Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh Amalina Muhammad Afifi Fathiah Mohamed Zuki Hanna Sofia SalehHudin Forest Products Department, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109, Kepong, Malaysia Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

• Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 10.3762/bjnano.16.22 Abstract This review examines strategies to enhance the mechanical properties of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospun nanofibers, recognized for their biomedical and

• industrial applications. It begins by outlining the fundamental properties of chitosan and PVA, highlighting their compatibility and mechanical characteristics. The electrospinning process is discussed, focusing on how various parameters and post-treatment methods influence fiber formation and performance

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• antibiotics, several physical, biological, and chemical methods have been applied [13][18][19]. Various physical wastewater treatment techniques are based on mechanical separation to reduce contaminant levels by relocating rather than degrading antibiotics [7][8][20]. Biological approaches, such as the

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• (i.e., oxidation) of their surface, CNs with optimal hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties and increased dispersibility can be obtained as preconditions for biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. Also, improved electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties as preconditions for (photo)thermal and

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• collapse of these VNBs transform thermal energy into mechanical forces, such as jets and acoustic shock waves, enabling cellular or tissue treatment with minimal thermal damage. Currently, VNBs are being explored for applications in cancer cell eradication [51], harmful protein aggregate degradation [52

• photothermal conversion of iron oxide minimizes the necessary laser energy. The mechanical force generated by laser-induced VNBs enables the selective destruction of single corneal cells. The PLA films aid in precisely positioning the photothermal therapy, restrain the dispersion of iron oxide nanoclusters

• therapeutic effects in humans [213]. The safety profile of photothermal nanomaterials is influenced by various factors, including their morphology, structure, concentration, photothermal stability, mechanical strength, and surface chemistry [214]. Enhancements in biocompatibility and stability can be achieved

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• -molecule force spectroscopy using optical tweezers (OT) on DNA complexes formed with the three rare earths at various concentrations. The mechanical properties of these complexes were then determined as a function of the element concentration. From these data, the physical chemistry of the interaction was

• the two main mechanical parameters in the entropic regime, that is, the contour and persistence lengths of the DNA molecule. To guarantee the accuracy of the results, the chosen DNA is stretched using only low forces (<5 pN); this type of measurement is repeated six times, obtaining the average values

• of the mechanical parameters and their error bars (standard error of the mean) [21]. After this characterization, the chosen rare earth is introduced in the sample chamber at the desired concentration, and the procedure described above is repeated using the same DNA molecule, thus obtaining the

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• membranes exhibit superior thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability compared to organic membranes [72][73][74]. However, inorganic membranes tend to be brittle, which can lead to crack formation in the finalized membrane, thereby reducing their selective properties. While organic membranes typically

• possess greater mechanical strength, they are more prone to deformation under mechanical stress [75][76]. Membranes used for gas separation must have sufficient mechanical strength to resist plastic deformation under high gas pressures [77]. Although inorganic membranes appear more advantageous for gas

• symmetric membranes, the MMM spans the entire sheet, which imposes mechanical instability for sheets thinner than 50 µm and limits gas flux through the membrane [87]. Asymmetric membranes feature a thin MMM layer supported by a porous polymer layer that provides mechanical stability and high gas flux better

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• in a mechanical mixture of TiO2 with microporous zeolite, but higher than for composites obtained by a liquid impregnation method [40]. Thermogravimetric (TG) profiles of the studied samples together with the derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves are shown in Figure 6. As can be seen, mass loss

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• disciplines, leading to the development of materials with unprecedented properties. Among these materials, carbon nanocomposites have gathered significant attention because of their exceptional electrical, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. These nanocomposites typically consist of carbon-based

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• -to-volume ratio, and magnetic, electrical, optical, antimicrobial and hardness properties give NPs distinct mechanical, thermal, and catalytic properties. As a result, nanotechnology has widespread applications across diverse domains and opened up new possibilities for innovation [1][2]. Particles

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• mechanical oscillation of the piezoelectric membrane with highest resolution in real time. In addition to the measurement of surface potentials or photovoltages, Navarro-Rodriguez et al. investigate the dynamics of surface charges and how they couple to the detection system [9]. They describe in detail how

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• 60° with the identical positioning. The background pressure was 4 × 10−7 mbar and rose to 5 × 10−7 mbar for Cr(C6H6)2 and 6 × 10−6 mbar for Me3CpPtMe during deposition at room temperature. To prevent any mechanical or beam drift, a waiting time of 10 min was introduced right before the start of the

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• ], and textiles [11][12][13][14][15][16] as it does not offer the hydroxy moieties used previously for direct surface polymerization. It is therefore important to carefully test the stability and attachment of any SNFs growing on steel surfaces. Mechanical scratching of the coated steel surface will

• pressure is quickly released after 24 hours at 100 °C and 100 bar. The pressure is reduced to 50 bar over a period of five minutes and afterwards the pressure is reduced to ambient pressure over a period of ten minutes. Any blisters or cracks in the coating indicate delamination or mechanical failure. As

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• separation of some components from the surface of bio-NPs, probably due to the mechanical action of sucrose particles and clusters on the surface of bio-NPs. It is also possible to suppose chemical interactions of sucrose molecules with surface molecules of bio-NPs. However, we do not have factual data for

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• cellular membranes and carriers is coextrusion through polyester or polycarbonate membranes with various pore sizes [51][52]. In this method, mechanical extrusion forces the nanocarriers into the membrane vesicles. This approach yields product uniformity and preserves membrane protein layers, though it

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• reformation, which may cause the mechanical collapse of the spatial structure. Frictional properties One of the important features of hydrogels [83][84][85][86][87] is their ability to decrease friction in contact. The frictional properties of hydrogels depend on their chemical composition [26][27][88][89

• ). Basil mucilage comprises thick cellulose fibrils [7]. Cellulose in the form of CNFs is very often used as an additive in the production of, for example, paper and biofilms [41][147][148] because CFNs have many unique properties, such as high mechanical strength (higher than that of steel and alloys, <2

• GPa) [149]. Therefore, it was assumed that cellulose fibrils are responsible for the strong mechanical resistance of the mucilage. Another important physical factor strongly influencing the attachment of mucilaginous seeds to the substrate is the temperature. LoPresti et al. [37] stated that mucilage

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• that MNPs larger than 200 nm are captured by the spleen through mechanical filtration, while MNPs smaller than 10 nm can be eliminated via renal clearance. Therefore, the 10–100 nm range is considered optimal for administration in specific applications [29]. The biodistribution patterns of these

• wash and sterilization in 1% calcium hypochlorite solution (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany), plants were dried to 10% moisture level and ground in a mechanical homogenizer to obtain a homogeneous powder. The method for obtaining T. polium extracts is similar to the extraction method of Ocimum araratum

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• relationship (QSPR/QSFR) modelling, read-across, and deep learning models. Mikolajczyk et al. [16] implemented a consensus nano-QSPR scheme for the prediction of the ZP of metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) based on the size and a quantum mechanical descriptor encoding the energy of the highest occupied molecular

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• performance of materials before they are synthesized [1][2][3]. This approach enables the discovery of materials with, for example, improved mechanical strength, enhanced thermal conductivity, superior electrical properties, or other tailored characteristics. Simulations provide crucial insights at different

• time and length scales, from atomic and molecular-level interactions to the macroscale, that govern the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties of materials [4][5]. More recently, data-driven approaches, such as machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI), are revolutionizing

• mathematical or computational description of the behavior of materials, capturing physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Data-driven approaches leverage large datasets, including experimental measurements, to extract patterns, correlations, and trends in materials behavior. By combining both model

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• atoms. These defects can significantly alter the structural, mechanical, and electronic properties of materials. This prompts the questions: How do radiation-induced defects influence first-order phase transformations in nanoscale systems? Can radiation-induced defects initiate polymorphic transitions

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.15.116 Abstract High mechanical strength, excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, and tunable properties make two-dimensional (2D) materials attractive for various

• unchanged under the influence of mechanical strain, preserving its initial characteristic of having a direct bandgap. This behavior offers opportunities for these materials in various vital applications in photodetectors, solar cells, LEDs, pressure and strain sensors, energy storage, and quantum computing

• . The mechanical strain tolerance of pristine and fully hydrogenated ψ-graphene is observed to be −17% to +17%, while for ψ-graphone, it lies within the strain span of −16% to +16%. Keywords: 2D materials; defects; DFT; graphene; ψ-graphene; strain; Introduction Graphene is the best-known zero-bandgap

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• drug reach the brain. Recent literature highlights SLNs, NLCs, liposomes, polymeric NPs, and emulsions. While lipid-based NPs are favorable because of their lipophilicity and biocompatibility, polymeric NPs offer greater control over drug release, stability, and mechanical properties [123]. Furthermore

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• photoelectric detection. Experimental Device fabrication The 2D materials, WSe2 and graphene, were obtained from high-quality bulk crystals using the mechanical exfoliation method. The monolayer WSe2 nanoflakes were exfoliated onto a transparent polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film, selected based on optical

• microscopy (SPCM) with a 780 nm fiber laser (NPI Rainbow 780 OEM) mechanical chopped at 1050 Hz. The laser was focused near the diffraction limit on the samples by an objective (Olympus LMPLFLN 50×). The photocurrent was collected by a lock-in amplifier (Stanford SR830) with a background noise of

• time and carrier dynamics. The TRPC setup involves two separate beams of 780 nm ultrashort laser pulses with 80 fs pulse width. Both laser beams were focused on the same point on the samples. The probe beam is chopped by a mechanical chopper at 1050 Hz. The delay time between the two beams is precisely

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• of some species reduce friction and wear, inspiring the development of low-friction materials and coatings. By mimicking these natural textures, it is possible to create synthetic materials that exhibit similar friction-reducing properties, leading to significant advancements in mechanical efficiency

• modulus [61]. Understanding the mechanical properties and composition of leafcutter ant mandibles could offer valuable insights into biomimetic design principles, potentially inspiring the development of innovative tools and instruments with enhanced performance and adaptability for various applications

• for detecting chemical, mechanical, and hygrothermal/CO2 cues in the environment, overall known with the term sensilla (Figure 4). Hymenoptera sensilla encompass different morphologies and sizes, which also vary in number both among species and between sexes [54][55]. Such great variability is often

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

• Bartosz Pruchnik,
• Krzysztof Kwoka,
• Ewelina Gacka,
• Dominik Badura,
• Piotr Kunicki,
• Andrzej Sierakowski,
• Paweł Janus,
• Tomasz Piasecki and
• Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

• actuation mechanism. This opens the possibility to perform both electrical and mechanical measurements of nanostructures, in particular, free-standing nanostructures, which are the most interesting for their mechanical and electrical properties combined in nanoscale phenomena [28][29][30]. The requirements

• FEBID nanostructures. We describe the basic parameters of the opMEMS bridge as a mechanical resonator. We show how the actuation can be used to control displacements with picometre resolution. We present how the intrinsic strain can be described by appropriate modelling and controlled through

• the gallium FIB to mill a 200 nm wide slit (Figure 2c). As a side-effect, gallium was implanted along the edge of the RoI slit, so to prevent the leakage current; additional openings were formed using the DRIE process to create a non-conductive edge of the slit (Figure 3b). Mechanical characterization

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• and, therefore, mechanical properties [28]. The interdigitated cuticular laminar expansions overlapping at different heights constitute a very flexible surface because of their high resilin content, which enables them to gently press against the antennal surface to be cleaned, thereby squeezing the