Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• Ferroptosis has shown potential therapeutic effects in tumor therapy as an iron-dependent programmed cell death. The induction of ferroptosis is based on lipid peroxidation, the accumulation of iron and reactive oxygen species, and the depletion of glutathione. Nowadays, various nanoparticles are reported for

• accumulation of lipid ROS. Ferroptosis clearly differs from necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagy in terms of cellular morphology and function [7]. Recently, studies have indicated that ferroptosis can be utilized for cancer therapy since it effectively eliminates cancer cells and reverses drug resistance [8][9

• , reduced drug toxicity, improved pharmacokinetics, the ability to release drugs in a controlled manner, and the ability to target tumors. However, certain limitations also exist, including off-target accumulation and fast clearance [21]. This review explores the design of liposome structures aimed at

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• power values increase, HSFL begin to deteriorate, and LSFL do not manifest uniformly across the surface, as depicted in Figure 2c,d. This increased power leads to more debris accumulation, resulting in inadequate formation of HSFL. Furthermore, with an increase in power, the surface cannot sustain LIPSS

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• used to escape the reticuloendothelial system (RES), target cancer cells and pathogens, and enhance tumor accumulation. Recently, Huang et al. reported macrophage membrane-coated targeted NPs for tumor inhibition and macrophage polarization. They incorporated methyltransferase like 14 (METTL14) and

• polarization, and cRGD modification further enhances tumor accumulation [32]. In another study, Hou et al. employed M1-type macrophages and loaded them with sorafenib (SF) to develop lipid nanoparticles (M1/SLNPs). The M1/SLNPs showed an increase in tumor accumulation and enhanced the SF tumor targeting

• , high efficiency, and better tissue penetration. They developed small Fe@Fe3O4-DHCA nanoparticles (≈14 nm) and coated them with macrophages (RAW267.4 cells) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MHT of solid tumors. The Fe@Fe3O4-DHCA NPs showed accumulation in tumor cells resulting in enhanced MRI

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• ± 1.9%. In dermal toxicity studies, the nanogel-MTX formulation showed no signs of irritation or toxicity, while in the biodistribution study, the nanogel-MTX displayed sustained systemic release up to 48 hours with low accumulation in organs such as liver, kidney, and intestine. A therapeutic efficacy

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• of 1 cm−1 and an accumulation of 35 scans per spectrum. A compressive force of 15 N was applied to the samples during measurement to ensure proper contact with the ATR crystal surface. Quantification of rotenoids by high-performance liquid chromatography The quantification of rotenoids was performed

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• electrons or X-rays are able to address this challenge. In particular, it is possible to investigate LSPC on single objects using single probe pulses and avoid accumulation effects in a heterogeneous sample. The presented results capture structure formation with femtosecond and atomic scale resolution

• key contributors to the observed anisotropic melting behavior. These findings, corroborated by MD simulations that incorporate the TTM (TTM-MD), suggest that energy accumulation in localized hotspots drives anisotropic melting. Nevertheless, direct experimental evidence linking electronic and ionic

• -particle experiments. These voids form due to local pressure differences caused by energy accumulation in hot spots via photoexcited localized surface plasmons, with the overall melting and particle disintegration resembling an inverted crystal nucleation process, where voids act as seeds and their

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• that tensile stress is produced in the films with an increase in argon ion fluence. This can be ascribed to expansion in volume due to implanted ions since argon ions are inert in nature, which prevents them from reacting with host ions. This leads to the accumulation of inert ions at the interstitial

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• retained in the carbon layers. The horizontally oriented graphitic layers act as a barrier and prevent sodium from penetrating into the underlaying MoS2 film. In the PyC-MoS2 hybrid, sodium accumulation occurs more on the MoS2 surface or at the interface between MoS2 and PyC, than in the bulk of MoS2

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• phase, where the accumulation of minority carriers near the interface leads to recombination and electron flow into the surface. Over time, a steady state is reached when the rate of hole influx at the interface balances charge transfer and recombination, resulting in a stable photocurrent. When the

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• therefore a charge accumulation within the perovskite. Initial studies suggested that this asymmetrical charge carrier behavior indicates an unfavorable hole extraction and a promoted electron extraction [9][13][14], but the migration and interaction of mobile ions (such as I− ions interacting with 2,2',7,7

• accumulation at the perovskite junctions because of the applied bias (like the aforementioned defect-state and relative work function contributions). Consequently, we use these bias-induced potential profiles (that result from the aforementioned subtraction of CPD profiles) to plot electric field profiles

• charge extraction takes place might be affected by factors such as ion accumulation. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the position of the potential drop can be significantly shifted into the transport layers, due to ionic interactions [15]. In the case of the cells incorporating spiro-OMeTAD

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• accumulation of mononuclear cells, mainly lymphocytes and macrophages, around the portal spaces and areas of necrosis. In addition, the formation of cavities filled with new inflammatory cells was observed (C), suggesting a persistent and progressive inflammatory process (Figure 10). This infiltration may

• indicate an attempt by the body to repair the damaged tissue, although in severe cases such as the one observed, liver regeneration may be insufficient to restore the organ’s homeostasis. Another relevant aspect was the presence of vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, characterized by the accumulation of

• revealed significant lesions in the pancreas, as illustrated in Figure 11, with emphasis on the regions indicated by (J) and (I). One of the most obvious findings was interstitial edema, characterized by excessive accumulation of fluid in the extracellular space, which resulted in increased spacing between

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• new class of PUs known as “biostable” [134]. Wheatley et al. reported that sheep with a non-biostable PU mitral heart valve prosthesis survived for up to six months. However, issues such as surface degradation and accumulation of calcified fibrin/thrombus compromised leaflet mobility and hydrodynamic

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• carbon atoms attach on the catalyst particle. Because of the inefficiency of the catalyst, the excess carbon atoms keep attaching and eventually forming amorphous carbons. The higher temperature also leads to the increased catalyst particle size, results in a higher chance of collision and accumulation

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• the accumulation of amyloid plaques observed in post-mortem examinations and the neurological deficits experienced by patients during their lives. To explain this lack of correlation, multiple hypotheses have been proposed. Among these, the “oligomer hypothesis” has recently emerged as a leading

• ]. Comparisons between AD patients who carry the APOE4 allele and those who do not reveal that the former group has about three times the concentration of AβOs in the brain. This suggests that the APOE4 genotype plays a significant role in the progression of AD by facilitating the accumulation of these toxic

• biosensors for early diagnosis and improving the sensitivity of AβO detection. In imaging, nanoparticles (NPs) can help to visualize localized protein accumulation, complementing existing diagnostic methods. Materials such as carbon-based NMs (e.g., graphene oxide) and metal NPs (e.g., gold and silver

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• . Influenza viruses are capable of evolving at a fast rate; they have a segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome that is devoid of proofreading systems, resulting in a constant accumulation of mutations in their genome [2]. Influenza viruses belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family and are categorized

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• both OCS and MCS, represented by filled and empty symbols, respectively, for different values of α. It follows that for both OCS and MCS, an increase in elastic interaction strength δ leads to a decrease of the incubation time tc needed for the accumulation of a critical concentration of adsorbate and

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• specific protein [15]. Since their discovery in 1978 by Zamecnik and Stephenson [16], design and synthesis of novel ASOs have been developed extensively with the aim to improve their biostability, pharmacokinetics, and intracellular accumulation. To date these synthetic oligonucleotides can be classified

• thermoresponsive PnPrOx interlayer, and an ASO/PLL polyion complex (PIC) core. These cationic micelleplexes exhibited enhanced stability in serum-containing media and prolonged blood circulation, leading to a more efficient accumulation of ASO payloads in a prostate cancer xenograft model. Notably, this approach

• branched PEGylated poly-ʟ-ornithine (PEG-PLO) to form a unit polyion complex (uPIC) with PRDM14-specific chimeric siRNA, which was administered intravenously to mouse models. PEG-PLO exhibited longer retention times in the bloodstream and enhanced accumulation in tumour tissues, leading to a significant

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• to the site of action because of increased drug retention at the mucosa [7]. These systems have the capacity to strongly adhere to the mucus layer, provide slow release of its contents, and even reduce the required dose because of higher accumulation of the drug at the target site [8]. Nanoparticles

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• accumulation of p62, due to inhibition of autophagy in cancer cells, subsequently suppresses chromatin and histone ubiquitination and inhibits the DDR mechanism [22]. Cancer cells are known to employ autophagy in response to DNA damage as a survival mechanism, and inhibition of autophagy could be an excellent

• treatment modality in multidrug resistant tumors [23][24]. Recently, it has also been found that chloroquine- (Chl, autophagy inhibitor) conjugated GO induces necroptotic cell death in A549 cells through accumulation of p62 mediated by altered autophagic flux, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and

• -LC3 plasmid-transfected cells to investigate and quantify the accumulation of autophagosomes upon GO–Chl exposure. Mammalian LC3 is a specific marker to monitor autophagy through its incorporation into the autophagosomal membranes. During the course of autophagy, the fusion of the autophagosome with

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• substances, resulting in color fading and the emergence of graphene-based filaments. Du et al. showed that berberine affects Streptococcus pyogenes by regulating proteins in the KEGG pathway, leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) hindering the biosynthesis of DNA, proteins, and lipids

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• ) pictures were taken at a JEOL 2200FS (JEOL Ltd.) and further processed by ImageJ. Study of the preferential accumulation of different metal nanoparticles synthesized by LAL at 85 °C in the single-phase TMS consisting of propylene carbonate and 1-nonanol after phase separation through cooling at room

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• . Therefore, it is of paramount importance to prolong the half-life of TMZ at physiological pH and to increase its accumulation in the tumor cells prior to degradation in the central circulation. Several strategies have been exploited to stabilize TMZ and overcome the disadvantages. Among them is the

• chemical modifications and/or coupling with hydrophilic polymers. TMZ was successfully incorporated in magnetic NPs [36], mesoporous silica NPs [37], and NPs made of silver [38], zinc oxide [39], and gold [40], all of them showing high accumulation in tumor cells and cytotoxic activity in vitro and in vivo

• accumulation in the brain tumor cells (through the active targeting of the formulations towards membrane folate receptors of GBM). Detailed physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterizations of the prepared TMZ-loaded dual-functionalized CNs was performed, and the cytotoxicity/radiosensitizing properties

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• [118]. Factors such as aging, myopia, or diabetes can lead to the liquefaction of this vitreous gel and the accumulation of collagen fibers, resulting in turbidity that casts shadows on the retina, manifesting as floaters in a patient’s field of vision (Figure 4a) [119][120]. Vitreous opacity can

• penetration and deposition [163]. Moreover, common ocular drug delivery methods have disadvantages such as short intraocular retention time, low drug accumulation, and low bioavailability [164]. Because of the transparency of the cornea and crystalline lens, the eye allows various wavelengths of light to

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• transport across membranes, and extend circulation times. These advantages could reduce the negative effects of off-target drug accumulation and improve the release to the disease sites compared to current delivery systems [6]. Despite the expected applications in the biomedical field, the journey of NPs

• degenerative diseases [23][24]. 3 NC accumulation in macrophages: a challenge for drug delivery To exert their therapeutic effects, NCs must efficiently reach and accumulate in the target tissues. However, numerous biological barriers hinder this process, which vary depending on the administration route, as

• . Intranasal delivery has emerged as a promising strategy for targeting the central nervous system by bypassing the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This approach was demonstrated by the nose-to-brain administration of D6-cholestrol-loaded liposomes, which led to an accumulation of D6-cholesterol in the brain in

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• peak current, though a steady addition led to decreased currents, possibly due to surface accumulation. The Nyquist plots display a larger impedance for ZnO electrodes. To fit the data into an analogous circuit, an uninterrupted phase element (Q1) was introduced with the adjustable parameters angular