Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• liquid. Such seed NPs are typically having well defined crystalline structure, surface composition, and specific surface free energy. The assembly and growth of the NPs is explained by the decrease in surface energy. If a liquid contains surfactant molecules or ionic species, their selective adsorption

• at specific facets of seed NPs can be expected to be governed by the decrease of surface free energy [36][37]. The density and binding energy of the ligands can significantly differ for different crystal planes. As a result of specific adsorption, the crystal facets with adsorbed ions become blocked

• ions (Ag+, Fe3+, Co+) and complexes (W(CO)6) [41]. These additives are known to promote growth of nonspherical shapes in colloidal chemical synthesis by preferential adsorption on specific crystalline planes. Another example of the influence of ligand concentration on nanoparticle shape is given in [42

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• LNPs, PEG lipids are widely used to provide the nanoparticles with a unique outer layer. The “stealth” properties of PEG chains can prevent nanoparticle aggregation, reduce nonspecific protein adsorption, and delay immune recognition, thereby extending LNP circulation half-life in the bloodstream [2][4

• shell of LNPs plays a pivotal role. As hydrophilic and protective shield during LNP circulation and in vivo activities, the conformation and binding kinetics of PEG layer are both important, particularly in modulating protein adsorption and subsequent interactions with cellular uptake pathways [23

• ]. PEG’s hydrophilic and steric properties are instrumental in reducing the adsorption of proteins onto LNP surfaces. By creating a hydrated barrier, PEG minimizes nonspecific binding, leading to a “stealth” effect that prolongs circulation time and reduces recognition by the mononuclear phagocytic system

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• [25][26]. To deal with current gaps, this review aims to provide aspects relating to (i) the occurrences of MPs in water supply systems and the effectiveness of MP removal throughout the treatment processes; (ii) the potential of adsorbent nanomaterials for MP removal, focusing on adsorption

• general and MPs in particular. By using corncob biochar, Abdoul Magid et al. showed an adsorption of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) of about 19 mg·g−1. The main mechanisms of PSNP adsorption include increased surface area from pyrolysis and oxidation, hydrophobic interactions (fresh biochar), hydrogen

• bonding through oxygen-containing groups (oxidized biochar), pore filling, and electrostatic interactions [53]. GO materials, such as a nickel/reduced graphene oxide (Ni/rGO) nanocomposite, also exhibited high adsorption efficiency, achieving 80.3% removal of PS from water containing 100 mg·L−1 PS. The

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• interactions within the interfacial bonds induced internal structural reconstruction, which enhanced local polarization and N2 adsorption. As a result, the cleavage of N≡N bonds was accelerated, and the activation energy of the reaction was reduced. Unfortunately, this study also raises concerns regarding the

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• ]. At the same time, however, polar groups, which are crucial for the adsorption of water molecules, are not eliminated; on the contrary, their spatial arrangement and chemical accessibility may be favored by implantation. This results in a higher adsorption capacity and a faster response to changes in

• catalytically active sites resulting from the carbonization of the polymer matrix, together with the silver clusters formed during ion implantation, provide suitable conditions for reactant adsorption and efficient charge transfer. Silver ions exhibit strong localized surface plasmon resonance in the visible

• occurs, which suppresses the effects of water adsorption on charge transport. Conclusion The aim of this work was to improve the sensing, electrical, and photocatalytic properties of GO and PI implanted with Ag ions in the ion fluence range from 3.75 × 1012 cm−2 to 1 × 1016 cm−2. We used low energies (20

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• biological distribution of NPs. Increased hydrophilicity determines the degradation rate and their recognition by the reticuloendothelial system, preventing adsorption and nonspecific protein interactions. Furthermore, it enhances steric repulsion, reducing opsonization and activation of the complement

• mucin chains and consequently modifying the aggregation degree of the mucin network through various interactions [68][69]. Surface coating techniques play a key role in the interaction of PNs with the biological environment. These strategies involve the physical adsorption or covalent attachment of

• , forming polymeric complexes. Consequently, the incorporation of genetic material can occur via encapsulation, adsorption, or electrostatic interactions, resulting in nanocapsules, micelles, and diverse morphologies and shapes, as well as varying release profiles [139]. Considering that, to reach their

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• et al. [107] designed a PEI–aptamer–EPI nanoplatform that relies on high ATP concentrations to release epirubicin (EPI). The polyethyleneimine (PEI) coating makes the whole delivery system positively charged, enables better adsorption to cell membranes, and promotes internalization. In vitro release

• penetration. Cell-penetrating peptides can improve aptamer transport by triggering adsorption-mediated endocytosis and may be an alternative strategy to solve this puzzle. For example, Le et al. [132] constructed nanocomplexes promising for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by double modification of

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• -loaded PLA nanoparticles were fabricated by nanoprecipitation methods. In this technique, the PLA nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by low-energy solvent displacement and functionalized with polyethylenimine (cationic polymer) for the T. serrulatus protein adsorption. The NPs showed a mean diameter of

• were successfully obtained using parameters selected for the nanoprecipitation method. This low-energy technique allowed the spontaneous self-assembling of PLA nanoparticles, which were functionalized with polyethyleneimine (PEI) to enable the adsorption of venom proteins. Experimental results

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• various nanoenabled treatment strategies such as adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration using materials like metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based nanomaterials, MXenes, and metal oxides. It also highlights recent innovations such as microrobotic systems and AI-assisted detection frameworks

• stress, immune system activation, developmental and reproductive toxicity, and damage to the nervous system [8]. MPs possess high specific area and strong adsorption capacity, enabling them to attract pollutants from the environment. They can accumulate harmful substances such as polycyclic aromatic

• explores the potential of nanotechnology in removing MP contamination from water and wastewater. Unlike conventional treatment methods, which are less effective in capturing nanoscale plastic pollutants, nanotechnology-based approaches offer precision, enhanced adsorption, and catalytic degradation

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• and engineering. Conventional treatment approaches, including adsorption, membrane separation, and biological methods, are largely inadequate for antibiotics such as OFL [6][7]. This limitation highlights the need for advanced oxidation processes, with a particular emphasis on TiO2-based

• on porous materials, such as carbon-based adsorbents. These innovations help to slow down electron–hole recombination, broaden light absorption, and enhance surface adsorption sites [11]. Cao et al. synthesized TiO2 nanowires on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through a solvothermal method, which

• improved active sites and facilitated interfacial charge separation [12]. Activated carbon effectively supports TiO2, enhancing adsorption capacity and loading, which directly impacts photocatalytic efficiency [13]. In contrast to rGO or activated carbon granules, employing carbon cloth as substrates

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• Abstract Effective removal of trace heavy metal ions from aqueous bodies is a pressing problem and requires significant improvement in the area of absorbent material in terms of removal efficiency and sustainability. We propose an efficient strategy to enhance the adsorption efficiency of carbon nanotubes

• ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) from aqueous solutions with enhanced recyclability than less dendrimerized CNTs. Kinetic studies have revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second order kinetic model, and the rate-limiting step was mainly chemisorption. This study has not only excluded the

• involvement of harmful chemicals to pre-functionalize the CNTs with high loading but also provided an effective way to enhance the adsorption of heavy metal ions. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; deep eutectic solvent; dendrimers; Diels–Alder reaction; heavy metal ion adsorption; Introduction The contamination

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• aquatic systems, reinforcing the importance of targeted remediation approaches. To address MP contamination, various adsorbent materials have been investigated. Granular activated carbon at a concentration of 1.5 g/L has demonstrated adsorption efficiencies of up to 90% for MP fragments and fibers

• . Additionally, three-dimensional graphene oxide has shown adsorption capacities of up to 617.28 mg·g−1 for polystyrene MPs of 5 µm in size [13][14]. The integration of adsorbents with appropriate treatment models has further enhanced removal efficiency. For instance, coal gasification slag-based adsorbents

• combined with fluidized bed treatment achieved 99.2% MP removal, while granular activated carbon coupled with a fixed-column system attained 95.2% removal efficiency [15][16]. Biochar (BC) has emerged as a promising material for environmental remediation, offering benefits such as pollutant adsorption

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• , with diameters ranging from 0.4 to 100 nm and lengths extending from a few micrometers to several centimeters [7]. The functionalization of CNTs is achieved by surface modification through various methods including covalent bonding, adsorption, and detection group attachment [7][8]. Palve et al

• 0.25 to 30 μM (Figure 3b). Peak current dependence on the dopamine concentration is depicted by the logarithmic fit in Figure 3c, which may indicate the dopamine detection is an adsorption-controlled system, considering the surface area of our electrode, the concentration of dopamine, and the slow scan

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• each molecule located, using the same range of −1.5 V to 1.5 V as for the bare surface. Note on SnPc switching instability The adsorption of SnPc on coinage metal substrates is well studied, and the molecule is known to undergo an irreversible switch from the SnUp to the SnDown state on the Ag(111

• different surface positions is that, statistically, variations in the spectra due to the changes in the tip or small changes in the molecular adsorption, will be averaged out, and better approach those from ensemble techniques. As can be seen in both Figure 7 and Figure 8, there is a substantial variation

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• ) plane exhibited the highest intensity across all samples, which aligns with its high refractive index and superior photocatalytic properties owing to the enhanced adsorption and deionization of water molecules in the structure. Additionally, the (040) peak intensity exhibited a systematic increase at

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood, precoating with albumin has been shown to prevent adsorption of other plasma proteins and degradation of nanoparticles in vivo [91][92]. 1.3.4 Ovalbumin. Ovalbumin (OVA) is a major component of egg white and a readily available protein for drug delivery

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• functional theory (DFT) to explore the sensing capabilities of a ZnS (3,3) nanotube (ZnS NT) for detecting chloropicrin (CP, CCl3NO2), a highly toxic gas. To elucidate the sensing mechanism, we systematically analyze the adsorption configurations, Mulliken charge transfer, band structure, density of states

• adsorption energy ranges from −0.389 to −0.657 eV, indicating weak physisorption. The Mulliken charge transfer varies between 0.06e and 0.109e, confirming effective but nondestructive interaction. A favorable recovery time of ≈3.533 μs at room temperature, along with a significant red shift in the absorption

• ][30][31][32][33][34][35]. ZnS NTs are well-suited for gas sensing applications owing to their unique features. These include a high surface area for enhanced gas adsorption, semiconducting properties that enable measurable conductivity changes in the presence of target gases, and their ability to form

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• decomposition [4], oxygen evolution reactions (OER) [14], oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) [15], in CO oxidation [16], and in CO2 and CO reduction [17]. This high activity in catalysis has been attributed to adsorption energy distribution patterns (AEDP) during catalytic reactions [18], which may be tuned based

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• ions, including radioactive nuclides in aqueous solutions. Large-area and single-layer graphene oxide (SLGO) grown on α-Al2O3(0001) was used as a model structure of GO since the aggregation and re-stacking of the GO sheets prevent the adequate analysis of the adsorption state. The SLGO film was

• obtained by oxidizing monolayer graphene grown by metal-free chemical vapor deposition on the α-Al2O3(0001) surface, and the adsorption state was determined by surface analytical techniques. It was clarified that Cs adsorbs on oxygen functional groups by substituting with H atoms from carboxyl and hydroxy

• groups. It is also estimated that the weight adsorption capacity of SLGO in the 1.0 mol/L-Cs aqueous solution is as much as approximately 70 wt %. It has been demonstrated that GO has great potential to be a promising adsorbent for Cs in aqueous solutions. Keywords: cesium adsorption; chemical vapor

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• reversibly alter the orientation of liquid crystals at room temperature. The dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on the palladium/gold film results in the reduction of pre-adsorbed oxygen and the generation of adsorbed hydrogen. This process causes the nitrile-containing liquid crystal to undergo a change in

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• PG-CDs-AgNPs was determined using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis via the N2 adsorption–desorption method, and equivalent BET isotherms are depicted in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1a. The surface area of PG-CDs-AgNPs was found to be 83.04 m2/g. A uniform nanoscale particle

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• energies on the two surfaces are ascribed to the different Ce3+ concentrations in the two ceria films. The different intensity ratios between the methyl- and alkoxy-related peaks on the two surfaces are assigned to different adsorption and dissociation pathways for ethanol on a stoichiometric and a non

• -stoichiometric ceria surface. At higher exposures, the new peaks at 285.6 eV (4) and at 287.0 eV (5) on CeO2(111) and at 286.3 eV (4) and at 287.6 eV (5) on CeO2−x(111) are ascribed to physisorbed ethanol. To identify the role of the interaction between ceria and metals, the adsorption and reaction of ethylene

• ceria, performed with photon energies close to the Ce N45 adsorption edge, the probed valence band photoelectrons have a kinetic energy close to the minimum of their inelastic mean free path, and the information comes from the topmost one or two atomic layers. If photons in the hard X-ray range are used

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• film, and annealing of the sodiated sample restores its structure. The obtained results demonstrate the important role of the graphitic coating in the development of viable MoS2-based electrodes for energy storage systems. Keywords: graphitic coating; molybdenum disulfide film; Na adsorption

• PyC and MoS2 components. Figure 8 schematically illustrates the difference in the sodium adsorption and desorption on the samples under study. Sodium deposition for 30 min on the PyC film results in a high Na/C ratio of 0.34 at a depth of 3 nm. Sodium is not only adsorbed on the film surface but also

• sodium during the charge–discharge of SIBs. Conclusion Synchrotron XPS tool is invoked to study sodium adsorption/desorption in thin films of graphitic PyC, vertically aligned MoS2 layers, and PyC-MoS2. The MoS2 film with a thickness of about 4 nm was synthesized by sulfurization of a molybdenum layer

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• electrocatalysts have been well accepted as potential candidates to replace Pt-based electrocatalysts for HER because of their suitable Gibbs free hydrogen adsorption energy, good intrinsic catalytic properties, and high stability. However, solution-based synthetic approaches can be highly harmful to human beings

• operation. The high efficiency is attributed to the collaborative work of the NiO and Ni metal components and the good electrical conductivity of SS, which is advantageous for dissociative adsorption of water molecules, recombination of hydrogen atoms, and improvement of electronic/ionic motion. This work

• energy of hydrogen/water adsorption. Also, inexpensiveness and high durability are positive aspects regarding large-scale applications. For instance, Oshchepkov and coworkers revealed that the efficacy of NiO in cleaving H–OH bonds accelerated the formation of hydrogen on a Ni metal catalyst [17]. Yan