Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• comprehensive understanding of the process flow, from the laser-induced ejection of material into the gas phase, through its processing and movement in the plume, to its eventual deposition onto a substrate. Figure 1 shows key developments in thin film synthesis and laser-based processing from 1909 to 2025

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• and carrier gas. Oxygen and water sensors monitored gas-phase contaminants at the outlet line. In situ microscopy Nanotube growth was imaged in situ using a custom-built optical setup for homodyne polarization microscopy. A supercontinuum source (Fianium SC-400-4, 2 ps pulses, 40 MHz, spectral range

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• HEA NPs could also be synthesized by inert gas condensation as stated very recently by Zhou et al. [31]. However, none of these aforementioned synthesis techniques give access to colloidal HEA NPs but to structures bound to an often very specific support material or limited to gas phase conditions. An

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• deposition techniques, this thematic issue includes studies on low-energy electron interactions with metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes [5]. Another molecule investigated for its gas-phase fragmentation mechanism via dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment is [Au(CH3)2Cl]2. Studies

• by Oddur Ingólfsson’s group [6], supported by quantum chemical calculations, revealed that chlorine removal during focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) was nearly complete, in contrast to the limited chlorine loss observed in gas-phase experiments. Previous studies have shown that gas

• -phase investigations of molecular fragmentation by electron beams may not fully predict the behavior of molecules when adsorbed on a surface. This highlights the importance of comparing gas-phase fragmentation results with FEBIP processes. In this issue, the novel iron precursor (i.e., iron

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• to about 3.3 atoms in the FEB deposit. Mass spectrometry studies of gas-phase electron-impact dissociation of [Pd(tbaoac)2] [42] showed the loss of tert-butyl (t-Bu) as (CH3)2CCH2 by dehydrogenation. Furthermore, the chelating ring collapse happens through the formation of O-containing molecular

• species, such as CH3CHO, which were seen in gas phase dissociation experiments with this precursor [42], as illustrated in Figure 4. Regardless of the exact stoichiometry of volatile species, it is noteworthy that from these large tbaoac ligands (each containing 8 C, 3 O, and 13 H atoms) about 90% of the

• with other fragments on the surface to form a nonvolatile matrix, or (iii) become embedded by newly arriving molecules from the gas phase [30]. A key factor for rapid desorption is the neutral charge of the generated fragments, which reduces the desorption energy. This applies to the isobutene

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• , crystallinity, and surface chemistry of the films is crucial for optimizing performance in these applications. In adsorption–desorption processes, where materials are deposited from the gas phase, experimental techniques enable the study the formation of clusters or islands of adsorbed molecules/atoms, which

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• attributed to a larger precursor supply from the gas phase. Although the use of the Pt-precursor did not result in a volcano-shape deposit, an estimation of the sticking coefficient for it is nevertheless possible with precursor parameter values previously assessed. Unlike the Cr(C6H6)2 precursor, which has

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• ]. Also, modeling of CVD microreactors at atmospheric pressure using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a source to obtain SiO2 has been achieved through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations [22]. The gas-phase and surface reactions were analyzed using direct Monte Carlo simulations of a hot wire

• parameters of the heterogeneous reaction between H° in the gas phase and quartz to describe its behavior as a function of temperature at constant pressure. The thermodynamic data obtained and those taken from the bibliography will be used in the Arrhenius equation to calculate the thermodynamic and transport

• properties of the system in the gas phase in a dimensionless and temporal model. The thermodynamic and transport properties of the mixture will permit a study in the steady state considering the dimensions of the HFCVD reactor and the deposition parameters through numerically solving the equations of

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• ][53][54]. An ideal precursor candidate would have sufficient volatility and stability for the transport of intact gas phase precursor molecules during the process. The ligands should readily and cleanly be liberated from the precursor upon irradiation to provide a metallic deposit in the path of the

• m/z 20 correspond to, respectively, Ar+ and Ar2+ ions formed by electron impact ionization of neutral Ar in the QMS). The top panel displays the gas phase species observed during the film’s exposure to 4.0 µC/cm2 Ar+, corresponding to an acquisition time of 30 s. (Right) Kinetic profile for 13CO

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• reactions are those involving the decomposition of precursor in the gas phase forming products that condense on a target. In contrast, heterogeneous reactions are those involving the decomposition of the precursors on the solid surface of a catalyst that also acts as a support. As reported by Porro et al

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

• Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
• Francisco Solís-Pomar,
• Abel Fundora,
• Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
• Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
• Manuel F. Meléndrez and
• Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

• delivery, catalysis, and sensors. The methodologies, developed for the first time in 1999 [1], for the production of bimetallic nanoparticles in the gas phase can be roughly classified as either simultaneous or sequential. In the first category, the materials that will be used to make the nanoparticles are

Electron-induced ligand loss from iron tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate

• Hlib Lyshchuk,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Thomas F. M. Luxford,
• Miloš Ranković,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Juraj Fedor,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Pamir Nag

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 797–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.66

• reactions? This is basically impossible to predict a priori since several effects come into play, for example, change in bond dissociation energies, electron density at the metal, and dipole moment. Of the possible experimental approaches to address this question, a crossed-beam gas-phase experiment

• the gas phase has been probed with respect to its dissociative ionization [10] and dissociative electron attachment [11][12]; there is even information available on its electronic excitation, which is the first step towards neutral dissociation [11]. The gas-phase studies have been complemented by

• surface-based investigations, where the electron-induced ligand loss has been probed by XPS [13], ion desorption [14], IR spectroscopy [15], or cluster-beam studies [16][17][18]. The ligand loss has also been probed by ion impact, both in the gas phase [19] and on the surface [13], and, theoretically, by

Laser synthesis of nanoparticles in organic solvents – products, reactions, and perspectives

• Theo Fromme,
• Sven Reichenberger,
• Katharine M. Tibbetts and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 638–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.54

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• )4MA. For reference, data for Fe(CO)5 are included in Figures S1–S3 of Supporting Information File 1. Figure 2a shows mass spectra acquired during ESD from a condensed multilayer of Fe(CO)4MA during irradiation with an energy of 50 eV. For comparison, the gas phase mass spectrum (MS) of Fe(CO)4MA

• the start of the irradiation period but continues to increase slowly during the first 30 s. We propose that at this later stage of irradiation the majority of CO that can be directly released into the gas phase by Fe–CO bond cleavage has been depleted. In this situation, desorption of CO via a two

• oxygen contents of the deposits obtained by thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)4MA most likely relate to the persistence of a part of the MA ligands. This is also supported by calculated free reaction enthalpies for the loss of either the MA ligand or the CO ligand from gas phase Fe(CO)4MA (Figure 9), which

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• composition and morphology of FEBID deposits fabricated in an ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) chamber were explored on different surfaces and at varied beam currents. In the gas phase, dissociative ionization was found to lead to significant carbon loss from this precursor, and about 50% of the chlorine was on average

• -vacuum (UHV) surface science studies and mass spectrometry in high-vacuum (HV) gas-phase investigations [27][28]. In this context, surface science experiments allow for electron-dose-dependent studies of the elemental composition of the deposit, and desorbing ligands may be monitored by means of mass

• spectrometry. On the other hand, gas-phase studies using controllable, quasi-monoenergetic electron beams under single collision conditions, provide information on the electron energy dependence and extent of the individual fragmentation processes [28]. A number of such comparative gas-phase and surface

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• in this study was selected in accordance with the R1234yf as the refrigerant. Superheating, which was applied to ensure that the refrigerant enters the compressor in gas phase, was approximately 6 °C. The superheating was controlled by an electronic expansion valve. The refrigerant was gradually

• were measured at 25 °C and shown in Figure 12. The measurement results were compatible with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) data [37] at 25 °C. Results of compressor electrical power measurements Compressors are devices used to compress any fluid that has a gas phase, and that

Fragmentation of metal(II) bis(acetylacetonate) complexes induced by slow electrons

• Janina Kopyra and
• Hassan Abdoul-Carime

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 980–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.81

• , 0.498, 0.44, and 0.16 eV for CuL2, NiL2, and CoL2, MnL2, and ZnL2, respectively [15][16][17][18][19]. As the molecules are sublimated, the pressure of the molecular beam, P, that is, the number of precursors in the gas phase, follows the Clausius–Clapeyron relation (log(P) = C − ΔHsub/T), where C is a

• visit to Siedlce University, Siedlce (Poland) from the European Union via the COST Action CM1301 (CELINA). The research was conducted in the frame of the COST action CA18212 Molecular Dynamics in the GAS phase (MD-GAS) and action CA20129 "MultIChem".

• attachment. The reported data may contribute to a better understanding of the physical chemistry underlying the electron–molecule interactions, which is crucial for potential applications of these molecular systems in the deposition of nanoscale structures. Keywords: dissociative electron attachment; gas

Low temperature atomic layer deposition of cobalt using dicobalt hexacarbonyl-1-heptyne as precursor

• Mathias Franz,
• Mahnaz Safian Jouzdani,
• Lysann Kaßner,
• Marcus Daniel,
• Frank Stahr and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 951–963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.78

• time of 6 s has been chosen to reach the saturation state safely. The purging time after the precursor pulse also may affect the deposition rate. Insufficient purging may result in an increased deposition rate as the remaining precursor can directly react in the gas phase within the hydrogen plasma

Control of morphology and crystallinity of CNTs in flame synthesis with one-dimensional reaction zone

• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Ni Luh Wulan Septiani and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 741–750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.61

• temperature field and the gas phase chemistry evolve concurrently inside the flame [24]; thus, particle formation and CNT growth occur almost instantaneously. The rapid particle formation from the surface breakup produces a heterogenous particle size distribution. Consequently, particle bundles can be

Titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of ethanol under simulated solar light

• Evghenii Goncearenco,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Florian Dumitrache,
• Elena Dutu,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Alexandra Sandulescu,
• Crina Anastasescu and
• Ioan Balint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 616–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.51

• regarding the mineralization of ethanol in the gas phase. The highest activity was measured for TO-250-a, which generated around 70 µmol CO2 after 3 h. All catalysts of this series exhibit a higher activity than P25. Also, an increase of the CO2 formation rate after the first hour of irradiation can be

Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning

• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hong-Sheng Chan,
• Chia-Li Liao,
• Che-Wei Chang and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 34–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.4

• and device fabrication [13][14]. Nevertheless, pattern resolution and reproducibility in contact printing approaches are affected by several factors, most notably the ink molecule lateral diffusion, gas phase transportation, and rubber stamp deformation [15][16]. These are unavoidable issues in soft

• lithography operations and could severely limit the obtainable feature resolution if neglected. Chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) is a rapidly emerging subtractive lithographic technique that aims to overcome the lateral diffusion and gas phase transfer obstacles present in conventional soft lithography [17

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• , Xu et al. studied real-time chiral recognition of CD films to isomers in the gas phase [69]. Based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations, functional β-CDs with a short sulfide group were inclined to form monolayers. In contrast, those with long sulfide groups produced a quasi-two-layer

• the complexation process of various chiral calix[4]arenes derivatives with gas-phase R/S-1-phenethylamine [78]. They proved that due to the acid–base interaction, only derivatives with acid could bind well with chiral amines. The other derivatives with esters, amides, and alcohols showed low

• chiral receptor for gas-phase detection of chiral compounds (Figure 7) [88]. The gold surface of the electrode was first modified with trans-1,2-dithiane-4,5-diol, then a monolayer of [Co2(porphyrin diad)] complex with the porphyrin rings oriented in an almost perpendicular fashion to the surface was

Self-assembly of C₆₀ on a ZnTPP/Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O substrate: observation of a quasi-freestanding C₆₀ monolayer

• Guglielmo Albani,
• Michele Capra,
• Alessandro Lodesani,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Alberto Brambilla,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Andrea Picone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.76

• isolated C60 (in the gas phase) is about Es = 4.95 eV [57], considerably higher than γ. This discrepancy is given by the fact that the ionization potential (electron affinity) is not simply the difference between the vacuum level and the HOMO (LUMO) energies of C60 at equilibrium, because an extra energy

Efficient liquid exfoliation of KP₁₅ nanowires aided by Hansen's empirical theory

• Zhaoxuan Huang,
• Zhikang Jiang,
• Nan Tian,
• Disheng Yao,
• Fei Long,
• Yanhan Yang and
• Danmin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 788–795, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.69

• bulks The KP15 bulks were prepared by the gas-phase transfer method. High-purity red phosphorus (1.370 g, 99.9999%) and metallic potassium (0.130 g, 97%) were mixed in a quartz tube. The temperature gradient in the quartz tube was 650 °C/400 °C and the heat treatment time was 12 h. After annealed, dark

• control the temperature. To prevent sample drift, SiO2 (300 nm)/Si substrates with tested KP15 samples were attached by fixtures to the Linkam THMS600 cryostat. Results and Discussion KP15 bulks, prepared by the gas-phase-transfer method, had a flat and smooth surface shown in Figure 1a. The X-ray

Investigation of electron-induced cross-linking of self-assembled monolayers by scanning tunneling microscopy

• Patrick Stohmann,
• Sascha Koch,
• Yang Yang,
• Christopher David Kaiser,
• Julian Ehrens,
• Jürgen Schnack,
• Niklas Biere,
• Dario Anselmetti,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Xianghui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 462–471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.39

• been used to explain the synthesis of complex molecular species in the interstellar medium [3]. Electron–molecule collisions have been intensively studied in the gas phase and on surfaces. Depending on the electron energy and the molecular structure, several processes may occur, such as elastic

• general concept of self-assembly allows for the preparation of SAMs from the liquid or gas phase. Highly ordered TPT SAMs spontaneously form on Au(111) due to the formation of bonds between sulfur and gold atoms, which is accompanied by van der Waals interactions between the aromatic rings. The TPT SAMs

• elevated by ≈0.6–0.8 Å compared to the surrounding β-phase domains. To our surprise, TPT SAMs prepared from the gas phase exhibit only β-phase domains with sizes of 10–100 nm (Figure 2c). Notice that the sample was further annealed at 343 K for 15 min in order to remove physisorbed molecules, which results