Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• defects are results of C–C bond rotation in the graphene plane, which isomerizes a 6–6 ring structure to a 7–5 ring structure. Stone–Wales defects are commonly observed in multilayer graphene, graphite, graphene oxide, and their occurrence is temperature-dependent [15][16]. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN

• ) is a material that shares many structural and electronic properties with graphite. It is isoelectronic to graphene with N contributing two electrons to the π-conjugated bond and B contributing zero electrons, as opposed to graphene, where each C atom contributes one electron. The h-BN structure is

• composed of polar bonds with N acting as electron donor and B acting as electron acceptor. Unlike graphene and graphite, h-BN shows high resistivity and is a large-bandgap semiconductor [17]. h-BN has a wide range of applications due to its unique properties [18]. It is used as a substrate material for

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• model, improved matching the cantilever/sample stiffness to obtain a larger variation in contact stiffness with frequency, or investigating the use of higher-order modes that may achieve this improved match. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; contact resonance; highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG

• AFM experiments on well-characterized surfaces, such as highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), using silicon cantilevers with integrated probes. To examine the time evolution of the AFM cantilever’s oscillatory modes during an experiment, STFTs, rather than wavelet transforms, of the thermal motion

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• structural analysis of GO before and after ion irradiation was conducted using Raman spectroscopy [28]. This spectroscopic technique, known for its effectiveness in probing disorders and defects within crystal structures, proved particularly valuable in characterizing graphite and its derivatives [29]. The

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• ) and the graphite (G) band (≈1582 cm−1) [17]. The increasing ratio suggests an increasing surface disordering of the carbon cloth after calcination, which contributes to the high adsorption capacity toward the target molecules. Figure 3a illustrates the UV–vis diffuse absorbance spectrum of the CC/HTNW

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• first peak, with higher intensity, corresponds to the (002) plane of graphite indicating a d-spacing (d002) of 0.34 nm, and the second peak ° is associated with the (100) planes of graphite. Both peaks are characteristic to the graphitic crystal lattice of CNTs [44]. Hence, XRD results indicate that the

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• ]. These findings indicate that while different treatment models exhibit varying efficiency, the removal of nanoscale MPs predominantly depends on functional group interactions within biochar. The presence of functional groups in AZP such as C–H, C–O, C=C, N–H, Al–O, and Si–O, along with its graphite-like

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• bowl centrifuges [110]. Hence, despite minor inhomogeneities in mean particle size and composition on a single-particle level and the presence of thin graphite and oxide shells, the laser-fabricated ignoble HEA

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• has a high level of water affinity. Consequently, GO can be expected to have a wide range of applications, such as primers, thermally conductive materials, transparent electrodes, and adsorbent materials [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. GO is typically synthesized by oxidizing graphite. Several

• XPS spectra of SLG/α-Al2O3(0001) is shifted to the lower binding energies by 1.0 eV compared with that of graphite (284.4 eV) [23]. This is due to p-type doping of SLG associated with a strong electrostatic interaction between SLG and the α-Al2O3(0001) at the interface [18]. In SLGO, on the other hand

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• importance in the fabrication of active electrodes for a range of electrochemical applications. However, it is not always the case that these materials adopt the desired nanostructure. Dag and colleagues fabricated CaFe2O4 thin-film electrodes on graphite rods via a molten salt-assisted self-assembly process

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• also shown that AgNPs actively improve the electrochemical characteristics of different electrode materials. Salve et al. reported a noteworthy charge-storing capacity of 367.16 mF/cm2 of the synthesized hybrid material, PGE/AgNPs/CS (pencil graphite electrodes/silver nanoparticles/chitosan) [15

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• graphite oxide to form rGO, the reduction of V2O5 to form VO2, and the formation of Fe2O3 from ferrocene. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirm the formation of distinct metal oxides in the presence of rGO. Furthermore, the morphological analysis reveals the deposition of

• applications. Inspired by previous research findings, the current article aims to produce a ternary NC based on rGO, VO2, and Fe2O3 using ultrafast MW irradiation. The applied MW irradiation of only 90 s was found to be beneficial for reducing as well as exfoliating graphite oxide to form rGO. At the same time

• applications. Experimental Materials Vanadium (V) oxide (V2O5) powder and ferrocene were purchased from Alfa Aesar. The other chemicals used for the synthesis of graphite oxide, such as conc. sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), conc. hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chlorate (KClO3), conc

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• coating on the electronic structure and chemical state of graphite layers formed on the surface of a polycrystalline diamond (PCD) film with mixed grain orientation was studied. A synthetic single-crystal diamond (SCD) with a polished (110) face was examined for comparison. The samples were coated with a

• fine structure (NEXAFS) methods. XPS data revealed the formation of a thin graphite-like film with low-ordered atomic structure on the surface of the nickel-coated PCD film. The chemical state of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms was found to be insensitive to the face orientation of the diamond micro-sized

• . Keywords: graphitization; near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy; nickel coating; polycrystalline diamond film; single-crystal diamond; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Introduction Diamond and graphite, both composed entirely of carbon atoms, exhibit vastly different properties due to

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• graphite lattice (D mode) [40]. The position of the G mode is higher than the position of the G peak at 1582 cm–1 for crystalline graphite and graphene [41], indicating the disorder in the layers and their functionalization. In fact, the intensity ratio of the D to G peaks (ID/IG) of 0.87 is relatively

• spectrum of the PyC film shows an asymmetric peak at 284.4 eV (Figure 7a), which is typical for graphite-like carbon. In addition, there is a low-intensity component with a binding energy of 286.2 eV, corresponding to C–O bonds [55]. The C 1s spectrum of PyC-MoS2 has a similar shape (Figure 7b), indicating

• . Annealing causes sodium to leave the PyC coating to a lesser extent than in PyC alone, but it is released from the MoS2 component more readily than from uncoated MoS2. It can be concluded that the graphite layers introduced into the MoS2 anode material will play a key role in the diffusion and storage of

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• weight ratio of 20:1 with a rotation speed of sun disk/jars 700 rpm/1400 rpm. In the second step, the HEBM powders were consolidated using SPS (Dr. Sinter Lab – Fuji Electronic Industrial Co. Ltd.) in a vacuum environment. The powder mixture was loaded into a cylindrical graphite die with an inner

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• graphene oxide–nanosilica–zinc hydroxide nanocomposites (GO-SG-ZH). Graphite oxidation reaction in a cascade design gives good efficiency values of energy, chemical reaction, and reaction time [14][15]. The recycling of rice husk ash waste into nanosilica products is eco-friendly and sustainable for

• supercell of 16 carbon atoms, one oxygen atom, and two hydrogen atoms (two graphene sheets and one water molecule). Preparation of graphene oxide from natural graphite The improved cascade-design synthesis of graphite oxide (GrO) was reported in our previous papers [15][16]. Briefly, 5 g of raw material of

• natural graphite (Shanghai Zhanyun Chemical) was soaked and agitated in 50 mL of 98% sulfuric acid. The solution of Mn(VII) compound was prepared by dissolving 10 g of potassium permanganate in 100 mL of 98% sulfuric acid. The graphite/H2SO4 suspension was slowly poured into the Mn(VII) solution. A

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• few defects The synthesis process combined graphite and TA in a 10:1 mass ratio in an aqueous medium, followed by probe ultrasonication enhanced by magnetic stirring, resulting in a stable colloid as shown in Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1. The polyphenolic structure of tannic acid

• , characterized by numerous hydroxy groups, is proposed to potentially form non-covalent interactions, such as π–π stacking, with the carbon network and oxygen atoms of graphite [16][20]. This interaction could exfoliate graphite, resulting in a stable colloidal dispersion of functionalized graphene sheets. The

• conversion was verified, and the properties of the synthesized colloid were characterized using a complementary set of analytical techniques. SEM analysis reveals differences between the initial graphite and the synthesized FLG–TA colloid (Figure 1A–C). The initial graphite appears as large, tightly packed

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. The initial natural zeolite samples were also examined via powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD patterns were recorded using a PW 1218 diffractometer (Philips, Almelo, Netherlands) equipped with a curved graphite monochromator and Cu Kα

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• . Results and Discussion Carbon fiber paper served as electrode support material because graphite is cost-effective, scalable, and the premier electrode support material for reduction reactions [21]. Gold nanoparticles were laser grafted from aqueous HAuCl4 solution. The use of an aqueous liquid requires

• pyrolytic graphite (HOPG); edge-plane HOPG is expensive, brittle, and not amenable to large electrode areas. In general, graphitic basal-plane carbon atoms are unreactive, unlike those in graphene, because of the π-stacking interactions of adjacent graphite sheets. We reported an environmentally friendly

• nanosecond pulses, graphite has an effective absorption coefficient of 5 µm−1 [26], resulting in an ablation threshold fluence of 0.7 J·cm−2 [27]; thus, our chosen fluence was well below this ablation threshold. The critical melting fluence of graphite has been reported to be 0.13 J·cm−2 [28], suggesting

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• autophagy and DNA damage in response to GO–Chl exposure in human lung epithelial carcinoma (A549) cells. Experimental Materials Graphite powder (Cat. No. 282863), chloroquine (Cat. No. C6628), paraformaldehyde (PFA; Cat. No. 24-0630), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Cat. No. D2650), propidium iodide (Cat. No

• from Thermo Scientific Nunc (Rochester, New York). Synthesis of graphene oxide Highly exfoliated GO nanosheets were chemically synthesized using slight modifications to the method documented by Dimiev et al. [26][27]. Briefly, 0.5 g of graphite powder was treated with a mixture of 0.5 g of NaNO3 and 40

• , until a dark brownish precipitate appeared, followed by addition of 1.5 mL of H2O2 (30%) and 100 mL of ice-cold ultrapure water to stop the oxidation reaction and eliminate unreacted KMnO4. The chemistry involved in the chemical exfoliation of graphite is shown in Figure 1. The purified graphitic sheets

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• tubes were incubated at 37 °C. After 24 h, the samples were fixed onto a graphite substrate, and FE-SEM imaging was performed. Inhibition of biofilm formation The Crystal Violet Biofilm Assay was used to evaluate the biofilm formation of S. mutans [43]. BerNPs solution was diluted in TSB + 1% sucrose

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• level of reduction and the specific production techniques employed. GO is a type of insulating material that is made from graphene by oxidizing graphite. The reduction process eliminates functional groups in GO that contain oxygen, restoring π-conjugated structures and electrical conductivity. rGO has a

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• significantly higher extent of functionalization with single-stranded DNA [64]. It was also shown that gamma radiation with low doses, 25 and 50 kGy, improved the graphite arrangement of MWCNTs; higher doses, 100 and 150 kGy, led to major structural deteriorations, while very high doses above 200 kGy distorted

• . In the diffractograms of non-irradiated and gamma ray-irradiated CNs (Figure 7), two peaks important for the graphite arrangement of MWCNTs [66] were recorded at 2θ angles of 26° and 43°. For the irradiated MWCNTs-COOH, a rise of the intensity of the 26° peak was observed pointing to an increase of