Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• low-resolution images, prepare them as input for the various traditional methods and deep learning SR models (Image normalization), apply those methods and models (Traditional methods and deep learning super-resolution models), transform the values to a standard form (Image value transformation

• ]. Three different models were supplied (NinaSR-B0, NinaSR-B1, NinaSR-B2), ranging from lighter to heavier sizes. The NinaSR model utilizes local attention blocks and a wide expansion ratio of the residual blocks, and it was initialized using methods adapted from NFNet [27][42]. Image value transformation

• , allowing for perspective transformation [45]. The borders of the transformed images and the high-resolution GT images were cropped to ensure precise pixel alignment across the image pairs. Metrics Assessing the effectiveness of traditional methods and SR deep learning models can be divided into two main

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• , and we adapt this by applying a simple geometrical transformation (Supporting Information File 1, Section S3) to account for oblique plane waves emerging from the ellipsoidal-mirror condenser. This yields an expression for the scattered field Sθ(x′,y′) arising due to an oblique plane wave at a polar

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• patterns for deposited and annealed TiO2 thin films prepared by EBE and IBAD methods reveals a significant structural transformation from the amorphous to the anatase phase after annealing. The results show that the use of ion beam-assisted deposition during EBE did not significantly affect the prepared

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• materials is achieved through the selection and combination of a range of techniques, including the manipulation of atoms and molecules, physical and chemical material transformation, self-assembly and self-organization, orientation and organization by external forces and fields, micro- and nanoscale

• thicknesses. At low temperatures, the molecular nanowires coalesce, whereas, at high temperatures, the nanowires separate to form interconnected networks. The compression of the thin-film structure on the water surface resulted in the transformation of the network into a compact and highly uniform monolayer

• observed to undergo irreversible structural changes, occurring through mechanisms such as loss of monolayer by desorption and local nucleation of defects. In terms of morphology, the nanoscale structure of the monolayer underwent a transformation from a randomly oriented nanowire configuration to a closely

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• does not absorb green light (see Figure 3A) and, therefore, is unreactive to this excitation wavelength. However, irradiation of the 1·2 supramolecular complex leads to a photochemical transformation characterized by the increase of the typical absorption of the non-nitrosated derivative 2b (Figure 5A

• determined within the 20% transformation by using the following equation: where [NOPD] is the concentration of phototransformed 2, V is the volume of the irradiated sample, t is the irradiation time, A is the absorbance of the sample at the excitation wavelength, and I is the intensity of the excitation

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• . Ultrafast time-resolved probing approaches are key to revealing the transient states and pathways that govern material transformation in LSPC. Keywords: electron diffraction; laser processing in liquids; optical imaging; optical spectroscopy; pump–probe; single objects; time-resolved probing; X-ray

• phase transitions when sufficient thermal energy is coupled to the lattice. Depending on the energy density condition the lattice reaches, phase transitions can result in coalescence of multiple NPs [15][105] or in transformation of NPs into vapor, atomic clusters, and small molten NPs. In both cases

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• sp3 hybridization is a metastable material. A significant activation barrier hampers its relaxation into sp2 graphitic carbon, and this transformation occurs during vacuum heating in the temperature range of 1500–1800 °C [9]. According to molecular dynamics simulations, graphitization of nonterminated

• -diamond heterostructures by annealing. Among those, nickel attracts specific attention since the 1960s [33] because its lattice parameter is close to that of diamond. Single-crystal diamond (SCD) substrates were subjected to nickel-assisted graphitization [17][18][19][20][21]. The transformation of the

• -vacuum annealing at a temperature of about 1100 °C. To exclude the influence of impurities from the air, the annealed samples were examined in situ using XPS and NEXAFS without contact with the air. XPS and NEXAFS spectroscopy investigations of heat-induced transformation of the surface of bare and Ni

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• interaction with MoS2 leads to the transformation of the original hexagonal structure into a distorted tetragonal one. Under the experimental conditions, sodium is unable to diffuse through the carbon film consisting of horizontally oriented graphene domains and is almost completely removed by annealing the

• sandwiched between MoS2 layers, the MoS2 component was not converted to Mo and Na2S even at a high degree of sodiation [18]. An ex situ study of a fully sodiated anode composed of MoS2 nanosheets coupled with few-layered graphene revealed a partial transformation of 2H-MoS2 into a distorted tetragonal

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• transformation of all MPs into SMPs (yield of 100%), less than 1% degradation products were detected in naproxen [43], which is in good agreement with the findings for curcumin and CBD. Based on the previous findings, it may be concluded that an increase in fragmentation efficiency and a higher yield of SMPs

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• facilitates the reemergence of the B1 phase. The partial damage caused by electronic energy loss during oxygen ion irradiation in the willemite Zn2SiO4 phase is identified as a trigger for the B1 to B2 phase transformation in CdO nanoparticles, enabling the recovery of the B1 phase. The diminishing local

• diverse characterization techniques, demonstrating the potential reversibility of the B1 to B2 phase transformation induced by ion irradiation. Keywords: irradiation; phase transformation; thermal spike; track diameter; X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

• , we reported a local pressure-driven structural phase transformation (PT) from B1 (NaCl) to B2 (CsCl) in CdxZn1−xO (x = 0.4) composite binary oxide thin films [1]. The radiation stability of these phases is crucial for optoelectronic applications in space, where the exposure to high-energy particles

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• transformation of well-defined nanoripples into nanofacets is expected at such near-grazing-incidence irradiation [38]. In the present case, although no prominent nanofacet formation is observed, a clear signature of the transformation of ripple structures into nanofacets is seen. After a sufficiently large

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• increase in its coverage and the formation of a smaller number of adsorbate islands of larger size. At elevated adsorption rates, an increase in adsorbate–substrate interactions results in the transformation of the surface morphology and the formation of percolating adsorbate structures. Deposition onto

• morphological transformation of the growing layer. The results obtained within this work can be used to control the morphology of the growing thin films, that is, type and size of surface structures, by exploiting different deposited materials on different substrates. The paper is organized in the following

• increase in δ leads to the transformation of the morphology of the surface layer accompanied by the formation of elongated adsorbate islands (see snapshots at δ = ⟨δ⟩ = 0.2 and δ = ⟨δ⟩ = 0.4 in Figure 7b) for both OCS and MCS. Dependencies of the number of adsorbate islands and their mean size on the

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• phase transformation processes do not seem to have a major impact on the resulting sizes of NPs produced with donut-shaped pulses since the observed trends of size reduction and narrowing the distribution are similar to those for the other studied materials. The peak corresponding to the

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• -term stability. A widely used ionomer binder is Nafion, which is highly acidic [11] and can corrode earth-abundant catalysts that are not acid-stable [12]. Ionomer binders can additionally lead to undesired side reactions, thus reducing the energy efficiency for the desired transformation [13

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• . Furthermore, the degradation of antibiotics can result in the formation of transformation products [47], which may possess distinct properties and introduce additional environmental and health risks. Low quantities Antibiotics are frequently present in the environment in small amounts, usually in the range of

• -Bi2O3 appearing at high temperatures. Scientists have noted that Bi2O3 in the metastable phase can undergo a transformation into (BiO)2CO3, which limits its potential as an effective visible photocatalyst because of its chemical instability [85]. Furthermore, β-Bi2O3 exhibits enhanced photocatalytic

Synthesis and the impact of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on the viability and activity of rhizobacteria

• Bedah Rupaedah,
• Indrika Novella,
• Atiek Rostika Noviyanti,
• Diana Rakhmawaty Eddy,
• Anna Safarrida,
• Abdul Hapid,
• Zhafira Amila Haqqa,
• Suryana Suryana,
• Irwan Kurnia and
• Fathiyah Inayatirrahmi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 216–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.17

• gradually through a solvothermal reaction, driven by the chemical transformation represented by the following equation: Nanohydroxyapatite characterization The structural analysis of nHA was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diffraction pattern of nHA standard is given in Figure 1, while that of

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• effectively absorb NIR radiation and convert it into heat, thus activating the hydrogel to generate sol–gel transformation, and achieving on-demand drug release. Drugs such as timolol maleate and levofloxacin were encapsulated within separate layers of the hydrogel, facilitating a sustained, stepwise release

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• . For a correct transformation of relative pressure (P/P0) to t, we used the formulas proposed in [38][39] for hierarchical microporous/mesoporous zeolites. In this method, a linear fit at low thickness of adsorbate film (low relative pressure) provides the micropore volume Vmicro (the intercept) and

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• 0.1 M ZnSO4·7H2O was added, and the flask was heated to 80 °C for 10 min. The continuous process of transformation could be confirmed by the development of white precipitate at the bottom of the flask. After that, the flask was incubated for a further 12 h at 37 °C to ensure complete particle

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• for specific purposes and can modulate toxicity endpoints. Ideally, a nomenclature would include details on chemical identities of the nanoparticle’s core and surface, its transformation, where it is the transformed form of the nanomaterial that is evaluated, any impurities, and physical descriptors

• of the material’s morphology, as well as the nature of the bonds between the surface and core. This level of detail can only be gained by understanding how the nanomaterial is synthesised, which is where instance maps will be a critical tool. Example 2: Monitoring nanomaterial transformation in

• /samples (instances), characteristics and endpoints to be collected (experimentally and via text/database mining), and nodes describing modification steps applied to materials and samples (transformation protocols) and testing SOPs (sample preparation, measurement, and data processing), as described in the

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• transformation of resazurin (initially blue and non-fluorescent) into resorufin (pink and fluorescent) by metabolically active cells, facilitating the measurement of cell viability [35][36]. Briefly, 4T1 cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin–streptomycin in a humidified

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• degradation of P-NP and the formation of P-AP as a model reaction. This transformation, catalyzed by noble metal nanoparticles in the presence of NaBH4 as reducing agent, is widely utilized to assess the catalytic performance of nanomaterials [14]. All catalytic experiments were performed in a standard quartz

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• ., chemical formula, shape group, and coating). The collection of descriptors characterised by continuous numerical values was subsequently delineated as the “continuous set” for clarity purposes. The transformation of the descriptive category of descriptors into binary representations was carried out to

• facilitate the inclusion of these qualitative descriptors in ML algorithms. Binary encoding allows for the representation of categorical variables as binary vectors, where each category variant is encoded as 0 or 1, respectively. This transformation is essential because many ML algorithms require input data

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• are stable) because of surface effects. There is an intermediate zone of sizes and parameters where radiation-induced defects become important so that the α-phase particle is unstable without irradiation but becomes stable under irradiation. For large sizes and low temperatures, the α→β transformation

• . For example, a two-phase TiCr alloy undergoes phase transformation when irradiated with Kr+ ions with an energy of 1 MeV [13]. In another study, a bcc→fcc phase transition was observed in an α-FeNi alloy due to radiation of self-ions at 673 K and a dose of approximately 1.2 dpa [14]. Furthermore

• . However, in cases where the structure is rebuilt, the role of vacancies becomes less obvious. This suggests that other factors must be considered to better understand the transformations in HDCMs under irradiation. A recent study reported a phase transformation in a 25 nm thick nanocrystalline Au thin