Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• , and high surface area, which significantly boost performance in catalysis, sensing, and energy-related applications [30][31][32][33]. Additionally, the deposition of AuNPs onto GO is a practical approach to its surface reactivity, directly linking chemical functionality to nucleation and growth

• are present throughout the basal plane, not only at edge defects, they provide abundant and readily accessible nucleation sites for AuNP formation, enabling a remarkably uniform nanoparticle distribution. AuNP@Agro-GOX (Figure 10m–p), by comparison, exhibits AuNP deposition predominantly along the

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• beyond a “trial and error” approach. What are the oxidation mechanisms and kinetics of defective surfaces in 2D materials? Substitutional oxygen defects are present in 2D materials synthesized via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [51]. This can be a result of oxide precursors, which are frequently used

• , after growth and at about 7 K, a small number of additional Fe atoms were deposited. On MoS2, these atoms are immobile after deposition. Approaching an Fe adatom with the STM tip until a sudden change in the measured tip height is detected removes the Fe adatom from the MoS2 and transfers it to the STM

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• formulations, drug combinations, and release profiles can be developed in the form of either immediate-release or extended-release options [1][2]. Several 3D printing techniques can be applied to pharmaceutical development, including material jetting, fused deposition modelling, stereolithography, selective

• and were used as received. Nanocapsule suspensions Preparation Nanocapsules were prepared using a preformed polymer interfacial deposition method that was previously described by our group, but with some modifications [27]. Curcumin-loaded polymeric nanocapsules (C-NC) were prepared using an organic

• intermediate layers were printed using HG-CMC/Alg on top of the bottom layer, followed by the deposition of two upper layers using HG-CMC/TiO2. Because the 3D printer was equipped with a single printing head, the syringe containing the printing ink had to be manually replaced between layers with the syringe

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• erythrocyte and mesenchymal stem cell membranes, represents a critical advantage over synthetic platforms, enabling greater passive PS deposition within tumors [85]. Active targeting utilizes specific molecular interactions to enhance tumor cell binding and internalization. BNPs employ both innate (source

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• Fenton-type reaction for PTYR synthesis and previously optimized conditions for PDA deposition [12][27]. We compared the physicochemical properties of these coatings and evaluated their effects on L929 fibroblasts, human dermal fibroblasts, and human platelets. By directly comparing PDA with the much

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• applied for these tests, and an increase in the response up to 45% was found for the two studied positions. Keywords: carbon nanotube film; carbon nanotube sponge; chemical vapour deposition; monopole RF antenna; Introduction Most radio frequency (RF) applications rely on the use of conductors with low

• demanding non-standard shapes that also need to resist thermal and mechanical stress or chemically harsh conditions. Experimental The CNTs were synthesised using a chemical vapour deposition process [26][27][28] with a floating catalyst injection in a quartz tube (60 cm length and 45 mm external diameter

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• shaping have demonstrated their potential to revolutionise pulsed laser ablation in liquids by enabling more precise energy deposition and modified nanoparticle production dynamics. This review highlights the critical role of beam shaping, encompassing spatial shaping of the beam to influence laser

• especially useful for advanced applications requiring customised energy deposition patterns. Diffractive elements offer the advantage of being thin and lightweight and allow for the generation of user-defined beam patterns through controlled light diffraction produced by micro- or nanostructured glasses or

• modified geometry and dynamics of the cavitation bubble under DS irradiation. The ring-shaped energy deposition alters plasma confinement and leads to cavitation bubbles with asymmetric expansion and collapse, reducing the bubble lifetime. These modified bubble dynamics influence nucleation and quenching

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• on SiO2 substrates. The base pressure was P = 2.2 × 10−8 mbar, and the Ar pressure during the deposition was = 6.6 μbar, = 12 μbar and = 6.3 μbar. During the deposition, the film thickness was monitored in situ by a thickness monitor, which provides a real-time measurement of the growth rate. The

• deposition rates were later calibrated ex situ using a Bruker Dektak XT stylus profilometer by measuring step heights in samples. In the NbRe/Au sample, the NbRe layer has a thickness = 20 nm, while = 15 nm in the NbRe/Py sample. The corresponding Au and Py layers are dAu = 5 nm and dPy = 4 nm. Given the

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• layers as thin as sub-nanometer for SiO2 [37] and extending to tens of nanometers for materials such as SiOxCy [34], TiOx, and MoOx [38]. In contrast, atomic layer deposition (ALD) provides exceptional conformality and atomic-scale thickness control, typically depositing films at 0.1–0.2 nm per cycle [39

• , and carrier mobility. As a result, precise control over oxidation depth and lateral diffusion during processing may require the use of lower voltages and carefully optimized humidity conditions. Hybrid approaches, which combine LAO with complementary techniques such as chemical vapor deposition or

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• the nonlinear response of a Ru/TiO2 multilayered structure as reported in [22]. This sample was designed to have an ENZ point at 800 nm and was fabricated using atomic layer deposition. During the linear characterization of the optical properties, spectral ellipsometry showed that the ENZ point

• electron beam and Au layers via Joule effect deposition, both at a deposition rate of 0.15 nm·s−1 and a base pressure of 2 µTorr. The target thickness for Au was 10 nm, while that of TiO2 was varied from 44 to 72 nm to achieve ENZ properties at or around the working wavelength of 800 nm. Every structure

• with some differences in the positions and values of the different maxima observed. This similitude tells us that no contamination occurred during the deposition process and that the deposited materials have almost identical properties. Also, with the measured thicknesses and permittivities of the

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• environments, their tunable surface area and surface chemistry, and electrical conductivity [18][19]. To deposit metal NPs onto a carbon support, procedures such as adsorption or reduction–deposition (RD), co-precipitation, impregnation, and deposition precipitation (DP) are commonly employed [6][19]. Carbon

• complete discoloration of the dispersion to a clear solution with a black precipitate, indicating the successful deposition of AuNPs onto the carbon supports. This was further confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis of the filtrate, which showed the disappearance of the LSPR band (Figure 4a). Subsequently

• , the successful AuNP deposition on the carbon materials was validated through TEM imaging of Au-Cit/AC (Figure 5a), Au-Cit/rGO (Figure 5b), and Au-Cit/CB (Figure 5c). Upon deposition, the average AuNP particle sizes slightly grew to 13 nm within a range of 10–16 nm determined by TEM images and the

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom 10.3762/bjnano.17.13 Abstract Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to probe the chemistry of graphene grown on copper foil substrates by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) under various growth conditions. The surface sensitivity, mass

• ; Introduction The development of high quality, high throughput, and highly consistent chemical vapour deposition (CVD) processes for the growth of graphene is one of the major milestones that need to be overcome before the potential properties of graphene can be fully realised for device purposes [1][2][3][4

• -SIMS. To confirm that P was coming from the Cu foil, a 200 nm layer of high-purity Cu was deposited on top of a sample of the same Cu foil used for graphene growth by physical vapour deposition (PVD). ToF-SIMS depth profile measurements were taken before and after annealing to the graphene growth

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• thicknesses of the superconducting layers were 200, 250, and 350 nm for M1, M2, and M3, respectively. The SiO2 insulating layers had thicknesses of 200 nm (I1) and 300 nm (I2). Deposition of metallic layers was performed via magnetron sputtering in argon atmosphere, while insulating layers were thermally

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• exploring new and innovative approaches to preserving both movable and immovable historical heritage artworks. Review Coating materials and deposition The body of scientific literature and technological innovations concerning protective coatings (particularly those exhibiting superhydrophobic properties

• different tile substrates were selected for the deposition of sol–gel thin coatings, namely, 1BW, 2W, 3TS, and 4MW. These tiles were chosen to represent a range of manufacturing techniques, including a hand-painted, blue and white earthenware tile (1BW), a semi-industrially produced stencil-decorated tile

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• acting during AFM nanomanipulation [24][25][26][27]. Thus, there is little information available on the adhesion forces involved, which is critical for understanding the correlation between NPs’ positional stability and deposition conditions. In this study, we have investigated the adhesion between Cu

• adhesion forces. Experimental Synthesis of Cu nanoparticles Before deposition, single-crystalline Si(100) wafer substrates, with a thickness of around 500 µm and covered by a native oxide, were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath for 10 min with ethanol, followed by rinsing with isopropanol. Then, the substrates

• were plasma-cleaned in a Diener electronic Tetra 30 system at a N2 pressure of 50 Pa for 20 min. Immediately after plasma cleaning, the substrates were loaded in the NP deposition chamber. The NP deposition experiments were conducted using DC magnetron sputter inert gas condensation in a Moorfield

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• Figure 3, Fe, Zn, and O are homogeneously distributed in the Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs (Figure 3a). For Zn0.4Fe2.6O4@MnFe2O4 NPs (Figure 3b), a clear distinction is observed, where Mn is exclusively located in the shell. This confirms the successful deposition of the MnFe2O4 shell on the Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 core. Such

• shell formation has been reported in other studies on core–shell NPs, where the selective deposition of the shell material has been achieved through precise control of synthesis conditions [19]. FTIR analysis The FTIR analysis of Zn0.4Fe2.6O4@MnFe2O4 and Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs provides valuable insights into

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• ] and three-dimensional gold helices [27] (Figure 1a) are two representative cPNSs fabricated by nanolithography. Using arrays of plasmonic seeds patterned by nanolithography, versatile cPNSs were also constructed with glancing angle deposition [28] (Figure 1b). Up to now, nanofabrication has produced

• that the sites of Au deposition ( reduction) are the locations of electrons from the nanoparticle transferred via PVP. Researchers made similar observations when electron beam lithography resist was exposed to hot electrons from AuNRs [86]. This study found hydrogen silsesquioxane underwent water

• distribution when exposed to CPL. Additionally, the local thermal effects that may lead to isotropic photochemical deposition on the achiral PNSs require further investigation and must be taken into account. Furthermore, the interactions between the achiral PNS seeds and the substrates on which they are

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• scales of the liquid evaporation and the particle movement: The solvent evaporates so slowly that particles move over at least mesoscale distances, thus allowing for aggregation in the ring [33]. In our research, the deposition protocol may have influenced the observed phenomena. The hydrophilic APDMES

• of dimanno-AuNPs and PEG AuNPs was recorded in a broad-band VSFG system at Fritz-Haber-Institute (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany). Gold thin films (200 nm on 10 nm Cr on glass) were used as surfaces. Prior to sample deposition, the surfaces were cleaned with ethanol and Milli-Q water under

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• [22]. Additionally, most nanomaterial fabrication methods are energy-intensive. Techniques such as combustion, arc deposition, solvothermal synthesis, chemical vapor deposition, mechanical milling, and wet chemical methods require high energy input and careful process control. The ultrahigh cost of

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• in the ecologically sensitive Himalayan lakes, posing a threat to biodiversity, water quality, and human habitation. These high-altitude freshwater ecosystems are being increasingly polluted through human use, tourism, glacier melt, and atmospheric deposition. Microplastic quantification in such

• deposition is outlined in Section 3. The harsh environmental conditions of the region, freeze–thaw weather, low microbial activity, and short hydrological retention times, make the degradation of MPs more difficult and these lakes to long-term sinks for plastic particles. Himalayan lakes are very susceptible

• mechanisms and deposition of MPs into sensitive environments in perspective [18][19]. 3.1 Sources and pathways of microplastics in lakes MPs come from various sources and are carried to high-altitude lakes in the Himalayas through several routes. The major sources of pollution are improper disposal of

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• in far-ultraviolet light-emitting devices. These applications leverage h-BN’s properties like high temperature stability, electrical insulation, and chemical resistance [18][20][21]. An interesting application of multilayer h-BN is its deposition on electrode surfaces as an electron blocking layer

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• affairs. Achieving these key milestones is critical to developing a safe and effective drug delivery system that can improve the treatment of cancer. The process begins with the synthesis of CNMs tailored to specific size and surface chemistry requirements, using methods such as chemical vapour deposition

• main issues is the wide variety of methods that can be used to synthesise CNMs, which can lead to variations in their properties and performance. For example, carbon nanotubes can be synthesised using arc discharge, laser ablation, and chemical vapour deposition, among others [30]. Each method can

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• evaluating the effects of electric field intensity, which is responsible for polymer chain stretching and the speed of fiber deposition, on fiber morphology. Specifically, the impact of varying the needle-to-collector distance (12 and 15 cm) and the applied voltage (15, 17, and 19 kV) was assessed. The

• the enhancement of the electric field strength at shorter distances, which accelerates fiber deposition and reduces the time available for jet elongation, ultimately leading to the formation of thicker fibers. Additionally, a stronger electric field may reduce Rayleigh instability and stabilize the

• production conditions. This evaluation allowed for the observation of the cross-sectional structure before and after core removal. The nanofibers were coated with approximately 10 nm of gold via sputter deposition for 1 min at 30 mA. Micrographs were acquired using an acceleration voltage of 2 kV and 0.21 nA

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• formation and deposition of nanostructures. The method was successfully applied for the formation of nanoflakes [80], nanoflowers [81], and nanofibers [82][83]. In this method, the choice of the organic precursor influences the shape of the produced nanostructures. For example, the formation of Ag