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Search for "relaxation" in Full Text gives 366 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al2O3(0001) for use as an adsorbent

  • Shiro Entani,
  • Mitsunori Honda,
  • Masaru Takizawa and
  • Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

Graphical Abstract
  • the relaxation of the interfacial strains and the disappearance of wrinkles as seen in Figure 1b. Figure 3b shows the C K-edge NEXAFS spectra of SLG and SLGO. Two peaks P1 and P2 are observed at 285.4 eV and 287.5 eV. These peaks are assigned to the C 1s to π*(C=C) and to σ*(C–H) transitions
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Published 10 Jul 2025

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

  • Maximilian Spellauge,
  • David Redka,
  • Mianzhen Mo,
  • Changyong Song,
  • Heinz Paul Huber and
  • Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Graphical Abstract
  • many fields, such as heterogeneous catalysis [2][3], (bio)photonics [4], and coating or device fabrication [5]. In a bottom-up approach the products of the laser-based synthesis are not defined by direct spatial control, but by harnessing the energetic and structural relaxation pathways of fundamental
  • early-time structural relaxation and chemical bond dynamics in laser-induced ionization of liquid water. In the third chapter “Nanoparticle excitation in an ensemble and energy exchange with medium”, an approach is shown on how reactions of both the excited NPs as well as the interaction with the
  • surrounding liquid can be resolved in one experiment. And finally, a fourth chapter provides a state-of-the-art overview on the subject “Large-scale optical probing of laser ablation dynamics in liquids”. Here, the relaxation dynamics of a few tens of square micrometer large laser-excited surface, as used in
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Published 02 Jul 2025

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

  • Eric Lieberwirth,
  • Anja Schaeper,
  • Regina Lange,
  • Ingo Barke,
  • Simone Baltrusch and
  • Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

Graphical Abstract
  • . This movement is likely driven by residual direct interaction forces or indirect hydrodynamic forces induced by the pipette’s hopping motion. Such tilting and subsequent relaxation can occur only during the pipette’s approach to or retraction from the mitochondrion. Additionally, the steep slope of the
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Published 30 Jun 2025

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

  • Olga V. Sedelnikova,
  • Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
  • Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
  • Yuri N. Palyanov,
  • Elena V. Shlyakhova,
  • Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
  • Anna A. Makarova,
  • Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
  • Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

Graphical Abstract
  • sp3 hybridization is a metastable material. A significant activation barrier hampers its relaxation into sp2 graphitic carbon, and this transformation occurs during vacuum heating in the temperature range of 1500–1800 °C [9]. According to molecular dynamics simulations, graphitization of nonterminated
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Published 12 Jun 2025

Ar+ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

  • Manu Bura,
  • Divya Gupta,
  • Arun Kumar and
  • Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

Graphical Abstract
  • surface relaxation process, which leads to the smoothening of the surface and is also mentioned as negative surface tension by others [32][33]. This process causes the breaking of larger structures into smaller ones. Thus, one can tune the surface morphology of films using an inert ion beam through a
  • fluences, the density of electronic excitation increases, and covalent bonds in the lattice are weakened. This leads to relaxation, which causes surface smoothening. The stoichiometry of pristine and implanted samples evaluated using EDS analysis are shown in Table 6. Because of the native oxide layer on
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Published 11 Jun 2025

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

  • Sabina Lewińska,
  • Pavlo Aleshkevych,
  • Roman Minikayev,
  • Anna Bajorek,
  • Mateusz Dulski,
  • Krystian Prusik,
  • Tomasz Wojciechowski and
  • Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

Graphical Abstract
  • relaxation processes observed for ferric carboxymaltose are also reported [9]. Conversely, ferrous gluconate, according to [10], exhibit paramagnetic behavior, and the possibility of a short-range magnetic order at low temperatures is only suggested, which means that the iron ions are sufficiently well
  • the gathered data plotted as lnτ(ΤΜΑΧ−1) dependence, the below relaxation model was fitted [32]: where τ = f−1, kB is the Boltzmann constant, τ0 is the characteristic relaxation time, and EA is the activation energy of a nanoparticle. The fit gave the value τ0 ≈ 6.8 × 10−12 s, which is in the
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Published 02 Jun 2025

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

  • Tina Friedenauer,
  • Maximilian Spellauge,
  • Alexander Sommereyns,
  • Verena Labenski,
  • Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
  • Christoph Rehbock,
  • Heinz P. Huber and
  • Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

Graphical Abstract
  • inorganic IrO2 [14] based on shock wave formation caused by stress confinement. The conditions for stress confinement are fulfilled if the pulse duration is shorter than the acoustic relaxation time and thus a maximum pressure increase occurs in the particle. For curcumin and CBD, this is the case with a
  • pulse duration of 10 ps (as the acoustic relaxation time is higher, tac, 1 µm ≥ 500 ps, Equations S11 and S12, Supporting Information File 1). Depending on the optical penetration depth, the particle size influences whether homogeneous or inhomogeneous heating takes place. The heated volume leads to the
  • , and (II) differences in the MP dissociation pathways, which may hinder the formation of the desired SMPs and NPs when educt particles are too large. For both MP material systems we confirmed, based on the calculation of the acoustic relaxation time, that the stress confinement condition for the use of
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Published 26 May 2025

N2+-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

  • Usha Rani,
  • Kafi Devi,
  • Divya Gupta and
  • Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

Graphical Abstract
  • microstructure and the interplay of intrinsic and extrinsic stress mechanisms. Figure 4 shows that the tensile stress in as-deposited Mo thin films decreases from 1.25 to 0.31 GPa as the film thickness increases from 150 to 300 nm, attributed to the relaxation of intrinsic stress induced during deposition. At
  • volume, enhancing the cumulative distortion effects inside the films. Furthermore, nitrogen implantation improves densification and modifies the crystal structure. Nitrogen ions serve as a barrier in boundary relaxation and grain growth, hence increasing the stress. The divergent behavior illustrates the
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Published 01 Apr 2025

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

  • Valerii P. Lenkov,
  • Anastasia N. Maksimova,
  • Anna N. Moroz and
  • Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

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  • the measurements. The vortex system was studied by measuring the magnetization of the sample. The relaxation rate of the magnetization caused by the process of thermally activated creep of the magnetic flux was also measured. In this case, the phenomenon of collective creep of vortex bundles was
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Published 13 Mar 2025

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

  • Kafi Devi,
  • Usha Rani,
  • Arun Kumar,
  • Divya Gupta and
  • Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

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  • . The photoluminescence occurs when a material absorbs energy higher than its bandgap. In a semiconductor, this leads to the creation of a large number of electrons and holes in comparison to their equilibrium concentration. These generated charge carriers recombine after thermal relaxation, and photons
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Published 05 Mar 2025

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

  • Jiayuan Zhuang,
  • Linhui Jia,
  • Chenghao Li,
  • Rui Yang,
  • Jiapeng Wang,
  • Wen-an Wang,
  • Heng Zhou and
  • Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

Graphical Abstract
  • via non-radiative relaxation, resulting in localized lattice heating [76][77]. Therefore, semiconductors with narrow bandgaps typically show broad absorption spectra and high efficiency in photon trapping. In contrast, wide-bandgap semiconductors have a more limited range of light absorption and less
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Published 17 Feb 2025

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

  • Victoria Y. Safonova,
  • Anna V. Gordeeva,
  • Anton V. Blagodatkin,
  • Dmitry A. Pimanov,
  • Anton A. Yablokov and
  • Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

Graphical Abstract
  • time, and their temperature is determined. The applicability of this model is limited by the fact that it does not consider possible inhomogeneities of the film properties and its heating, and the relaxation process is considered as an equilibrium one. We will use the expressions given in [19] to
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Published 06 Nov 2024

New design of operational MEMS bridges for measurements of properties of FEBID-based nanostructures

  • Bartosz Pruchnik,
  • Krzysztof Kwoka,
  • Ewelina Gacka,
  • Dominik Badura,
  • Piotr Kunicki,
  • Andrzej Sierakowski,
  • Paweł Janus,
  • Tomasz Piasecki and
  • Teodor Gotszalk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1273–1282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.103

Graphical Abstract
  • in the RoI [51][52]. Precise distance control is also a promising mechanism for gate control in single-electron devices [53]. The RoI distance resulted as an effect of eigenstrain relaxation in the newly formed structure, similar to the eigenstrain evaluation technique described in [54]. At this
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Published 23 Oct 2024

Can neutral clusters: a two-step G0W0 and DFT benchmark

  • Sunila Bakhsh,
  • Sameen Aslam,
  • Muhammad Khalid,
  • Muhammad Sohail,
  • Sundas Zafar,
  • Sumayya Abdul Wadood,
  • Kareem Morsy and
  • Muhammad Aamir Iqbal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1010–1016, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.82

Graphical Abstract
  • cluster for the size range of 2–20 in comparison with reported data which is calculated from Equation 1: Here, Etot is the total energy of the cluster after the relaxation step, n is the cluster size, and Eatom represents the free atom energy. The experimental studies of calcium dimers showed that the
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Published 08 Aug 2024

Synthesis of silver–palladium Janus nanoparticles using co-sputtering of independent sources: experimental and theorical study

  • Maria J. Martínez-Carreón,
  • Francisco Solís-Pomar,
  • Abel Fundora,
  • Claudio D. Gutiérrez-Lazos,
  • Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
  • Hector N. Fernández-Escamilla,
  • Jonathan Guerrero-Sánchez,
  • Manuel F. Meléndrez and
  • Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 808–816, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.67

Graphical Abstract
  • inversion symmetry to save computational resources. The central unit cell is fixed to retain a bulk-like behavior. The remaining atoms are free to move without any constraints. After relaxation, the calculated (111) interplanar distances in the bulk and at the surface are, respectively, 2.37 and 2.39 Å for
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Published 04 Jul 2024

Exploring surface charge dynamics: implications for AFM height measurements in 2D materials

  • Mario Navarro-Rodriguez,
  • Andres M. Somoza and
  • Elisa Palacios-Lidon

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 767–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.64

Graphical Abstract
  • conductivity is calculated as σs = σ∥a, with a ≈ 1 nm, the thickness of the flake. We also consider ε1 = ε0 and This yields relaxation times that span many orders of magnitude, from tens of milliseconds to few femtoseconds (τGO ≈ 40 ms and τrGO ≈ 4 fs). Comparing these with typical acquisition times for a
  • height measurements in AM-AFM mode, the presence of an oscillating surface charge introduces additional dynamic effects typically overlooked, which, under certain conditions, should be considered when calculating the tip–sample interaction. Also, we have identified a relaxation time required to reach the
  • stationary or periodic state for a static or oscillating tip, respectively. This relaxation time is crucial to the overall charge dynamics and depends on the material’s in-plane conductivity and on the measurement parameters. When this relaxation time is comparable to, or even significantly exceeds, the
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Published 01 Jul 2024

Effect of repeating hydrothermal growth processes and rapid thermal annealing on CuO thin film properties

  • Monika Ozga,
  • Eunika Zielony,
  • Aleksandra Wierzbicka,
  • Anna Wolska,
  • Marcin Klepka,
  • Marek Godlewski,
  • Bogdan J. Kowalski and
  • Bartłomiej S. Witkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 743–754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.62

Graphical Abstract
  • properties of these layers and to attain the desired parameters in the final product. Controlled thermal treatment serves various purposes, such as enabling crystal structure relaxation, defect reduction, and enhancement of the films’ crystalline arrangement. Furthermore, it can lead to improved electrical
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Published 24 Jun 2024

Exfoliation of titanium nitride using a non-thermal plasma process

  • Priscila Jussiane Zambiazi,
  • Dolores Ribeiro Ricci Lazar,
  • Larissa Otubo,
  • Rodrigo Fernando Brambilla de Souza,
  • Almir Oliveira Neto and
  • Cecilia Chaves Guedes-Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 631–637, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.53

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  • is an indication of no carbon contamination, which would be observed around 1300–1400 cm−1 and 1550–1600 cm−1 [26]. The relaxation in the vibrational modes, as evidenced by the Raman spectra, serves as a compelling indicator of the successful exfoliation. It is in good agreement with XRD and TEM
  • -thermal plasma exfoliation process starting from micrometer-sized TiN powder. The resulting product exhibited a plate-like thin film morphology with an enlarged d-spacing of the (200) crystallographic planes and a relaxation of the Raman vibrational modes. While the cubic structure and chemical
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Published 31 May 2024

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

  • Yanyan Wen,
  • Ningning Song,
  • Yueyou Peng,
  • Weiwei Wu,
  • Qixiong Lin,
  • Minjie Cui,
  • Rongrong Li,
  • Qiufeng Yu,
  • Sixue Wu,
  • Yongkang Liang,
  • Wei Tian and
  • Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

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  • superparamagnetic, and their magnetic saturation (Ms) reached 30.6 emu·g−1 and 20.7 emu·g−1, respectively. Compared with the Ms of Fe3O4 NCs, the Ms of CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs significantly decreased, which indicated the successful introduction of the nonmagnetic CUR layer and MnO2. Relaxation rate measurements CUR-Fe@MnO2
  • NFs can affect T1/T2 MRI contrast. After incubation with different concentrations of CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs in a simulated TME for 24 h, the T1 value decreased in response to Mn2+ release, and the T2 value decreased in response to Fe3O4 (Figure 3a). The longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates of the NFs
  • Clara, USA). The magnetic properties were evaluated on a Quantum Design PPMS-9T vibrating magnetometer at 300 K in a magnetic field from −3.0 T to 3.0 T (PPMS-9T, Quantum Design, San Diego, USA). Longitudinal (T1) and transversal (T2) relaxation times were measured on a 3.0 T MR scanner (MAGNETOM Skyra
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Published 22 May 2024

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

  • Elyad Damerchi,
  • Sven Oras,
  • Edgars Butanovs,
  • Allar Liivlaid,
  • Mikk Antsov,
  • Boris Polyakov,
  • Annamarija Trausa,
  • Veronika Zadin,
  • Andreas Kyritsakis,
  • Loïc Vidal,
  • Karine Mougin,
  • Siim Pikker and
  • Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

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  • defects in the middle of the suspended part. This effect should be even more pronounced if we assume that a NW is deformed and stressed only in the early stage of the hot phase followed by a gradual relaxation of the NW by the means of heat-enhanced rearrangement of Ag atoms at the contact with the
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Published 22 Apr 2024

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

  • Sandeep Kumar,
  • Simone Dehm and
  • Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

Graphical Abstract
  • strain for such films does not exist. However, it depicts how the stress drops because of strain relaxation in such films. Since resistance is directly proportional to strain in the tunneling + destruction model, one can think that the resistance of such films would also drop. Based on strain relaxations
  • resistance vs strain curve at smaller strain and the plateau region are similar (Figure 2b), indicating a similar piezoresistance mechanism in both strain regions. This can be understood by strain relaxation occurring at GBs by crack formation and bond movement, as well as reformation and changes in the
  • likely due to cracks already formed in the first cycle. Another process that might be considered for strain relaxation is grain rotation as shown in Figure 4. The rotation of grains during the straining of metal films has been studied extensively [40][41]. The effect is prominent for metal films with
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Published 08 Apr 2024

Investigating structural and electronic properties of neutral zinc clusters: a G0W0 and G0W0Г0(1) benchmark

  • Sunila Bakhsh,
  • Muhammad Khalid,
  • Sameen Aslam,
  • Muhammad Sohail,
  • Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,
  • Mujtaba Ikram and
  • Kareem Morsy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 310–316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.28

Graphical Abstract
  • the previously available experimental and theoretical data to validate our work. Results and Discussion In this section, we will present the results of the structural relaxation, stability, and electronic properties of neutral Zn clusters. The predictions of the various geometrical structures are
  • the binding energy per atom of each cluster isomer, which can be defined as: where Etot is the total energy of the cluster after relaxation, n is the size of the cluster, and Eatom is the energy of a free atom. Here, we have also employed spin-polarized calculations to obtain the binding energies of
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Published 15 Mar 2024

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

  • Shangbi Chen,
  • Dewen Liu,
  • Weiwei Chen,
  • Huajiang Chen,
  • Jiawei Li and
  • Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

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  • remarkable stability and favorable recoverability. Figure 2d illustrates the response time of the helical sensor when subjected to a quasi-transient step strain of 10%. Notably, the response time was approximately 158 ms, while the relaxation time was approximately 243 ms, indicating a strong response to
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Published 01 Mar 2024

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

  • Le Thi Le,
  • Hue Thi Nguyen,
  • Liem Thanh Nguyen,
  • Huy Quang Tran and
  • Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

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  • higher than the polymer relaxation [43]. Based on the R2 values shown in Table 1, the release data of the BBR NPs/PLA nanofiber scaffold was simultaneously well described by the Higuchi and Ritger–Peppas models, suggesting that BBR NPs release was mainly controlled by a diffusion mechanism. However, the
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Published 12 Jan 2024

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

  • Joshua Williams,
  • Michael I. Faley,
  • Joseph Vimal Vas,
  • Peng-Han Lu and
  • Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

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  • external magnetic field applied using the objective lens was first studied using Lorentz TEM. The initial magnetic configuration of the Py nanodisks after relaxation is shown in Figure 13c. In order to ascertain the coercive field of the sample, we applied the external field until the contrast was no
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Published 02 Jan 2024
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