A redox-responsive viologen–cavitand nanocarrier for dual-function photodynamic therapy

• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Alexey Yu. Usanyov,
• Amir A. Shamsutdinov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Andrey A. Parfenov,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Rezeda R. Fazleeva,
• Vitaly V. Yanilkin,
• Kseniya A. Zhdanova,
• Natal’ya A. Bragina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1142–1158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.78

• -decorated shell. In vitro investigations across a broad panel of six malignant and two non-malignant cell lines demonstrated low dark cytotoxicity and acceptable blood compatibility, with hemolysis remaining below 10%. In the dark, the formulation induced a non-lethal, transient cytostatic effect driven by

• intracellular GSH levels, the in vitro cytotoxicity of p(MVCA-BAC) and THPP@p(MVCA-BAC) was evaluated across a broad panel of cancer models, including breast (MBA-MD-231), cervical (M-HeLa), colorectal (Caco-2), prostate (PC-3), melanoma (A375), and duodenal (HuTu-80) cells. Non-malignant WI-38 and HBL-100

• -231 lines. HuTu-80 and WI-38 models were more sensitive to the polymer matrix. These results confirm a good dark safety profile, crucial for minimizing PDT side effects. Notably, the precursor MVCA-OH monomer (Supporting Information File 1, Scheme S1) exhibited a similarly low cytotoxicity (Supporting

Biosynthesis, characterization, and biofunctional assessment of niobium oxide nanostructures obtained using lactic acid bacteria-derived supernatants

• Pablo A. Oliveira,
• Gabriella T. L. Teixeira,
• Pollyane S. Oliveira,
• Thaís S. Farnesi-de-Assunção,
• Isabela S. Rotta,
• Karina F. D. Vicentine,
• Dayane S. Alvares,
• Jéferson A. Moreto,
• Aline D. Paiva and
• Natália B. L. Slade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1128–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.77

• transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and zeta potential analysis. In vitro assays using Vero-CCL81 cells demonstrated that the nanostructures exhibited low cytotoxicity, confirming their potential biocompatibility. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were evaluated

• values of 50.7 ± 1.4% and 79.2 ± 4.7% following treatment with 500 and 250 µg·mL−1, respectively. In addition, Nb-Lcp-CFS displayed lower cytotoxicity compared with Nb-Lcr-CFS at 250 µg·mL−1 (Figure 4), suggesting that the specific metabolites present in the Lc. paracasei supernatant may confer a more

• through linear regression analysis from cytotoxicity assay data. Vero-CCL81 cells exposed to Nb-nano, for 24 h, exhibited a CC50 of 528.0 ± 34.07 µg·mL−1, whereas cells treated with Nb-Lcr-CFS and Nb-Lcp-CFS showed CC50 values of 526.7 ± 78.06 and 577.3 ± 59.49 µg·mL−1, respectively. Despite the slight

Breaking barriers: nanosystems to overcome solubility and permeability challenges of second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors

• Bhagya Shree,
• Abhishek Sharma,
• Manish Kumar,
• Ruchi Chawla and
• Brahmeshwar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1063–1086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.73

• -loaded nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation to achieve controlled drug release and overcome its low aqueous solubility. The formulation exhibited good stability in 10% human plasma, while in vitro release studies demonstrated sustained drug release for up to 60 h. Furthermore, no cytotoxicity was observed

• hydration technique. TPGS, a vitamin E derivative, is an FDA-approved excipient known to inhibit the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter. In vitro cytotoxicity studies conducted in the HepG2 cell line demonstrated enhanced therapeutic efficacy, supporting improved oral bioavailability. Furthermore, in vivo

• such as hyaluronic acid can be employed to target the CD44 receptor, which is overexpressed on tumour cells. Accordingly, hyaluronic acid-decorated, self-assembled DTB-loaded nanoparticles exhibited high targeting specificity and enhanced cytotoxicity in human nasopharyngeal epithelial carcinoma cell

Ultrasonic irradiation in the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite: a chemically friendly technique for improving hemocompatibility and antibiofilm applications

• Juan Mendoza Turmero,
• Cristina Parra Pantoja,
• Marcos Sabino Gutiérrez,
• Milagro Fernández-Delgado,
• Claudia Alvarado-Castillo,
• Damarys Soto Gil,
• María E. Gomes Gomes,
• Yony Gutiérrez Barrios and
• Daniel Suárez Arteaga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 991–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.68

• position these nanosystems as ideal candidates for tissue regeneration applications and site-specific delivery systems. Despite these promising results, the need for exhaustive biological validation through in vitro cytotoxicity assays with osteoblastic cell lines is recognized as a limitation of this work

Development of Protium heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules: experimental design and biological activity

• Debora Freitas Silva,
• Kaidy Giselle Orellana,
• Allessya Lara Dantas Formiga,
• Jin Wang,
• Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade,
• Aline Collares Valente Pinheiro,
• Maria Izabel de Jesus,
• Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna,
• Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira,
• Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira,
• Francisco Humberto Xavier Junior,
• Emmanuel Abraham Ho and
• Marcele Fonseca Passos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 974–990, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.67

• cytotoxicity. In HaCaT keratinocytes, P. heptaphyllum essential oil-loaded nanocapsules maintained viability above 70% at all tested concentrations up to 6 mg/mL, supporting their biocompatibility within this range. Antimicrobial activity Antimicrobial activity was evaluated exclusively against S. aureus, a

• proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling, whereas excessive or sustained production leads to chronic inflammation, cytotoxicity, and impaired wound healing [53][54]. The observed TNF-α increase may indicate either early reparative activation or dose-dependent cellular stress from increased bioactive

Nanocarrier strategies to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated drug resistance in cancer therapy

• Andreina Quevedo-Enríquez,
• Katty Yi Zhang,
• Denisse Yajaira Enriquez,
• Byron Raul Inapanta,
• Roxana Noemí Peroni and
• Christian Rafael Quijia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 882–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.64

• preventing ATP hydrolysis and drug efflux. This results in higher intracellular drug accumulation and enhanced cytotoxicity. (ii) The co-administration of standard antineoplastic drugs with nanoparticle-encapsulated P-gp inhibitors, a combined use of drugs and MDR inhibitors, has demonstrated synergistic

• (an oncogene) (MSNs-anti-miR-155@PDA-Apt). They observed that it blocked miR-155 expression, increased 5-FU cytotoxicity, and down-regulated P-gp [35]. Although siRNA- and miRNA-based strategies offer remarkable potential for reversing multidrug resistance, their therapeutic specificity requires

• . Acting as both a substrate and ATP inhibitor, TPGS immobilizes P-gp and triples docetaxel uptake in resistant cells, thereby increasing cytotoxicity [49][50][51]. Collectively, these findings suggest that the liposomal surface can be engineered as a “multitool” to combat MDR, that is, targeting via ApoA1

Nanoparticle delivery systems for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): advances and challenges

• Sonia Zahara and
• Björn M. Reinhard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 839–853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.60

• challenges associated with traditional depot formulations, such as lack of control of dosing after injection, side-effects, and overall invasiveness. Mandal et al. demonstrated that the encapsulation of BIC+TAF in PLGA nanoparticles prolongs drug retention and decreases cytotoxicity of free TAF and BIC [43

• strategy for less frequent dosing without increasing cytotoxicity. Despite the outlined advantages, polymeric systems also face some challenges and limitations. For one, nanoparticles can aggregate, and this negatively affects delivery applications. Furthermore, the use of organic solvents during their

• the non-biodegradable nature, especially if administered systemically. Moreover, it is necessary to carefully optimize the formulation parameters due to potential cytotoxicity concerns, especially at higher doses. While mesoporous silicon- and silica-based particles offer improved biocompatibility and

Restorative potential of laser-synthesized silver nanoparticles with Salvia officinalis for periodontal disease treatment: an in vitro study

• Jelena Filipović Tričković,
• Sanja Živković,
• Bojana Ilić,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Jelena Marinković,
• Ana Valenta Šobot and
• Miloš Momčilović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 781–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.55

• Antimicrobial testing was performed to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of all obtained AgNPs. Upon antimicrobial assessment, cytotoxicity evaluation was done to investigate the range of non-cytotoxic AgNP concentrations by testing concentrations of 0.5 × MIC, 1 × MIC, and 2 × MIC. The

• determined by plating from the wells with no noticeable growth onto Brucella blood agar. Cytotoxicity testing (XTT assay) The cytotoxic effect of AgNPs was determined on human primary GFCs provided by courtesy of the School of Dental Medicine, Department of Biology and Human Genetics, University of Belgrade

• . All volunteers read and signed the informed consent, and the study was conducted in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Serbia (approval no. 116-17-2/2020-000). The cytotoxicity assessment was performed by applying

Environmental applications of silver nanoparticles: state-of-the-art review and emerging trends

• Soni Prajapati,
• Akash Kumar and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 697–736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.49

• safety and the risks associated with environmental applications, in particular regarding the cytotoxicity of Ag+ ions [31]. The mechanisms underlying the toxicity of AgNPs towards various organisms, including humans, must be elucidated to inform risk assessment and mitigation strategies [32]. The AgNPs

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• major topic in the field is to identify the drivers of nanomaterials toxicity, through understanding which physicochemical properties or atomistic properties are most strongly correlated with – and thus predictive of – toxicity, often measured in vitro as cytotoxicity. To address this question, Roy and

• Boost) and used to establish statistically significant relationships between the structural properties of the TiO2 nanomaterials and the cause of cytotoxicity. The experiment-independent periodic table descriptors utilised here were found to produce better predictions than quantum chemical descriptors

• delivery assays from ChEMBL and 260 nanoparticle cytotoxicity assays from journal articles on which linear discriminant analysis and artificial neural network algorithms were applied. The resulting models were effective as an initial rapid pre-screening of putative nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• -cell membranes (including CAR-T) enable specific antigen recognition via TCR or CAR [150][151][152]. (v) NK cell membranes inherit natural cytotoxicity receptors (e.g., NKG2D and NKp30) for innate tumor recognition and killing activation [153]. (vi) Platelet-derived membranes exhibit natural adhesion

• ) demonstrated that membrane-coated nanoparticles effectively evade phagocytosis. In three-dimensional MCF-7 cell spheroids, oxygen-saturated nanoparticles increased system cytotoxicity fourfold. In animal models (Balb/c-nu mice bearing MCF-7 tumors), combination treatment resulted in a significant reduction of

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• biggest –NH2 amount. It must be noted that the coating thickness does not determine the –NH2 content available for reaction with methyl orange since the reaction happens on the material surface. Cytotoxicity towards L929 cells According to ISO 10993-5, materials are non-cytotoxic if their cytotoxicity

• further evaluate the chemical structure of the coatings, FTIR-ATR spectra were obtained and analyzed. Methodology and results are described in Supporting Information File 1. Coating cytotoxicity towards L929 cells The MTT assay was applied to evaluate the cytotoxicity of obtained coatings. MTT salt is

• groups in the tested coatings. The mean OD values taken from each repetition of the analysis are presented as open round symbols on a scatter plot. Thin grey lines represent the median OD values observed for each material variant. Cytotoxicity of the coatings evaluated with MTT test on materials extracts

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• also induce cytotoxicity and rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system [18]. Moreover, surface charge influences aggregation behaviour, colloidal stability, and protein corona formation, directly impacting the therapeutic efficacy of nanocarriers. Optimising surface charge is essential for

• groups for protonation-driven charge inversion, ensuring precise intracellular payload unloading [22]. Furthermore, the neutral charge state during systemic circulation helps to reduce cytotoxicity by minimising nonspecific protein adsorption and immune system activation. A study by Yuan et al. showed

• [23]. Neutral PEG or hydroxyl-modified nanoparticles demonstrated significantly lower protein binding, opsonization, and phagocytic uptake compared to their charged counterparts, thereby reducing immune clearance and cytotoxicity [24]. Overall, these findings demonstrate that surface charge modulation

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• tumor cells, enhancing the internalization of the system and promoting greater cytotoxic activity compared to conventional therapies [10]. By combining selective cytotoxicity with the potential to label cancer tissue using an imaging probe, EGFR-targeted immunoliposomes represent an integrated approach

• evaluated, and the systems were thoroughly characterized. Finally, in vitro experiments in a CRC cell line were conducted for the evaluation of cytotoxicity, photo toxicity, and uptake. Some studies have sought to demonstrate that dual-drug nanosystems can result in synergistic antitumor effects or reduce

• equipment (Malvern Instruments, UK) at the corresponding incubation times [28]. 2.6 Phototoxicity and cytotoxicity The HCT-116 cell line was cultivated in RPMI 1640M medium, supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), and 1% antibiotic/antimycotic solution at 37 °C with 5% CO2, in accordance with ATCC

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and stable optical and chemical properties. Additionally, given the conditions commonly presented in biological samples, these materials should also remain unaffected by changes in pH, concentration, ionic strength, and viscosity [1]. Traditional thermometers are macroscopic

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• the magnetic saturation and improve hyperthermia performance. However, the cytotoxicity of Co-based nanoparticles poses a significant challenge for biomedical applications. Studies have demonstrated that Co2+ ions released from these particles can enter the bloodstream and accumulate in organs, where

• and shell materials. While CoFe2O4 shells are known to increase magnetic anisotropy, their cytotoxicity limits their use. In contrast, MnFe2O4 shells provide a non-toxic alternative that enhances the overall magnetic performance while maintaining biocompatibility. The orginality of this study lies in

• material to eliminate the cytotoxicity concerns associated with cobalt. Furthermore, we demonstrate size control through synthesis by varying the concentration of oleic acid, a surfactant that influences particle size and morphology. This approach enables the synthesis of NPs with sizes ranging from 5 to

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• cytotoxicity and skin irritation [8]. Furthermore, the optimization of microemulsion formulations may be time-consuming and costly, and their stability is often sensitive to environmental factors (e.g., pH, salinity, and temperature). These challenges highlight the importance of a comprehensive understanding

• . The observed cytotoxicity at higher concentrations is likely due to the increase proportion of surfactants in the formulation. Additionally, under certain experimental conditions, fatty acids may induce lipid peroxidation and trigger pro-inflammatory responses in endothelial cells such as HUVECs

• assessments to include additional cell types, particularly keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, which are key players in skin regeneration and re-epithelialization [17]. Although the MTT assay is a widely accepted and convenient method for preliminary cytotoxicity screening, it offers limited insight into

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• ) planes of the AgSbS2 phase. TEM and SEM techniques were used to comprehensively characterize the NCs. The results showed that spherical NCs were predominantly formed, with an average diameter of approximately 32 ± 10 nm. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect of the NCs

• retaining a blue color, while the MBC was determined by subculturing non-turbid wells onto MHA plates and identifying the lowest concentration that yielded no visible bacteria colonies after 24 h. Cytotoxicity assays Cell culture and Alamar Blue assay HT-29 colon cancer, MCF-7 breast cancer, and L929

• infections dominated by this pathogen. However, their relatively weaker activity against E. coli and B. subtilis suggests that optimization may be necessary to broaden their spectrum through surface modification, particle size reduction, or combination with other antibacterial agents. Cytotoxicity of AgSbS2

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• atomic force microscopy. Surface charge plays a significant role in determining how CNMs interact with biological membranes and intracellular environments. It influences processes such as cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and inflammatory signalling. For example, BSA-derived negatively charged CDs exhibited

• . Depending on the intended route of delivery and application, this may involve cytotoxicity assays to assess effects on cell viability and metabolism, and hemocompatibility assays to evaluate interactions with blood components such as red blood cells, clotting factors, and platelets. In vitro release studies

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• %). The study also demonstrated controlled release of the active ingredient, with 53.3% released in 8 hours (33.31 mg/mL) and 71.5% after 24 hours. Finally, cytotoxicity tests were conducted, wherein the nanoemulsion maintained high cellular compatibility, with viability greater than 97% in murine

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• content. Despite promising results, gaps remain, such as the predominance of in vitro studies (68.7%) and insufficient cytotoxicity assessments (47.8%), underscoring the need for translational research. This review highlights the transformative potential of green-synthesized nanoparticles in dentistry

• significantly reduces the generation of toxic waste, occupational risks, and environmental impacts [13][14][15]. Furthermore, green-synthesized nanoparticles demonstrate enhanced biocompatibility, improved bioavailability, and reduced cytotoxicity, which broadens their applicability in fields such as dental

• , including cements, sealants, and mouthwashes [8][45]. CuNPs and nickel oxide nanoparticles, though less frequent, are also gaining attention for their antimicrobial activity, despite some concerns regarding cytotoxicity [46][47]. The presence AuNPs and titanium dioxide nanoparticles highlights an interest

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• presented in Table 1. 3T3 fibroblast-like cell viability Cell viability in mammalian cells was assessed using 3T3 fibroblast-like cells at 24 and 48 hours (Figure 3). Our results showed that none of the treatments induced significant cytotoxicity in this cell type at 24 hours. However, at 48 hours

• , cytotoxicity was observed in cells treated with free PHYT and blank-NE at a concentration of 200 µg/mL, resulting in 67% and 71% cell viability, respectively. Interestingly, PHYT-NE remained safe at all tested concentrations and time points, with cell viability above 80% even at the highest concentration. In

• on cytotoxicity in cutaneous leishmaniasis highlight the immunological interactions involving multiple cell types beyond macrophages, as well as the role of cytotoxic cells in disease progression and tissue damage, supporting the relevance of studying different cellular models, including fibroblasts

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122