a NC-AFM-based Michelson-type interferometer, we evaluate the non-linear response of the interferometer

• to the harmonic displacement of the cantilever in the time domain. As the interferometer signal is limited in amplitude because of the spatial periodicity of the interferometer light field, an increasing cantilever oscillation amplitude creates an output signal with an increasingly complex temporal

• . Keywords: amplitude calibration; displacement detection; force microscopy; interferometer signal; NC-AFM; Introduction Optical interferometry is a reliable technique utilizing light waves to measure distance and displacement with high precision [1][2]. With the light wavelength as the length standard, a

Design, fabrication, and characterization of kinetic-inductive force sensors for scanning probe applications

• August K. Roos,
• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• Erik Holmgren and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 242–255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.23

• function of the applied mechanical drive phase ϕm. The interference fringes show an excellent fit to |sin ϕm|, characteristic of a balanced interferometer. Summary of the mean kinetic inductance per square , mean resonant frequency , and the range of measured values, grouped by the nominal nanowire width w

Measurements of dichroic bow-tie antenna arrays with integrated cold-electron bolometers using YBCO oscillators

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Viktor O. Zbrozhek,
• Andrey V. Samartsev,
• Anastasia N. Orlova,
• Dmitry V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Victoria Yu. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Silvia Masi and
• Paolo de Bernardis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 26–36, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.3

• ) Array [2], Large Scale Polarization Explorer (LSPE) [3], Lite (Light) satellite for the study of B mode polarization and Inflation from cosmic background Radiation Detection (LiteBIRD) [4], Q & U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) [5], Simons Observatory [6], and Ali CMB Polarization

A bifunctional superconducting cell as flux qubit and neuron

• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Pavel V. Pikunov,
• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1116–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.92

• obtained confirm the possibility of practical use of a single-contact inductively shunted interferometer in a quantum mode in adjustment circuits for q-processors. Keywords: adiabatic logic cell; flux qubit; Josephson junctio; quantum neuron; quantum parametron; superconducting quantum computers

• ; superconducting quantum interferometer; Introduction Superconducting interferometers are widely used both as flux qubits and as a part of the peripherals in various implementations of quantum computers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In particular, the D-Wave 2000Q quantum computer, released in 2017, operates

• in the “payload” on the chip may be more important. Apparently, the simplest superconducting circuit with a nonlinear flux-to-flux transformation in the classical regime is a single-contact interferometer, as depicted in the left part of Figure 1. However, the typical form of the function f for such

Frontiers of nanoelectronics: intrinsic Josephson effect and prospects of superconducting spintronics

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Horst Hahn and
• Vladimir Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 79–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.9

• interferometer as an adiabatic neural cell of a perceptron artificial neural network in the quantum regime (a hybrid system whose configuration is dynamically adjusted by a quantum co-processor) [23]. - In several articles of the volume, new phenomena are predicted and investigated for promising spintronics

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• obtained using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 25 spectrophotometer, operating in the range of 350 to 700 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectra were obtained with a Perkin Elmer Dynascan Spectrum 100 spectrometer, using an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) interferometer, operating in the range of 4000–600 cm−1

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• the deposition of atoms or molecules on the cold sample. Microscope Design We use a fiber-optical interferometer to measure the cantilever deflection. This deflection sensor type only requires placing the end of an optical fiber in close proximity to the cantilever. All electronic components remain

• outside the cryostat and the UHV system. Moreover, a fiber-optical interferometer sensor directly maps the cantilever deflection, whereas beam-deflection sensors only measure the angular change of the cantilever [42]. A fiber-optical interferometer, thus, permits a precise measurement of the cantilever

• oscillation amplitude, without the need of a complicated calibration [43][44][45]. Fiber-optical sensors can obtain sensitivities up to about 1 fm/ using Fabry–Pérot interferometry [46][47]. To date, however, we only implemented a simpler form of the interferometer composed of a cleaved and uncoated fiber end

A superconducting adiabatic neuron in a quantum regime

• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Dmitriy A. Rybin,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Anastasiya A. Gorchavkina and
• Arkady M. Satanin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 653–665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.57

• obtained results indicate the conditions under which the neuron possesses the required sigmoid activation function. Keywords: Josephson junction; quantum neuron; quantum-classical neural networks; superconducting quantum interferometer; Introduction The implementation of machine learning algorithms is

• model and basic equations A single-junction superconducting interferometer with normalized inductance l, a Josephson junction without resistive shunting (JJ), an additional inductance la, and an output inductance lout (see Figure 1b) are the basis of the quantum neuron. This circuit has been presented

• superconducting logic cells with magnetic representation of information [43][45][51]. Fortunately, there are already such elements based on an inductively shunted two-contact interferometer with the ability to adjust parameters. However, their behavior in the quantum mode requires an additional study. Funding The

Tunable superconducting neurons for networks based on radial basis functions

• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 444–454, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.37

• for the activation function (resulting from the Φ0-periodicity of all flux dependencies for the interferometer-based structures) large enough for practical use in real neural networks (Figure 2e). We calculated the standard deviation (SD) of the transfer function from the Gaussian-like function g(x

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• electrically contact the graphene sheet and actuate the resonators electrostatically. The motion of the devices is detected using a Michelson interferometer [48]. Figure 6a depicts a secondary electron HIM image of a patterned trampoline graphene resonator. A He ion current of 3 pA was employed at an

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

• beam splitter. This is based on the Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) interferometer [72]. The HBT interferometer measures the correlation in the intensity fluctuations of the light incident on the 50:50 beam splitter. The incoming light is equally split along the transmitted and the reflected paths onto

• [112] and is thus a candidate for a spin qubit. Other modeling based on DFT and constrained DFT attributes the SPE to a VNCB defect [104]. In [97] few layers of exfoliated h-BN were studied under cathode-luminescence (CL) combined with a Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometer to identify their SPE in

Atomic-resolution imaging of rutile TiO₂(110)-(1 × 2) reconstructed surface by non-contact atomic force microscopy

• Daiki Katsube,
• Shoki Ojima,
• Eiichi Inami and
• Masayuki Abe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 443–449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.35

• feedback control was applied in frequency-modulation mode [30] with constant amplitude oscillation. The cantilever deflection was detected using an optical interferometer [31]. Since the electrostatic force due to the contact potential difference (CPD) between the tip and sample prevents high-resolution NC

Unipolar magnetic field pulses as an advantageous tool for ultrafast operations in superconducting Josephson “atoms”

• Daria V. Popolitova,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy and
• Olga V. Tikhonova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1548–1558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.152

• elements are EJos, EJos and αEJos, α > 0.5. The third junction can be replaced by a superconducting quantum interferometer, which allows one to adjust α using an external magnetic flux. So, we can apply magnetic fluxes ΦX and ΦZ in order to control the barrier height and potential asymmetry respectively

Nanoscale optical and structural characterisation of silk

• Meguya Ryu,
• Reo Honda,
• Adrian Cernescu,
• Arturas Vailionis,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Jitraporn Vongsvivut,
• Jing-Liang Li,
• Denver P. Linklater,
• Elena P. Ivanova,
• Vygantas Mizeikis,
• Mark J. Tobin,
• Junko Morikawa and
• Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 922–929, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.93

• the near-field interaction between the tip and sample [15]. An asymmetric Michelson interferometer and a lock-in detection of the signal at higher harmonic of the tapping frequency (approximately 250 kHz) provides background-free nano-IR spectra and images with maximum resolution imposed by the AFM

• back-scattered spectra [12]. The reflectivity information is given by the real part of the scattering coefficient [12]. Using an asymmetric Michelson interferometer, the full complex function of the scattered optical signal could be recorded, therefore enabling the simultaneous measurement of both nano

Commercial polycarbonate track-etched membranes as substrates for low-cost optical sensors

• Paula Martínez-Pérez and
• Jaime García-Rupérez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 677–683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.67

• this purpose, we firstly characterized their optical response in the near-infrared range. This response is an interference fringe pattern, characteristic of a Fabry–Pérot interferometer, which is an optical device typically used for sensing purposes. Afterwards, several refractive index sensing

• porous sensors with such easily available mesoporous material. Keywords: chemical sensor; Fabry–Pérot interferometer; optical sensor; polycarbonate; track-etched membrane; Introduction Sensors are present in our daily life in order to detect and monitor chemical, biological and physical agents of

• ) interferometer. This porous silicon structure has long been used for sensing [6] and we hypothesized that PCTE membranes might have the same optical response and be useful for sensing purposes, too. To study the utility of PCTE membranes for sensing purposes, we characterized their optical response in the near

Intuitive human interface to a scanning tunnelling microscope: observation of parity oscillations for a single atomic chain

• Sumit Tewari,
• Jacob Bakermans,
• Christian Wagner,
• Federica Galli and
• Jan M. van Ruitenbeek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 337–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.33

• atomic chain. This back-scattering makes this phenomenon similar to that of the Fabry–Pérot interferometer in optics. This was demonstrated in experiments by making length histograms [8] of conductance and it was observed as oscillations in conductance. However, in this method averaging over many atomic

• . Depending on the length of the barrier one can have different interference patterns of these standing waves giving oscillations in the conductance. This is similar to a Fabry–Pérot interferometer. The different colours of atoms here do not imply different types of atoms but are used only to differentiate

Investigation of CVD graphene as-grown on Cu foil using simultaneous scanning tunneling/atomic force microscopy

• Majid Fazeli Jadidi,
• Umut Kamber,
• Oğuzhan Gürlü and
• H. Özgür Özer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2953–2959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.274

• ]. Experimental Our setup is a commercial STM/AFM operated in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) that was modified and improved by the implementation of a Fabry–Pérot fiber interferometer in order to achieve high sensitivity in detecting lever deflection and measuring the oscillation amplitude, which in turn allows us to

Room-temperature single-photon emitters in titanium dioxide optical defects

• Kelvin Chung,
• Yu H. Leung,
• Chap H. To,
• Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
• Snjezana Tomljenovic-Hanic

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1085–1094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.100

• . Defects D1 and D2 had their fluorescence monitored via a HBT interferometer to quantify their photon statistics. For a single-photon emitter, the second-order correlation function needs to satisfy the inequality: g(2)(τ = 0) < 0.5, where τ is the delay time electronically imposed to one of the detectors

Combined pulsed laser deposition and non-contact atomic force microscopy system for studies of insulator metal oxide thin films

• Daiki Katsube,
• Hayato Yamashita,
• Satoshi Abo and
• Masayuki Abe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 686–692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.63

• atomic resolution images with the same performance as in our previous study [48]. We are able to perform NC-AFM measurements without the influence of vibration noise caused by the linkage to the PLD chamber. An optical interferometer [50] was used for deflection detection of the probe used for the NC-AFM

Nanoprofilometry study of focal conic domain structures in a liquid crystalline free surface

• Anna N. Bagdinova,
• Evgeny I. Demikhov,
• Nataliya G. Borisenko and
• Sergei M. Tolokonnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2544–2551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.254

• ]. Comparing the ISSA method with the other surface-sensitive methods, we can see that ISSA is more powerful as compared to the common microscope interferometer [21][22]. In ISSA we see a reconstructed surface of the sample with very high precision due to the software. ISSA pictures are expected to be

Evaluation of preparation methods for suspended nano-objects on substrates for dimensional measurements by atomic force microscopy

• Petra Fiala,
• Daniel Göhler,
• Benno Wessely,
• Michael Stintz,
• Giovanni Mattia Lazzerini and
• Andrew Yacoot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1774–1785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.179

• transducer (PZT) while operating in closed loop [10]. The optical interferometer used for measuring the z-displacement is the National Physical Laboratory’s (NPL) Plane Mirror Differential Optical Interferometer (PMDOI) [11], a homodyne differential interferometer, fibre-fed with a He-Ne frequency stabilized

• laser (λ = 632.8 nm). Two parallel mirrors are required for the interferometer; one for each optical path. One mirror is rigidly connected to the PZT tube that moves the cantilever, and the other forms the sample holder. The interferometer is a double pass interferometer with each optical path having

• sample preparation for microscopic measurements. Using an atomic force microscope that realizes its traceability directly using an integrated optical interferometer we confirmed the suitability of the technique for producing samples whose dimensions can be measured accurately by AFM. Theoretical surface

Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries

• Boris B. Straumal,
• Svetlana G. Protasova,
• Andrei A. Mazilkin,
• Eberhard Goering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Petr B. Straumal and
• Brigitte Baretzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1936–1947, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.185

• SQUID interferometer (Quantum Design MPMS-7 and MPMS-XL) in the external magnetic field applied parallel to the sample plane. The diamagnetic signal from a sample holder and a substrate was accurately subtracted from the magnetization curves. In Figure 3 the magnetization curves are plotted for pure ZnO

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption studies towards a new optical biosensor

• Lothar Leidner,
• Julia Stäb,
• Jennifer T. Adam and
• Günter Gauglitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1736–1742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.166

• different measurement techniques in order to gain more information. One idea is to operate a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) in the mid-infrared, thus combining the interferometric information (quantification) with the characteristic fingerprint (identification) of the attached analyte [6]. An example of

Active and fast charge-state switching of single NV centres in diamond by in-plane Al-Schottky junctions

• Christoph Schreyvogel,
• Vladimir Polyakov,
• Sina Burk,
• Helmut Fedder,
• Andrej Denisenko,
• Felipe Fávaro de Oliveira,
• Ralf Wunderlich,
• Jan Meijer,
• Verena Zuerbig,
• Jörg Wrachtrup and
• Christoph E. Nebel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1727–1735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.165

• were identified as single NV− centres according to a measurement of the spectrum (Figure 1b) and the second-order photon autocorrelation with a Hanbury–Brown and Twiss interferometer setup [1][27][28], which shows a clear antibunching dip at τ = 0 s (Figure 1c). Before the realisation of a two

• − centres according to the corresponding (b) PL-spectrum and (c) second-order photon autocorrelation measurement performed with a Hanbury–Brown and Twiss interferometer setup showing a clear antibunching dip indicating single photon emission. (d) After H-termination of the diamond surface the NV-emission is