Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• analysis using the TecnaiTM G2 Spirit (FEI Company, Eindhoven, Netherlands) instrument at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV equipped with a Gatan camera. Propidium iodide uptake analysis Propidium iodide (PI), a positively charged nucleic acid dye, specifically exhibits fluorescence after binding with DNA

• -based propidium iodide uptake analysis The efficacy of nanomedicines mainly depends upon the effective cellular internalization and their transport to the appropriate intercellular effector site [52][53]. Studies have shown that based on its size and surface characteristics (i.e., hydrophilicity or

• the effect of GO–Chl on plasma membrane integrity and cell viability, we performed flow-cytometry-based PI uptake analyses. Figure 5 reveals the dose-dependent increase in the number of cells with compromised membranes, which indicates significant growth in the number of dead A549 cells after exposure

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• the microenvironment and cell membranes that promote uptake of a larger volume of carriers in the GBM cells. The higher cytotoxicity observed in the hybrid carrier formulations could most likely be attributed to the length of the hybrid carrier and the higher proportion of planar surface, which

• through the BBTB and uptake into the tumor cells were obtained, as a precondition for higher extent and rate of their internalization and optimal risk/benefit ratio of the treatment with TMZ. This knowledge is based on a lot of publications in which nanoparticulated formulations of different materials

• with malignant (recurrent) glioma. These findings are supported by several studies in which the controlled release of TMZ was provided by loading in nanoparticulated carriers, with subsequent improved brain uptake, increased potency, and lower systemic toxicity [54][55][56][57][58][59]. Controlled

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• explanations of material size, structure, dosage, and administration methods [215]. During treatment, processes such as nanoparticle aggregation, material degradation, cellular uptake/excretion, and unintended release of adsorbents require comprehensive safety analysis. In inorganic photothermal nanomaterials

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• their promising roles as fillers in MMMs. The versatility of MOFs enables the synthesis of CO2-selective MOFs with high CO2 uptake capacities [23]. By choosing or engineering appropriate metal nodes and organic linkers, the physical and chemical properties of the framework can be tuned to favorably

• CO2 and exclude CH4, as depicted in Figure 2b. Above 15 bar pressure, Co(BDP) undergoes expansion to phases with larger pores capable of admitting CH4 molecules [59]. However, favorable enthalpic CO2 uptake was found to drive the continued exclusion of CH4 [51]. In adsorption experiments with 50/50

• between polymer and fillers has also been enhanced through annealing treatments. Although annealing of MOFs can cause partial decomposition of the structural framework by imposing local defects, such treatments have been shown to increase CO2 uptake capacity in MOFs [129] and improve CO2 capture

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• masks the functionalization of groups coated on the NC surface. The formation of this corona acts as a clearance signal, prompting macrophages to recognize and engulf NCs [34]. The denser the proteins adsorbed onto the NC surface, the faster the uptake into the liver and spleen [35][36]. Several factors

• uptake and enabling the endosomal escape To improve the efficacy of NC-based drug delivery systems, it is crucial to develop strategies that reduce macrophage uptake and extend NC circulation time. This could be achieved by acting on NCs exploiting alternative administration routes or physicochemical

• Another approach to reducing macrophage uptake of NCs is to modulate their activity, thereby decreasing their overall presence in the target organs. KCs play a role in maintaining an inflammatory state in various liver disorders. Clodronate, a bisphosphonate, interferes with cell metabolism by inhibiting

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• describe a material and its surrounding medium in mesocosm experiments while keeping the sequence of transformations intact (e.g., a material deposited in soil resulting in the material’s uptake by surrounding plants, which are then eaten by insects). Material transformations are tracked through connected

• requirements to proceed with experiments, which are defined as section A in Figure 8. The sections concerning the biological and immunological readouts, as well pharmacological efficacy, independently expand upon section A. The focus in Figure 8B is on mechanistic studies following uptake and presentation by

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• candidate for drug delivery applications. The data support the use of SO as a safe modification in liposomal formulations, particularly in contexts where minimizing cytotoxicity is paramount. Cellular uptake The cellular uptake of DiD-labeled liposomes (Unmodified-Lipo, SO-Lipo, and AUR-Lipo) in 4T1 cells

• inhibitor of caveolae-mediated endocytosis, also significantly reduced uptake (p < 0.001), suggesting the involvement of caveolae in the internalization of Unmodified-Lipo. Amiloride, which blocks macropinocytosis, had no significant effect (p < 0.99), indicating a negligible role for macropinocytosis in

• Unmodified-Lipo uptake. For SO-Lipo (Figure 2b,e), sucrose had no significant effect (p = 0.745), suggesting that SO shifts the uptake away from clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Amiloride significantly reduced uptake (p < 0.001), indicating that macropinocytosis is a key pathway for SO-Lipo, consistent with

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• the nanoparticles due to the coating [63]. A similar study with nanoparticles coated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte membranes for the treatment of gastric cancer showed a reduction in macrophage uptake compared to other membrane types [64]. Other studies on nanoparticles loaded with the antitumor

• molecule bufalin and covered with platelet membranes demonstrated their ability to evade macrophage uptake and enhance binding to target cancer cells. Together, these results confirm the ability of biomimetic coated nanostructures to evade the immune system, enabling prolonged circulation time and

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• particles have been identified as 80–90% in the liver, 5–8% in the spleen, and 1–2% in the bone marrow [30]. One of the major organs where nanoparticles are likely to accumulate, depending on the route of administration, is the liver [31][32][33], where Kupffer cells can quickly uptake large nanoparticles

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• of nanoinformatics, various consensus approaches have been proposed over the past years for the prediction of different NM endpoints, such as NMs’ cellular uptake [20], zeta potential (ZP) [16], and electrophoretic mobility [21]. The complexity of predictive models requires the development of

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

• addressing aspects related to both predictivity and automation. The integration of multiscale physical and data-driven modelling of materials can support the prediction of materials properties and the design of novel materials and processes. In addition, digitalization also enables the uptake of automation

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• water/or buffer. Because of the positive charge, the lipids in the inner core encapsulate the drug more efficiently compared to PLHNPs with a polymeric core. In addition, because of the outer lipoidal PEG layer, these nanocarriers escape the uptake by macrophages and enhance the stability of the

• yields a natural vehicle for drug delivery, and these nanocarriers can easily escape the uptake by macrophages. In this system, the drugs are encapsulated in the lipophilic polymeric core, and the lipids in the outer natural membrane enhance the sustained release of drugs. With the development of these

• and synergistic therapeutic efficacy against breast cancer (BC) [63]. The scheme for the development of these ligand-decorated PLHNPs is depicted in Figure 3. The findings suggested that the targeted PLHNPs significantly improved uptake in BC cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis when compared with

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• for CNS targeting. For example, size, shape, and surface characteristics of a DDS directly affect cellular transport and uptake, biodistribution, and the interaction with biological interfaces [64][65]. Regarding particle size, NPs with a size of approx. 15 nm or below were observed to penetrate the

• delivery. They showed that the transferrin-decorated NPs with the highest amount of targeting ligand exhibited the highest cellular uptake in the RPMI 2650 human epithelium cell line [79]. In another study, the researchers studied the chitosan coating of PLGA NPs regarding the mucosal uptake. Chatzitaki et

• through sheep nasal mucosa compared to their non-coated PLGA counterparts [80]. In another study by Spindler et al., the researchers prepared PLGA NPs in batches of different sizes, as well as chitosan-coated PLGA NPs, to study the uptake mechanisms of these particles into the olfactory mucosa through ex

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• on the well’s bottom most of the time. At 5 mg·L−1, GO aggregates and precipitates in EPA medium, which increases the exposure to C. elegans. The amount of material ingested by the nematode is limited by the size of its mouth, which is where most of the uptake occurs. C. elegans exhibits a size

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• potential for tumor accumulation though passive targeting [76]. Fortunately, strategies to slow down renal clearance and extend the blood half-life of usNPs for more efficient tumor uptake are feasible, including fine-tuning hydrodynamic diameter (HD) through surface chemistry [77], controlling core density

• [78], and, potentially, modulating ultraweak nonspecific interactions with proteins [79]. For instance, Zheng and colleagues showed that AuNCs can be designed to demonstrate passive tumor targeting behavior comparable to that of larger NPs. GSH-coated AuNCs reached passive tumor uptake levels of 2–3

• % ID/g, while PEG-coated AuNCs displayed even higher passive tumor uptake efficiency of ≈8% ID/g owing to their longer blood retention time [77]. Besides achieving decent tumor uptake levels in some cases, usNPs exhibit easier penetration and diffusion through the dense tumor microenvironment relative

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• . Physicochemical features such as size, shape, and surface charge play an extremely important role in the internalization of nanostructures. The uptake of nanoparticles into cells requires two steps. The first is the binding to the cell membrane, and the second is the uptake into the cell [34]. The zeta potential

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• . Conversely, MONPs with larger atomic radii and crystal ionic radii tend to exhibit a lower surface area-to-volume ratio, which can reduce their cellular interactions and uptake. This reduction in uptake can lead to less cellular dysfunction and toxicity. Larger atomic radii may result in MONPs that are less

• alternative, more detrimental cellular uptake pathways or provoke harmful responses by accumulating on cell surfaces. Such MONPs might also elevate oxidative stress by triggering the production of reactive oxygen species, which damage cellular components. They can obstruct vital biological processes and

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• in the liver [27][28]. The interaction of the nanocarriers with various types of cells is size-dependent [30]. Nanocarriers with a particle size bigger than 100 nm could be taken up by LSECs and Kupffer cells through endocytosis. With the increase of particle size, the uptake of nanocarriers by

• hepatobiliary clearance in vivo. For example, positively charged mesoporous silica NPs (MSNPs) underwent significant uptake by hepatocytes, while MSNPs with negative charges were rapidly internalized by Kupffer cells in liver sinusoids [33]. The negative charge of the nanocarriers could facilitate efficient

• binding to the scavenger receptors on the surface of Kupffer cells and LSECs, leading to the improved uptake by these cell types [34][35]. Another intrinsic property that dictates the uptake pathway of the nanocarriers by liver cells is hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. Increased hydrophilicity via

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• ) are important tools to diagnose and treat diseases, and have proven useful in basic mechanistic studies of cells and animals. Thus, knowledge about cellular uptake, intracellular transport, and metabolism of NPs in cells, as well as their biodistribution, degradation, and excretion following

• of new types of NPs, there is a knowledge gap when it comes to our understanding of the interaction of NPs with both cells and tissues. However, it is well known that NP properties, such as surface charge, size, and the material they are composed of can affect cellular uptake, biodistribution, and

• are high for conventional NPs, and one can easily foresee that demonstrating reproducibility for the production of EVs with their thousands of constituents will be a huge challenge. In this article, we will not cover EVs specifically, but several of the challenges discussed when it comes to uptake

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• nanoprecipitation technique, resulting in small size, high homogeneity, and negative surface charge. Importantly, the folate-targeted nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced uptake and cytotoxicity in folate receptor-positive cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG-2) compared to folate receptor-negative cells (HEK 293

• would initially bind to the folate receptor, compete, and reduce the uptake of folate-containing nanoparticles. Therefore, folate@PLGA/Cou-6 was taken up much less by MCF7 and HepG2 cells when folic acid was present (Figure 2). In contrast, in the folate receptor-negative cells (HEK 293), the addition

• × PBS and in cell culture medium and (B) SEM image of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 at magnifications of 10k and 40k. Uptake of F127@PLGA/Cou-6 and F127-folate@PLGA/Cou-6 in folate receptor-expressing cells (MCF-7, HepG2) and HEK 293 cells, which do not express the folate receptor. Cells represented in

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• medicine, electronics, and environmental science. Understanding the structural aspects of surface modifiers in nanoparticles that govern their cellular uptake is crucial for optimizing their efficacy and minimizing potential cytotoxicity. The cellular uptake is influenced by multiple factors, namely, size

• significantly contribute to the cellular uptake of ENMOs in multiple cell types, including pancreatic cancer cells (PaCa2), human endothelial cells (HUVEC), and human macrophage cells (U937). The best models have been identified for each cell type and analyzed to detect the structural fingerprints/features

• governing the cellular uptake of ENMOs. The study will direct scientists in the design of ENMOs of higher cellular uptake efficiency for better therapeutic response. Keywords: Bayesian classification; cellular uptake; machine learning; nanoparticles (NPs); Introduction In recent years, the rapid

Facile synthesis of Fe-based metal–organic frameworks from Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles and their application for CO₂/N₂ separation

• Van Nhieu Le,
• Hoai Duc Tran,
• Minh Tien Nguyen,
• Hai Bang Truong,
• Toan Minh Pham and
• Jinsoo Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 897–908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.74

• surface area (Table 1). It is well known that the MIL-100(Fe) framework contains an abundance of active sites, including unsaturated metal sites, and –OH and free –COOH groups, which perhaps form adsorptive interactions with CO2 molecules [32]. Consequently, the samples showed outstanding CO2 uptake in

• the rising BET surface area resulting from an increase in the H3BTC amount in the reaction system from 0.90 to 2.25 g. A similar trend was observed in the porosity analysis when increasing the H3BTC amount from 1.80 to 2.25 g. It corresponds to a negligible improvement in CO2 uptake, changing from

• 1.10 to 1.18 mmol·g−1 at 25 °C and 100 kPa. Taking into account the balance between CO2 adsorption performance and the quantity of H3BTC consumed, M-100Fe@Fe2O3#1.80 stands out as the preferred sample, exhibiting a CO2 uptake capacity of 1.1 mmol·g−1 and a CO2/N2 selectivity of 18 at 25 °C and 100 kPa

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• cells with surface expansions into the hemolymph increasing the area for reactant uptake. The adhesive fluid is secreted through pores in the endocuticle layer 2 [45] and accumulates in the adhesive secretion reservoir (indicated by the split arrow). Subsequently, the secretion traverses the endocuticle

Radiofrequency enhances drug release from responsive nanoflowers for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy

• Yanyan Wen,
• Ningning Song,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Weiwei Wu,
• Qixiong Lin,
• Minjie Cui,
• Rongrong Li,
• Qiufeng Yu,
• Sixue Wu,
• Yongkang Liang,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 569–579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.49

• with the release of CUR-Fe NPs and is in accordance with the Fick diffusion (Table 2). Cellular uptake study Prussian blue staining was performed to detect the ability of Huh-7 cells to uptake NFs, as shown in Figure 5. Compared with those in the control group, blue particles were observed in the

• = kHt1/2, where Qt is the amount of CUR in NFs released after time t, and kH is the Higuchi dissolution constant. Ritger–Peppas Model: Mt/M∞ = ktn, where Mt/M∞ is the fraction of CUR in NFs released at time t, k is the rate constant, and n is the diffusional release exponent. Cellular uptake of CUR-Fe

• @MnO2 NFs The CUR-Fe@MnO2 NFs uptake by Huh-7 cells was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Huh-7 cells were incubated with 50 µg/mL NFs for 24 h. Then, 4% paraformaldehyde was used to fix the Huh-7 cells for 15 min, followed by washing with PBS. Fixed cells were stained by the Prussian Blue kit

On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• majority of NPs for NDD delivery in this database is in the range of 70–115 nm. Recently, Chithrani et al. [91] have demonstrated that size, coating, and surface charge of nanoparticles have a crucial impact on the intracellular uptake process. Similarly, Shilo et al. have investigated the influence of NP

• size on the probability to cross the BBB by using the endothelial brain cell method. The results indicated that the intracellular uptake of NPs strongly depends on the NP size. This characteristic has a direct impact on biomedical applications. When NPs serve as carriers for drug delivery through