Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• %) of ammonium hydrogenphosphate (DAP with 18% N and 46% P) for 24 h, and then with aqueous solutions of urea with different molar concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mol/L) and contact time (4, 8, 12, and 24 h) using a solid/liquid ratio of 1 g/10 mL and agitation on a shaker with horizontal

• and urea solutions at different concentrations (1, 2, and 5 M) for contact times of 12 and 24 h: (a, b) with 2% DAP, (c, d) with 3.5% DAP, and (e, f) with 7% DAP. Enlargement of the FTIR spectrum of the CLIMf7-U5M material showing differences resulting from successive modifications. X-ray diffraction

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• presented in the Introduction section, PDA and PTYR coatings consist of catechol and quinone groups, as well as primary and secondary amine groups (Figure 2c). Contact angle (CA) values presented in Table 1 indicate that the SS 316L surface without any modifications is hydrophobic (99.40°), whereas all PDA

• functionalities, namely, as a cell adhesion-promoting surface for better implant integration with surrounding tissues and as a platelet adhesion-repelling surface to reduce the risk of thrombosis upon contact with blood. Compared with extensively investigated PDA, little has been known until now about PTYR’s

• potential to serve as a biomedical coating. In a previous study from our groups, coatings derived from ʟ-tyrosine, ʟ-phenylalanine, and 2-phenylethylamine were shown to substantially reduce water contact angles by 50–80%, indicating a pronounced increase in surface hydrophilicity [12]. Thus, we now focused

Calculation of the dynamic stiffness of a cantilever under torsional oscillation

• Keita Nishida,
• Yuuki Yasui and
• Yoshiaki Sugimoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 303–308, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.21

• : atomic force microscopy; dynamic stiffness; energy dissipation; friction; torsional oscillation mode; Introduction Friction serves as a fundamental mechanism of energy dissipation [1]. While friction typically arises from direct mechanical contact between surfaces, energy dissipation can also occur even

• in the absence of physical contact, and this dissipation is called non-contact friction [2]. Its origins have been investigated down to the nanometer scale [3][4][5]. In particular, the origin of non-contact friction is attributed to electromagnetic interactions between the two bodies, although its

• detailed mechanisms remain not fully understood [5]. Non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) is widely employed to investigate non-contact friction through its dissipation channel. Common techniques include pendulum AFM, bimodal AFM, and quartz tuning fork AFM [6][7][8]. Pendulum AFM uses cantilevers

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• devices [23][24][25]. To modify quasiparticles relaxation mechanism, one of the most promising strategies involves engineering hybrid heterostructures in which the superconducting layer (S) is brought into contact with a normal metal (N) or a ferromagnetic layer (F). Several studies have shown that, in S

• work, we systematically investigate vortex dynamics and flux-flow instability phenomena in micrometer-wide bilayers in which NbRe is brought into contact with either thin N or F materials. In particular, we measure transport properties in the presence of a magnetic field in NbRe/Au and NbRe/Py

• using an ultrasonic wire bonder, ensuring a highly reproducible and comparable contact quality for both NbRe/Au and NbRe/Py microbridges. The electrical transport measurements were performed using a cryogen-free measurement system from Cryogenic Ltd. The samples were mounted in the measurement system

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• preparation steps, LAO enables direct chemical modification, with precise control of the tip–sample separation during the writing process. This is typically achieved in contact mode, where the tip apex is in direct contact with the substrate, ensuring capillary condensation and the formation of a stable water

• contact-mode conditions with applied forces around 1500 nN, which may lead to tip coating wear if the ohmic contact is not facilitated by the presence of a water meniscus. Despite this, the authors demonstrate consistent and reproducible patterning over hundreds of micrometers, achieved at writing speeds

• nanopatterning of thick multilayer van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures [64]. This approach, which relies on applying a low-frequency (10 kHz) AC voltage between the AFM tip in contact mode and the grounded substrate, achieves high-resolution etching (down to ≈100 nm) without the need for a humid environment

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• inactivate a wide range of microorganisms. Today, both silver and copper are widely used in various medical and healthcare applications due to their effective antimicrobial activity. For example, copper was found to be 99.9% efficient in inactivating microorganisms within the first two hours of contact [13

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• adhesion. They combined molecular dynamics for the simulation of the adhesive contact between the gecko spatula and the substrate with finite element modeling of the mechanical behavior of the adhesive seta to understand key aspects of gecko seta adhesion across scales. Besides these studies, focusing on

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• more homogeneous AMF surface after prolonged UV exposure, which also contributed to maintaining a nearly constant, relatively high contact angle. Rather than organic polymers, inorganic polymers, also known as geopolymers, are often used with this class of artwork. This is due to the fact that

• coating density and physical barrier performance (ZIF-8 helps prevent Ti3C2Tx aggregation and chemically cross-links with WPU, enhancing mechanical integrity). The final cross-linked coating had a water contact angle of about 154°, indicating high water repellency and self-cleaning capabilities. More

• .) and oak (Quercus robur) substrates. The addition of BC–MnO2 particles increased hydrophobicity across all formulations, with contact angles ranging from 97° to 121°, and further improvements were observed after aging due to increased surface roughness. It also provided superior color stability and

Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• adhesive contact by increasing real contact with the substratum through their arrangement in arrays and their heavily branched stalks and spatulate tips, thereby generating extensive van der Waals intermolecular forces [11][17][18][19][20]. Spines and prongs, which increase traction (as has been discussed

• requires strong adhesive capabilities or alternatively strong clinging forces via claws, and the hard, rocky surface increases the risk of injuries if individuals lose contact with the substrate and fall. Conclusion Although our dataset (27 species and 19 phylogenetic groups) comprises only a small subset

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• [5] and physicochemical properties [6]. Among these properties, particle adhesion (which is determined by the interaction between the NP and the substrate) and the interface formed between NPs and substrate [7][8] play a decisive role. Particularly when the contact area between NPs and the substrate

• [15][16][17]. However, achieving consistently accurate manipulation of NPs has inherent limitations due to limited knowledge of the exact geometry of the AFM tip as well as the complex interactions involving surface contact area and interfacial friction between the AFM tip, NPs, and the substrate [18

• utilized as a tool for the manipulation of the NPs in order to determine the adhesion forces. The NPs were pushed in normal direction to the AFM cantilever’s long axis by scanning the surface with the AFM tip in contact mode. The corresponding lateral forces necessary to move NPs were determined. The

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• devices with several disadvantages, including limited sensitivity and low accuracy, and are generally restricted to contact surface measurements [2]. Beyond fundamental processes, temperature also serves as a key biomarker for pathological conditions such as cancer. Localized hyperthermia often arises

• with a transmitted light source and thin tweezers. After the transfer, 50 µL of the UCNPs@lipids solution was carefully dropped onto the plate and spread to cover most of the plate. Before imaging, the nematodes were left in contact with the UCNPs@lipids solutions for approximately 17 h. Samples used

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• bulk fibre morphology of DPP-BC@Gel. (B) Micrograph of the fibre morphology of DPP-BC@Gel where the gel sample is in contact with the glass coverslip. Imaging details: laser 561 nm, emission range 565–700 nm, laser power 30%. (C) Three-dimensional view of a z-stack of x–y slice images collected of DPP

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• Gennes equations; normal metal–superconductor junction; order parameter; proximity effect; superconductivity; Introduction When a superconductor (SC) is brought into contact with a normal metal (NM) or a ferromagnet (FM), Cooper pairs penetrate the adjacent material, imparting superconducting properties

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• vibrational bands are superimposed on a very broad signal from bulk gold, quasi-constant after normalization (like FTIR). In contrast to FTIR, the bands stem only from vibrations at interfaces, that is, from the NP surface in contact with air. Additionally, highly symmetric vibrations are forbidden (with very

• hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces We assessed with SEM and AFM the aggregation tendency of the particles after adsorption. To this end, we determined water contact angles. The hydrophilic APDMES silicon gave 66 ± 3º. In contrast, on the hydrophobic octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) silicon, it was 92 ± 2º

• dominant driver of particle motion, and strong particle–substrate interactions may lead to particle attachment before they are transported to the contact line, thereby preventing the formation of a “coffee ring” [34]. Detailed height measurements of adsorbed particles in water vapor AFM under variable RH

Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• Knarik Khachatryan Michael Reichling Institut für Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.143 Abstract To achieve precise measurements of small displacements in non-contact atomic force microscopy, it is crucial to control the position of moving

• oscillation amplitude calibration under conditions of various amounts of tube piezo contraction and extension. The merits and limits of accuracy for such type of calibration are discussed. Keywords: cantilever excitation; fiber interferometer; NC-AFM; piezo calibration; non-contact atomic force microscopy

• ; Introduction Interferometric displacement detection stands as a cornerstone in high-precision techniques employed in cantilever-based atomic force microscopy (AFM), since its early days [1][2][3][4][5][6]. This method of cantilever displacement detection is specifically well suited for non-contact atomic force

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• factor (Q) cantilever dynamics amplify noise and demand meticulous parameter tuning [18]. To overcome these limitations, PeakForce tapping mode (PFT) was developed. It employs vertical probe oscillations at subresonant frequencies (0.5–8 kHz) to establish quasi-static tip–sample contact [18][19]. Unlike

• stiffness (k) matching, a critical requirement for accurate contact mechanics models [20]. The stiffness k should be neither too large (to ensure a sufficient deflection signal for accurate force measurement) nor too small (to achieve adequate sample indentation). For heterogeneous samples with modulus

• the measurement points can be calculated using the contact mechanics models [18][22]. (ii) Concurrently, the piezoelectric actuator PD-II excites the probe at its higher eigenmode, inducing a minor vibration with an amplitude generally beneath 1 nm. This high-eigenmode oscillation amplitude remains

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• . The model reproduces key aspects of spatula behavior during adhesion and detachment, showing that spatula–substrate contact evolves through a combination of bending, sliding, and peeling, depending on the spatula’s initial orientation. Our results further demonstrate that lateral sliding can delay

• model multiple spatulae in parallel, all connected to a larger setal shaft. Forces and displacements are exchanged at each iteration, ensuring that spatula-level phenomena (e.g., van der Waals contact, slight sliding at the substrate, and spatula bending) feed back into the global deformation. The

• , and hydrophobic substrate at a loading rate of 1.88 × 1012 pN/s. We also examined adhesion forces and quantified spatula–substrate contacts, while comparing with qualitative and quantitative experimental results where available. We synchronously simulated 16 spatula–substrate contact sites via

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• of (+)- and (−)-3CP, and, as a result, the selectivity factor remains small (Figure 8c). One also sees that the fraction of the species interacting with the surfaces is small (<10%). Because ethanol predominantly interacts with 3CP, the contact of the spin probe with the chiral groups on the surface

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• surface distribution may compromise encapsulation efficiency and alter release kinetics [76]. Surface hydrophilicity The hydrophilicity of the membranes was evaluated through contact angle measurements. Figure 10 shows photographs of a water droplet in contact with the surface of the samples: (a

• ) monolithic PLA, (b) HA/PLA, and (c) HA+NE2/PLA. All samples exhibited a hydrophobic surface, with contact angles ranging between 90° and 150°, attributed to the PLA surface. This result corroborates other characterizations demonstrating that the shell effectively coats the hydrophilic core. As expected, the

• monolithic PLA nanofiber sample showed a contact angle of 117.1° ± 11.3°. For core–shell samples, contact angles of 126.9° ± 9.8° and 129.8° ± 1.3° were observed for the samples without NE (HA/PLA) and with NE (HA+NE2/PLA), respectively. The maintenance of surface hydrophobicity with the formation of the

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• Contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) has been used in many studies to characterize variations in the elastic and viscoelastic constants of materials along a heterogeneous surface. In almost all experimental work, the quantitative modulus of the surface is calculated in reference to a known

• dynamic mechanics models relating the contact stiffness of the tip/cantilever pressing into a surface with the oscillation frequency of the cantilever and show that they did not accurately model the experiment. Several material combinations of tip and sample were examined; tip size and cantilever

• model, improved matching the cantilever/sample stiffness to obtain a larger variation in contact stiffness with frequency, or investigating the use of higher-order modes that may achieve this improved match. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; contact resonance; highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• contact. When tunneling from a normal metal into a superconductor, due to the presence of an energy gap (Δ), only electrons whose energy exceeds Δ can tunnel into the superconductor. Without applying an external voltage or in the case when eV < Δ (T = 0), tunneling does not occur. Accordingly, a tunnel

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• as a mosquito, feeds on the blood of an infected host [1]. Thus, the virus undergoes a replication process in the midgut of the mosquito, being disseminated to different organs, mainly the salivary glands. Upon contact with a new host, the virus is inoculated through the bite of the vector

• female mosquitoes. These eggs are capable of surviving for a prolonged period in the absence of water and can withstand extreme environmental conditions, thereby persisting in aridand/or cold environments [20][48]. Upon contact with water, the eggs hatch, resulting in the hatching of larvae corresponding

• outbreaks in the Americas, being linked to severe complications such as congenital zika syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome [56]. In addition to mosquito transmission, ZIKV can spread through sexual contact [57], blood transfusions [58], and from mother to child [59]. Given the persistence and severity of

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• stiffness values of the order of 100 N/m to avoid the tip jumping to contact and sticking to the surface [21]. Such a stiffness would necessitate seven orders of magnitude improvement in detector noise to achieve an equivalent force sensitivity. Reduction of detection noise is therefore critical for