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Search for "mechanical" in Full Text gives 1120 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44
- for cellulose extraction were also explored such as acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, oxidation, and mechanical or solvent-based techniques. Besides that, this review highlights the role of cellulose in photocatalytic applications, where its high surface area, structural porosity, and abundance
- photocatalytic systems, improving its performance under a wide range of light sources. Moreover, cellulose-supported systems often show enhanced recyclability and mechanical durability, making them suitable for repeated use in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. The relationship between
- formation of nanofibers. These nanofibers further assemble into larger cellulose microfibrils [4]. With the global cellulose production now exceeding hundreds of billions of tons annually and continuing to grow steadily, this abundant biopolymer stands out for its exceptional mechanical, physical, and
Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42
- mechanical stress. This limitation is particularly pronounced in certain mixed-halide, wide-bandgap systems, where rapid top-down crystallization leads to accumulation and tensile stress at the film bottom, creating a gradient opposite to the BEF, which weakens the electric field and accelerates
Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS2 at different scales
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40
- tribology toward the sub-nanoscale. Experimental Sample preparation Single-layer and few-layer MoS2 were obtained from bulk MoS2 by mechanical exfoliation [19]. N-Doped Si covered with dry oxidation-generated 300 nm thick SiO2 was used as the substrate. Prior to exfoliation, substrates were cleaned
Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38
- Carlos Donate Buendia Bilal Gokce Leonid V. Zhigilei GROC·UJI, Institute of New Imaging Technologies, University Jaume I, Av. de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain Chair of Materials Science and Additive Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Safety Engineering, University
- ]), generation of soft magnets for magnetocaloric applications [58], fabrication of photodetectors [59], nanoscale agents for photodynamic [60] and neutron capture therapy [61], incorporation of nanoparticles into solar cells [62], light-harvesting nanofluids [63], and materials with enhanced mechanical [64] or
Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35
- direct use in electrochemical sensing. To address this limitation, hybridizing MOFs with conductive carbon materials has been extensively studied. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is especially appealing due to its high electrical conductivity [12], large specific surface area, mechanical stability [13], and
Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31
- to the interaction with the environment, for example, because of oxidation. The imperfections have a strong influence on the electronic, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of 2D materials [2][3]. They normally deteriorate the characteristics; but they can also be beneficial, for example, in
Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30
- . The three-layer 3D-printed films were rationally designed by combining hydrogels with complementary mechanical and biological functions to optimise skin adhesion, printability, and curcumin stability. The bottom layer, composed of chitosan, was selected to ensure direct contact with the skin
- stress and rapidly recover its rheological properties once the stress is removed. A recovery value of at least 80% is generally considered acceptable, indicating that the layer-stacking capability remains sufficiently dependent on the material’s original mechanical properties [40]. Initially, a shear
- curcumin-loaded nanocapsules. This proof-of-concept study focused on demonstrating the feasibility of integrating nanocarriers with SSE 3D printing to produce multilayer topical films with improved bioadhesion and photoprotection. A comprehensive evaluation of mechanical properties, long-term stability
First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu1−x,Nix)3Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu1−x,Nix)3Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29
- Guomin Hua School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China 10.3762/bjnano.17.29 Abstract In this study, the elastic properties of Cu and (CuxNi1−x)3Sn were calculated to reveal the effects of Ni alloying on the interfacial mechanical properties of
- (CuxNi1−x)3Sn/Cu in lead-free solder joints. The results reveal that, within the thermodynamically stable domain of (CuxNi1−x)3Sn, the increase of Ni content can enhance the interfacial mechanical properties of (CuxNi1−x)3Sn/Cu, and increase the reliability of the lead-free solder joints. The enhancement
- mechanism can be attributed to the simultaneous improvements of oriented Young’s modulus and ductility of (CuxNi1−x)3Sn, achieved by Ni alloying. But higher Ni content beyond the thermodynamically stable domain of (CuxNi1−x)3Sn will deteriorate the interfacial mechanical properties by mechanical or
Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27
- ]; (ii) freeze–thaw cycles, that is, cell disruption via narrow pores (enhanced at low temperatures) [55]; (iii) mechanical shearing, that is, cell disruption via narrow pores (enhanced at low temperatures) [56]; and (iv) osmotic pressure, that is, hypotonic solutions are used to induce swelling and
Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26
- zeolites, unlike synthetic analogues, do not require expensive chemical raw materials and energy-intensive stages of hydrothermal synthesis. The main costs of their exploitation are associated with extraction and mechanical processing, which significantly reduces the cost of the final product. At the same
Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25
- : cell–material interactions; Fenton oxidation; hemocompatibility; nanocoatings; polycatechols; Introduction Stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) is an iron-based alloy containing chromium and molybdenum, which promote passivation and corrosion resistance [1]. Owing to its mechanical robustness
- with native cells promotes their integration and mitigates inflammatory processes, the coatings on long-term metallic implants must fulfil some essential requirements. Such coatings must (i) provide corrosion protection, (ii) maintain mechanical integrity, (iii) support cell–material interactions, and
Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23
- supporting substrate, showing high flexibility, light weight, and mechanical robustness. We tested our synthesized CNSs as active material for the production of antennas working in the radio frequency (RF) range to determine whether CNT sponges present, in addition to practical advantages over CNT films
- cellular networks (4G/5G) for mobile and satellite communication. This vast number of applications often requires that the active materials possess additional properties beyond good electrical conductivity, such as flexibility, lightness, and resistance to thermal and mechanical stress or chemically harsh
- porosity, low weight, good mechanical response, and good conductivity [25]. The properties of CNSs have been exploited in many different applications that include mechanical transducers [26], water filtration [27], and others [28]. In this paper, we tested our synthesized CNSs as active material for the
Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22
- of the target material components, which remains active for 20 to 200 ps [19][20]. The plasma expands rapidly, generating a mechanical shockwave in both the target and the liquid, with pressures at the laser’s focal spot reaching tens of gigapascals, but strongly depending on the specific laser
- liquid due to multiphoton ionisation leads to the formation of a hot plasma with temperatures reaching 104 K. Subsequently, plasma recombination begins, and the high-temperature plasma is replaced by vaporised fluid, leading to the creation of microbubbles and mechanical effects such as shock wave
Calculation of the dynamic stiffness of a cantilever under torsional oscillation
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 303–308, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.21
- : atomic force microscopy; dynamic stiffness; energy dissipation; friction; torsional oscillation mode; Introduction Friction serves as a fundamental mechanism of energy dissipation [1]. While friction typically arises from direct mechanical contact between surfaces, energy dissipation can also occur even
Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19
- minimum feature size. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-functionalized AFM tips have been explored for LAO [49][60][61] because their high aspect ratio and good conductivity can, in principle, enable sharper and more controlled oxidation. However, their practical performance is limited by mechanical fragility and
- surfaces), and environmental factors, such as humidity, which can impact reproducibility. LAO-grown oxide is less dense than thermally grown oxide, and mechanical stress between the substrate and oxide layer may lead to defects. In addition, the insulating nature of SiO2 limits its versatility compared to
- material is crucial for achieving high image and pattern resolution during LAO. A suitable tip must meet three key criteria: (i) high electrical conductivity, (ii) strong mechanical stability (durability), and (iii) an optimal geometry characterized by a sharp apex and appropriate cone angle. Traditional
Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18
- atom % are evaluated regarding their antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), as well as regarding their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy confirms the uniform distribution and successful
- impregnated textile samples were studied against S. aureus and E. coli, and their physicochemical and mechanical properties are discussed. The obtained results suggest that the synthesized materials can be applied as an effective alternative to inhibit and reduce the spread of different types of viruses and
- between two rolling pins using a rolling machine (Marcato, Padova, Italy). Afterwards, the functionalized fabrics underwent a drying process at 90 °C for 10 min; finally, the samples were cured at 120 °C for 3 min. Both stages were carried out in a mechanical convection oven (no. MMTUF110X2, Memmert GmbH
Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16
- biomechanics and water management. Keywords: 3D models; delignification; tracheid; wood; X-ray nanotomography; Introduction Wood fibers in hardwood and tracheids in softwood play a crucial role in the structure and function of vascular plants, particularly in water conduction and mechanical support [1][2
- (S1 and S2) and a tertiary wall (T) strongly supplemented by lignin. Apart from the middle lamella (ML) and the primary wall (P), the S2 layer being the thickest of the three main layers (S1, S2, and T), is the most important for mechanical support [1][10][11]. Lignin is present in all layers of the
- insights for applications in computer modelling of mechanical properties of fibers and tracheids and for development of novel bio-inspired materials for the industry. Material and Methods Wood samples Wood samples of five different species were used in this study, namely, spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst
Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14
- nanostructures play a crucial role in shaping the physical and functional properties of living organisms. They are the basis of key biological phenomena, such as coloration, adhesion, and mechanical stability, and influence the way how organisms interact with light, fluids, and forces at different scales. The
- hierarchical structures aids in understanding the principles of biological design and inspires advances in biomimetics, mechanical engineering, and materials science. Biomimetics seeks to obtain knowledge on how these structural and material property adaptations affect surface performance and to draw
- ] provided insights into biological plant materials combining experiments with simulations that provide inspiration for biomimetic actuators. For animals, Jain et al. [20] applied a multiscale computational model to gain detailed insights into the molecular and mechanical behavior of gecko setae during
Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12
- improved mechanical properties. Figure 3B shows the IR spectra of PAZO samples before and after thermal treatment. There are no drastic changes in the band positions, but some changes in the band intensities are observed. Variation of the band intensities with temperature increase for absorption bands
- undergo reversible E–Z isomerization upon exposure to light with different wavelengths. This E–Z isomerization of the azobenzene units leads to significant changes in the conformation, supramolecular structure, and bulk properties of the polymer such as optical anisotropy, solubility, and mechanical
Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11
- for rapid adjustments to nanomaterial formulations or processing parameters in response to emerging safety or efficacy concerns. By simulating how nanomaterials behave across varying operational scenarios – incorporating factors like temperature, pH, or mechanical stress – digital twins will
Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6
- Giuseppe Cesare Lama Marino Lavorgna Letizia Verdolotti Federica Recupido Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore Bharat Bhushan Institute for Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Council of Research (IPCB-CNR), P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy Dept of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The
- , such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or mechanical abrasion, offering a promising, green innovation for conserving indoor historical iron objects by a targeted removal of both corrosion and old coatings [16]. Although the identification of the impairment and its restoration play crucial roles
- , acknowledging the conservative merits of amurca, obtained from wastes of olive oil production, that keeps bronze surfaces shinier and free from rust. Moreover, Pliny himself endorsed bitumen for being highly useful for bronze protection against fire, and mechanical and corrosion threats. Other examples of the
Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1
- NPs and significantly enhancing their interfacial adhesion. Their mechanical stability was tested utilizing scanning probe microscopy nanomanipulation [12]. Another approach tested for SiO2 NPs was functionalizing their surfaces for improved adhesion on epoxy film-covered substrate surfaces [13]. In
- reliable measure for adhesion forces, the mechanical work required to manipulate NPs was calculated by determining the area covered by the measured lateral force versus distance curves. The suggested approach provides insight into the complex interplay between the NP landing conditions and resulting
- energy, NP surface termination, relative orientation of the NP upon landing, and mechanical properties of NP and substrate [46][47]. However, a very decisive parameter is the impact velocity, which can be controlled by the substrate bias voltage applied during deposition. A higher bias voltage results in
Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159
- currently developing an alternative approach based on color CMOS detection, which retrieves the spectral intensity from a single RGB image and eliminates the need for mechanical filter switching. This strategy, though beyond the scope of the present work, is expected to enable true real-time 3D
Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156
- manufacturing [27], and mechanical photoresponsiveness [21] on the morphology, and the potential to correlate with confidence between morphology and these and other properties. Results and Discussion Confocal imaging ZnPc@Gel The attempts at using CLSM to image the hydrogels containing ZnPc met with significant
- , the resulting micrographs largely depicted aggregated domains or regions of mechanical disruption (Figure 2A–D), where the gel network had broken during sample compression between glass slides or where air bubbles were trapped (Figure 2A). In comparatively intact regions of the gels, fibrillar
- only necessitated the application of high excitation powers but also required physical compression of the gel sample to reduce path length and thus improve the signal-to-noise ratio. However, this approach introduced the evident result of mechanical artefacts, such as gel network disruption or the
Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155
- ⟨…⟩ denoting the quantum mechanical averaging. The Equations Equation 6 are solved numerically through a self-consistent iteration process that produces the eigenvectors u and v. These eigenvectors are then used to calculate updated values of the order parameter and Hartree potential, and the process is
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