Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• . Drugs or genetic material can be carried by these cylindrical nanoparticles and directed towards specific cells through external stimuli such as a magnetic field or light [12]. A new nanoscale drug delivery system has been developed by using carbon nanotubes and a carbon nanotube–graphene hybrid to more

• for quick and accurate identification of biomarkers from blood or similar samples [21]. A novel biosensor type, called a biosensing drug delivery system, combines sensors with drug release mechanisms. This could make it easier to treat chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. When

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• systems [40][41]. Other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus express alpha-toxin, which perforates the membrane of liposomes and can be utilized to trigger the release of antibiotics from the drug delivery system at the target site [42]. Also, enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) is observed at

• ]. To address these issues, researchers have developed nanostructured lipid carriers, which incorporate liquid lipids into a solid lipid matrix, resulting in improved drug loading capacity and stability [75]. In summary, SLNs have garnered significant attention as a promising drug delivery system

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• successfully eradicate tumors [8]. To overcome these discrepancies, an efficient, biocompatible, nontoxic, non-immunogenic and precisely targeted drug delivery system is desirable [9]. Conventional non-targeted delivery systems result in off-targeting as they also affect healthy cells and organs. Therefore

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• of Ca(OH)2 (pH 10.2), CaCl2 (pH 7.2), or CaCO3 (pH 8.1) for three days at room temperature, followed by washing with water and drying at 60 °C [140]. In recent years, ultrasmall nanogels have emerged as an innovative drug delivery system, mainly due to their ability to deeply penetrate biological

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• cell viability, demonstrating its potential for therapeutic applications in dermatology. More recently, Taniguchi et al. explored the use of PLO as a key component in a novel drug delivery system designed for the treatment of advanced breast and pancreatic cancers [90]. The researchers developed a

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• mucoadhesive drug delivery system that was developed to fulfill these requirements. Alginate nanoparticles were synthesized by water-in-oil emulsification followed by external gelation and then coated with the mucoadhesive polymer Eudragit RS100. The formulated nanoparticles had a mean size of 219 nm and

• within the mucus because of stronger interaction [29], and better and uniform distribution throughout the gastric mucosa [2]. The motivation behind the current study, therefore, was to synthesize a nanoscale drug delivery system with mucoadhesive properties in an attempt to achieve improved gastric

• action of drugs with increased retention. We have developed an mucoadhesive alginate-based drug delivery system to be used in the stomach delivery of drugs. For the study, we used a carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-labeled peptide (Mw = 2.8 kDa) as a model drug to be encapsulated in alginate nanoparticles. The

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• inspiration from lollipops, Wang et al. developed a multilayered sodium alginate–chitosan hydrogel sphere drug delivery system, which uses ZnO-modified biocarbon (ZnO-BC) to enhance the photothermal conversion performance [70]. The hydrogel ball is embedded under the conjunctiva through surgery. ZnO-BC can

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• and passive targeting effect of the pro-liposomal drug delivery system. The in vivo pharmacological activity of the pro-liposomes displayed a 7.2-fold increased oral bioavailability of myricetin, leading to remarkably decreased levels of ALT, AST, and the lipid peroxidation marker (MDA), while

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• NPs, yielding sustained release of the medicine and promising results as a transmucosal DDSs for hydrophobic medicines. Another enhanced cancer drug delivery system was developed by Iranian scientists. They conceived a nanoparticles-in-nanofibers DDS, which they called nano-in-nano delivery technique

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• showed good performance in the Franz diffusion test and rodent pharmacokinetic studies due to the nanoparticle size and faster dissolution as compared with the commercial DCS powder. These DCS nanocrystal formulations could offer a new approach for the development of an advanced drug delivery system for

• the treatment of CNS disorders. Keywords: ᴅ-cycloserine; drug delivery system; enteric capsules; N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate; nanocrystals; NMDA receptor agonist; transdermal reservoir; Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a prevalent respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. According to the

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• efficacy. The application of vinorelbine tartrate is limited because of its dose-related toxicity to the nervous, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems and reduced absorption when taken orally [33]. Encapsulation studies specifically aim to create a controlled drug delivery system to reduce existing side

• appropriate sizes exhibited controlled drug release capabilities. Thus, a controlled drug delivery system was established using VNB/PDA/Fe3O4 NPs, which exhibited high release at the tumor microenvironment pH 5.5 for potential application in cancer treatment. The impact of polymer thickness on drug release

• differences in drug release kinetics; our nanostructures exhibit a higher drug release percentage at pH 5.5 (84.57%) compared to pH 7.4 (57.71%). This underscores the pH-responsive behaviour of our drug delivery system, which could potentially enhance drug delivery to tumour sites while minimizing off-target

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• ; drug delivery system; hydrophile–lipophile balance; monoterpenes; Introduction Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) is a mosquito species that is cosmopolitan and well adapted to anthropized and peridomestic environments. It is an important vector of arboviruses, including dengue, chikungunya fever, zika

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• properties of nanoparticles, it nearly impossible to compare studies from different labs and pick a value to aim for during the development of a drug delivery system. This is due to the variety of possibilities to examine and express the mechanical properties of these systems (e.g., stiffness, elasticity

Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study

• Nittiya Suwannasom,
• Netsai Sriaksorn,
• Chutamas Thepmalee,
• Krissana Khoothiam,
• Ausanai Prapan,
• Hans Bäumler and
• Chonthida Thephinlap

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93

• effectively taken up by MCF-7 cells. The results indicate that the investigated carriers are a highly capable drug delivery system with potential chemotherapeutic applications. Experimental Materials CUR (98% purity, from Curcuma longa), albumin solution from human serum (100 g/L HSA in 0.14 M NaCl

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• arise spontaneously from C3 by hydrolysis, could be considered here. Moghimi et al. report numerous possible interactions of the complement system with, among others, nanoparticles as a drug delivery system [44]. The authors also discussed the possible effects of spontaneously forming water shells and

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• nanoarchitectures are highly promising for future applications in medicine, pharmaceutics, and other relevant fields. Keywords: cyclodextrin; drug delivery system (DDS); nanoarchitecture; phototherapy; siRNA; Review 1 Introduction Recently, drug delivery systems (DDSs) have been attracting much interest [1][2][3

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• drug delivery system loaded with docetaxel (DCX) as an anticancer drug, using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as nanoparticle material, and modified with chitosan (CS) to gain mucoadhesive properties. In this context, an innovative nanoparticle formulation that can protect orally administered DCX

• kinetics studies of the nanoparticular drug delivery system were carried out. It can be a detailed source and inspiration for possible future research in this area. Results and Discussion In vitro characterization of DCX-PLGA NPs and CS/DCX-PLGA NPs Mean particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• delivery system in synthetic bone implants can stimulate bone regeneration while preventing bacterial infection. Furthermore, coating materials containing TiO2 can help drug stabilisation producing a long-term drug release profile [119]. The electrochemical anodization process was used by Lai et al. (2018

• fluids [117][118]. A recent study has proven that synthetic changes made to the surface of titanium oxide (TiO2) nanotubes can influence their characteristics, substantially impacting cell contacts and antibacterial activity. As a result, antibiotic drugs combined with a surface-modified TiO2-based drug

Gelatin nanoparticles with tunable mechanical properties: effect of crosslinking time and loading

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss,
• Daniel Schorr,
• Julia K. Metz,
• Metin Yildirim,
• Saeed Ahmad Khan and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 778–787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.68

• elasticity of the particle as demonstrated for the incorporation of lysozyme. The high influence of loading on the mechanical properties demonstrates the need to determine the mechanical properties during the development of a nanoparticulate drug delivery system. For future application, the influence of

Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections

• Sharif Abdelghany,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Yazan Al Thaher,
• Maram Al Fawares,
• Amal G. Al-Bakri,
• Saja Zuriekat and
• Randa SH. Mansour

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43

• sizes have been utilized to overcome this limitation since they can painlessly penetrate the upper skin layers [2]. Patients can self-administer microneedles and, thus, overcome the pain associated with conventional parenteral injections. Moreover, this drug delivery system can potentially overcome the

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• -workers have developed a well-designed controllable drug delivery system by functionalizing 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) on TNTs and found that the drug loading capacity was improved by 30–36 wt % in comparison with unmodified TNTs. Intriguingly, the hydrophilic nature of APTES was favorable for

• , nanoporous TiO2 is able to load water-soluble and insoluble drugs and could be useful as an effective drug delivery system [107]. Previously, a drug delivery system based on TiO2 nps conjugated with doxorubicin (DOX) was found have an enhanced anti-cancerous effect on human hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• modifications [5][6]. Thus, it was possible to immobilize vitamin B2 (riboflavin) in these particles together with human serum albumin (HSA). This resulted in a drug delivery system with good hemocompatibility and release of riboflavin over a prolonged period [7]. In addition, HSA microparticles could be loaded

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• therapy. Unlike solid tumors, which necessitate nanoscale drug delivery system (NDDSs) to reach a specific site of action, liquid tumors are mainly spread throughout the blood circulation. In fact, the barriers that apply to the NDDSs for solid tumor targeting usually do not exist in the case of liquid

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• a drug delivery system in sheep joints. The authors found that PVA-coated SPIONs in the presence of an external magnet accumulated at the joint and remained there until at least the fifth day of treatment [83]. Many coatings have been tested for biomedical applications. PVA is one of the most