Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• -octanol and 1-nonanol provided the highest phase selectivity, showing either a maximum (for copper) or minimum (for iron) amount of metal nanoparticles in the phases. However, the system seems not to be in full equilibrium after the ablation process as repeated switching between the mono- and biphasic

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• inflammation and tissue damage in RA models [75]. Beyond cytokines, mRNA therapies have targeted macrophage-specific markers to induce phenotype switching. Polyethylenimine NPs grafted with mannose ligands have been used to deliver genes encoding CD163, a hallmark of M2 macrophages. This system successfully

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• switching through the electro-optic effect [28]. The LNOI enables low-loss waveguides, efficient photon pair sources, and fast low-voltage switches for the successful implementation of quantum circuits [29]. There have been advancements in the successful realization of fabrication methods of LN integration

• lower input power levels. This, in turn, leads to lower switching thresholds, a critical requirement for efficient all-optical switching. The mode confinement observed in 1D photonic crystals significantly enhances nonlinear optical effects. Conversely, high-frequency modes concentrate in low-index

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• switching speed and low forward voltage [14]. In this study, CDs were synthesized in a single step by hydrothermal synthesis using Rheum Ribes, a natural material, for the first time, and diodes were fabricated using the new CDs. To our knowledge, studies on diodes with CDs obtained from natural materials

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• by numerous branched internal fibers [129]. Moreover, the pads in Hymenoptera exhibit self-cleaning capabilities [130]. The precise control of adhesive strength and contact area can inspire the development of new bioinspired surfaces that significantly reduce switching times between attachment and

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• study of analog resistive switching of Fe3O4-based cross-cell memristive devices [7][8][9][10]. Fe3O4 thin films can be grown by many processes, including molecular beam epitaxy, which is employed for depositing single crystal films, and pulsed laser deposition, which is utilized to achieve epitaxial

Beyond biomimicry – next generation applications of bioinspired adhesives from microfluidics to composites

• Dan Sameoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 965–976, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.79

• 2010 with the advent of the modern soft robotics field. Traditional stiffness-switching mechanisms include phase change materials [39], jamming actuators [40], electrorheological fluids [41], and antagonistic actuators [42], but vacuum jamming has been the most popular in academic literature [43

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• insulating interlayers. The main specific feature of these structures is the intentional oxidation of both superconductor/ferromagnet (S/F) interfaces. We study the variation of the critical temperature of our systems due to switching between parallel and antiparallel configurations of the magnetizations of

• full spin valve effect. A shift of the superconducting transition temperature Tc by switching the mutual orientation of the magnetizations of the two ferromagnetic Co layers from antiparallel to parallel amounted to ΔTc = 0.2 K at the optimal thickness of the superconducting Pb layer. Our findings

• . Several experimental works confirmed the predicted influence of the mutual orientation of the magnetization vectors of the F layers on Tc in the F1/S/F2 type of structures [4][5][6][23][24][25]. However, a full switching between the normal and the superconducting state was not achieved because in these

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• controlled sequence along the long axis of the nanowires. Both magnetic switching and excitation phenomena driven by spin-polarized currents were clearly demonstrated in our NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires. Moreover, the critical currents for switching and excitation were observed to be modulated in an

• and the abrupt change of (dV/dI)red indicate that the free layers remain single domains (so-called “macrospin approximation”) and are flipped uniformly during the switching by the current-induced STT [7][27]. By analyzing the dependence of the (dV/dI)red change on the direction of current sweep, the

• of STT-assisted resistance switching in multilayered nanowires, raw data before the background subtraction, a schematic diagram of the four-point measurements at low temperature, 2D color maps of (dV/dI)red over a larger current range and under upsweep of the magnetic field, the potential influence

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• deposit, and at a current of 245 pA (higher electron flux) the indent shape. This controllable switching between the hydrocarbons pinning and etching caused by increasing electron flux was explained using the continuum model. The model is based on the dissociation process of adsorbed molecules by

• deposited should be etched away with water. The parameters used in our experiments are even further from the switching point. Therefore, the protrusions in the middle of the line profiles, visible in Figure 3 for doses D3–D5, are unlikely due to the deposition of hydrocarbons. The nanostructurizing process

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• magnetization of the sample was first saturated out-of-plane by switching on the objective lens of the TEM and then allowing it to relax. To switch the magnetic configuration, a small objective-lens field was applied, which resulted in in-plane (Hip) and out-of-plane (Hoop) fields applied to the sample (Figure

Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Fatima Husainy,
• Dmitry Aldakov and
• Cyril Aumaître

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1068–1084, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.88

• consists in “switching” (during a selected time window of the spectroscopic sequence) the sideband generation to the standard AM-heterodyne KPFM scheme (i.e., ωac = ω1 – (ω0 + Δω0) instead of ωac = ω1 – (ω0 + Δω0) + nωmod when working with the 4n-th sidebands). In this configuration, the demodulated

• the surface) by switching the configuration of the setup to perform pump-probe KPFM measurements. We will merely remind that now, the SPV time-measurement proceeds by recording the KPFM compensation potential as a function of a time-delay between the optical pump and the probe. The probe is obtained

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• biological systems. Ceria has been considered a possible UV filter in sunscreens [2][42]. Oxygen defects in the crystal lattice of ceria can presumably be altered by UV irradiation causing a redox switching of the cerium atoms between Ce3+ and Ce4+. This could explain the observance of a blue shift of the

Current-induced mechanical torque in chiral molecular rotors

• Richard Korytár and
• Ferdinand Evers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 711–721, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.57

• velocity must be corrected due to energy transfer, which yields a term of the second order in μ. Switching in the SA The condition for switching is that the energy gain of the path, Equation 6, must overcome the potential barrier. In the limit of large velocities, the kinetic term (due to angular momentum

• boosts) dominates over the potential gain via angular boosts, and the condition becomes . For a single particle, the switching condition reads . Under a current, the velocity boosts can be added sequentially, and the condition becomes where we introduced the incident momentum current . The nominator of

• large impact velocities the switching due to angular momentum boosts overtakes and the threshold Im drops inversely proportional to . This regime is the familiar garden hose effect. To take a closer look at the mechanism of angular momentum boosts, we have plotted the threshold momentum current Ip for

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• ][35], efficient molecular identification [36][37][38], and device switching mechanisms based on nanoscale phenomena [39][40][41] have been revealed. The contribution of nanotechnology is not limited to the elucidation of such physical properties of materials. Nanotechnology has also contributed

A distributed active patch antenna model of a Josephson oscillator

• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 151–164, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.16

• causes a premature switching out of the resonance before reaching the resonant frequency. It is somewhat miraculous that the agreement with the perturbative solution (red line in Figure 2a) is so good. Apparently, it works remarkably well far beyond the range of its formal applicability, |gn| ≪ 1. A

Frontiers of nanoelectronics: intrinsic Josephson effect and prospects of superconducting spintronics

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko,
• Horst Hahn and
• Vladimir Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 79–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.9

• following novelties are presented in the contributed articles of this volume: - Novel promising spintronic elements and materials with controllable switching between stable parallel, orthogonal, and antiparallel arrangements of magnetic moments of the epitaxial PdFe films and PdFe/Ag/PdFe heterostructures

• frequency range, switching from the superconducting to the resistive state due to absorption of a 10 GHz external signal [19]. Achieving a large coherent gain of the receiver, up to a factor of three, of the emitted power from two simultaneously biased arrays of Josephson junctions compared to that of the

Observation of collective excitation of surface plasmon resonances in large Josephson junction arrays

• Roger Cattaneo,
• Mikhail A. Galin and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1578–1588, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.132

• between JJs and the long-range phase-locking of the arrays. Our main result is the observation of a gradual development of collective resonances upon sequential switching of JJs into the oscillating resistive state. We show that a threshold number of JJs, Nth ≈ 100, is required for excitation of the

• steps with small separation in voltage. The linear array, Figure 1d, exhibits several evenly spaced steps. The I–V characteristics are hysteretic, with the retrapping current being significantly smaller than the switching current. The hysteresis leads to a metastability, which allows for the observation

• frequency up to f ≈ 1 THz. Olive and pink curves in Figure 6d show the I–Vs with attenuated and full MW power, respectively. The detector operates as a Josephson switching current detector [15]. The incoming MW signal suppresses the switching current, Is, of the detector JJ. At high MW power, it is fully

Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• the effect of electronic switching to a highly conductive state can be observed (Figure 3f). Such a bi-stable switching is often used in practice to create non-volatile memory elements. Presented in Figure 3 I–V characteristics do not contradict the presented above model considerations. In this regard

• electric circuit; (f) demonstrates the switching phenomenon of the thin PDP film from insulating to metal state. Thickness of Pb electrodes is about 200 nm. Sandwich structure Pb–PDP–Pb–0.4-GLASS, thickness of polymer is about 350 nm, both Pb electrodes are ≈200 nm thick. (a) Resistance vs temperature R(T

A super-oscillatory step-zoom metalens for visible light

• Yi Zhou,
• Chao Yan,
• Peng Tian,
• Zhu Li,
• Yu He,
• Bin Fan,
• Zhiyong Wang,
• Yao Deng and
• Dongliang Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1220–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.101

• target rapidly within the field of view after switching to the super-oscillatory lens. Although dynamically tunable super-oscillatory lenses could be realized by utilizing phase-change materials [23], the problem of inflexibility still exists. Here, we propose a super-oscillatory step-zoom lens (SSL

• analyzed by electromagnetic simulations to verify the super-resolution focusing capability corresponding to two different focal lengths. Additionally, with our method, the focal plane can be changed by switching the polarization of the incident light instead of moving the lens. We believe this unique

A superconducting adiabatic neuron in a quantum regime

• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Dmitriy A. Rybin,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Anastasiya A. Gorchavkina and
• Arkady M. Satanin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 653–665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.57

• this work is to determine the parameters of the adiabatic switching of the quantum neuron for l < l* (single-well mode) and l > l* (double-well mode). Within the adiabatic approach it is possible to numerically solve the time-independent Schrödinger equation (see Appendix 1) for each moment of time to

• higher the value of the inductance l, the slower the process of adiabatic switching of the quantum neuron. For superconducting circuit parameters Ic = 0.35 μA, C =10 fF, ωp ≈ 1011 s−1, the adiabatic switching time is approx. 5 ns for l = 0.1 (see Figure 3, the regime without oscillations) and approx. 100

• cycle of switching of the input flux () due to dissipative processes. In Figure 10b,c there is an obvious suppression of the oscillations on the activation function, which were observed due to the anti-crossing of the energy levels in the double-well potential. In addition, coherent oscillations on the

Sodium doping in brookite TiO₂ enhances its photocatalytic activity

• Boxiang Zhuang,
• Honglong Shi,
• Honglei Zhang and
• Zeqian Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 599–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.52

• magnetically stirred for 30 min in the dark to equilibrate the adsorption and desorption of MB on the surface of the crystallites. After switching on the UV light, samples were periodically collected and centrifuged. The concentration of the MB solution was analyzed based on the characteristic absorption peak

Approaching microwave photon sensitivity with Al Josephson junctions

• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Ladeynov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 582–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.50

• photon counter in the microwave frequency range. We have measured the switching from the superconducting to the resistive state through the absorption of 10 GHz photons. The dependence of the switching probability on the signal power suggests that the switching is initiated by the simultaneous absorption

• power, whose presence can be observed only in the switching distributions and in the shorter lifetime of the superconducting state. The used experimental setup is the same as in [7], except for the measured sample. In [7], the critical current of the sample was very low, and the phase diffusion regime

• the experiment is done with a more general theory, which considers the absorption probabilities of different numbers of photons. The time traces of setting a current and an external microwave signal to measure the switching probability as a function of power are shown in Figure 1c. First, the current

Detection and imaging of Hg(II) in vivo using glutathione-functionalized gold nanoparticles

• Gufeng Li,
• Shaoqing Li,
• Rui Wang,
• Min Yang,
• Lizhu Zhang,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Wenrong Yang and
• Hongbin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 549–559, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.46

• molecular release system. After adding Cu(II), we observed a switching of the GNP–ʟ-Cys–Rh6G2 fluorescence from “OFF” to “ON” with high stability. Furthermore, it is worth noting that glutathione (GSH) contains a thiol and an amino group. It can not only conjugate to the nanoparticle surfaces through the

Tunable superconducting neurons for networks based on radial basis functions

• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 444–454, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.37

• For neural networks based on the considered G-neurons, tunable elements with linear current-to-flux transformation (linear inductors) and memory properties are extremely important [50][51]. Tunability of the inductance l in Figure 1b allows for an in situ switching between operating modes directly on

• valve), providing a propagation of Cooper pairs to the outlying layers of the hybrid structure. The switching between the open and closed states of the valve leads to a noticeable change in the spatial distribution of Cooper pairs. The implementation of a thin superconducting spacer (s) between the FM

• times during switching between states with parallel and antiparallel magnetization orientations. We also made some estimates for the quantitative value of the kinetic inductance of the structure shown in Figure 7 based on niobium technology. The inductance of the strip with width W = 100 nm, length X