Electrostatic force spectroscopy revealing the degree of reduction of individual graphene oxide sheets

• Yue Shen,
• Ying Wang,
• Yuan Zhou,
• Chunxi Hai,
• Jun Hu and
• Yi Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1146–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.106

• reduced GO sheets for examples, we aim to evaluate the degree of reduction of individual rGO sheets at the nanoscale using EFS. Results and Discussion The thermal or chemical reduction of GO sheets was verified with XPS, UV–vis absorption spectra, and SPFM, as shown in Figure 1. The sample labels and the

• XPS peak magnitudes for carbon atoms bonded to oxygen have decreased, indicating that most of the oxygen groups have been removed [8][9][20]. From the XPS data, we observed an increase in the ratio of the carbon atoms in aromatic rings (C=C/C–C) to those bonded to oxygen after the chemical reduction

• 0 < sample 1 ≈ sample 2 < sample 3 ≈ sample 4 < sample 5, which is almost consistent with the quantitative results shown by the parabola opening values. Therefore, chemical reduction with hydrazine monohydrate can reach a higher degree of reduction than thermal reduction without inert atmosphere

Nanoscale mapping of dielectric properties based on surface adhesion force measurements

• Ying Wang,
• Yue Shen,
• Xingya Wang,
• Zhiwei Shen,
• Bin Li,
• Jun Hu and
• Yi Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 900–906, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.84

• Sample preparation An aqueous solution of single-layered GO sheets was prepared from graphite powder following a modified Hummer’s method [47][48][49]. A drop of 10 µL of as-prepared GO solution (50 ng/µL) was placed onto a mica substrate. Chemical reduction of GO was performed by exposure to a saturated

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• )-active substrates. An analogous procedure was successfully performed for the production of mesoporous silver films by chemical reduction of oxidized silver films. The sponge-like silver blocks with high surface area and the in-situ-prepared mesoporous silver films are efficient as both analyte adsorbents

• is also in concordance with XRD analysis, which revealed no reflections of crystalline Ag2O after reduction by ten-fold excess of NaBH4 (Figure 1e). The similar chemical reduction procedure was applied then for mesoporous Ag film formation. The primary silver film with an estimated thickness of 150

• special chemical reduction method led to the easy scaling of uniform mesoporous silver films. These uniform mesoporous silver films served as SERS substrates and demonstrated a detection limit below 10−8 M for the same standard probe of R6G. The nanostructured silver films, obtained by an easy chemical

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Marta Berholts,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

• force microscopy in ambient conditions. Au NPs were synthesized by chemical reduction of metal salts and functionalized with thiols presenting different tail groups varying from a very hydrophobic to a highly hydrophilic behavior. The tail groups were either an amino (–NH2), hydroxy (–OH), carboxyl

Co-reductive fabrication of carbon nanodots with high quantum yield for bioimaging of bacteria

• Jiajun Wang,
• Xia Liu,
• Gesmi Milcovich,
• Tzu-Yu Chen,
• Edel Durack,
• Sarah Mallen,
• Yongming Ruan,
• Xuexiang Weng and
• Sarah P. Hudson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 137–145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.16

• , Ireland School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK 10.3762/bjnano.9.16 Abstract A simple and straightforward synthetic approach for carbon nanodots (C-dots) is proposed. The strategy is based on a one-step hydrothermal chemical reduction with thiourea and urea

• ], significant progress in increasing the QY has been achieved. Most of the mentioned methods refer to surface passivation [9][10][11] and doping [12][13]. Recently, chemical reduction was also reported as an effective method to enhance the QY of C-dots [14]. Zheng et al. found an increase in QY for C-dots from

• value (45%) using citric acid and urea as precursors via a facile hydrothermal method. They evidenced that surface passivation by urea resulted in the high QY of the C-dots. Herein we report a C-dot synthetic procedure with remarkable QY (37%) by a one-step hydrothermal chemical reduction method, where

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• [24]. Colloidal silver can be prepared by electrolytical or chemical reduction of a silver salt solution and consists of positively charged silver clusters exhibiting a diameter of typically between 5 and 15 nm and, containing approx. 103 to 109 atoms/cluster. From the generation process, it is

Methionine-mediated synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and functionalization with gold quantum dots for theranostic applications

• Arūnas Jagminas,
• Agnė Mikalauskaitė,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas and
• Jūrate Vaičiūnienė

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1734–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.174

• chemical reduction of HAuCl4. Briefly, 3.5 mL of NP solution was diluted to 5 mL under ultrasonic agitation for 10 min and 2.0 mL of HAuCl4 (10 mmol·L−1) was introduced into the reaction medium under ultrasound agitation. The solution was alkalized to the required pH value by addition of 2.0 mol·L−1 NaOH

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• ], chemically converted graphene [49], or reduced graphene [50]. For the chemical reduction of GO, hydrazine monohydrate and dimethylhydrazine have been used extensively as they do not react with water and have the attractive option for reducing GO in an aqueous dispersion [51][52][53]. Though hydrazine

•  3a) via hydrothermal synthesis and chemical reduction of V2O5 by GO simultaneously in a Teflon lined autoclave [111]. When this hybrid is used as a cathode material in LIBs, it provides fast charging and discharging capability with long cycle performance (Figure 3b). VO2 (M) nanotube–graphene hybrids

Formation and shape-control of hierarchical cobalt nanostructures using quaternary ammonium salts in aqueous media

• Ruchi Deshmukh,
• Anurag Mehra and
• Rochish Thaokar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 494–505, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.53

• obtain cobalt nanostructures of desired size and shape such as spherical nanoparticles [14][15] synthesized by high-temperature chemical reduction while controlling the pH value, cobalt–polymer composite tubes [16] formed by using alumina templates, cobalt cubes [17] produced in imidazolium ionic liquid

Evolution of the graphite surface in phosphoric acid: an AFM and Raman study

• Rossella Yivlialin,
• Luigi Brambilla,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Carlo Spartaco Casari,
• Matteo Passoni,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Chiara Castiglioni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1878–1884, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.180

• second-order features, which are commonly found in disordered carbon materials or graphene molecules [20]. The Raman features of the disordered phase show remarkable analogies to the Raman spectra of samples of graphene oxides subjected to chemical reduction [21]. This analogy suggests that the material

Functionalized platinum nanoparticles with surface charge trigged by pH: synthesis, characterization and stability studies

• Giovanna Testa,
• Laura Fontana,
• Iole Venditti and
• Ilaria Fratoddi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1822–1828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.175

• rise to monodisperse nanoparticles [20][21]. PtNPs are generally obtained from reduction of Pt(II) or Pt(IV) ions, starting from [PtCl4]2− or [PtCl6]2− precursors, in the presence of a strong reducing agent, to obtain the chemical reduction to Pt(0) atoms that starts the nucleation process. If a ligand

Hydrophilic silver nanoparticles with tunable optical properties: application for the detection of heavy metals in water

• Paolo Prosposito,
• Federico Mochi,
• Erica Ciotta,
• Mauro Casalboni,
• Fabio De Matteis,
• Iole Venditti,
• Laura Fontana,
• Giovanna Testa and
• Ilaria Fratoddi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1654–1661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.157

• on the control of the size and shape of nanoparticles [34][35], which is crucial in tuning their physical, chemical and optical properties [36][37][38]. Electrochemical, photochemical, sonochemical and chemical reduction methods can be used for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles [39][40][41][42][43

Graphene-enhanced plasmonic nanohole arrays for environmental sensing in aqueous samples

• Christa Genslein,
• Peter Hausler,
• Eva-Maria Kirchner,
• Rudolf Bierl,
• Antje J. Baeumner and
• Thomas Hirsch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1564–1573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.150

• graphite following a modified Hummers method and a subsequent chemical reduction [55]. To cover the substrates with a uniform layer of reduced graphene oxide 200 μL of a 0.25 μg·mL solution containing 1:1 (v/v) water and isopropanol was deposited in the middle on the surface and allowed to settle for 5 min

Nanostructured germanium deposited on heated substrates with enhanced photoelectric properties

• Ionel Stavarache,
• Valentin Adrian Maraloiu,
• Petronela Prepelita and
• Gheorghe Iordache

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1492–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.142

• ) observed in the absence of light can be the result of the serial combination of these interface junctions that can act as rectifying diode-like contacts. It is known that the chemical reduction of GeOx plays an important role and represents the major mechanism to produce size-controlled Ge-nps, embedded

Synthesis of cobalt nanowires in aqueous solution under an external magnetic field

• Xiaoyu Li,
• Lijuan Sun,
• Hu Wang,
• Kenan Xie,
• Qin Long,
• Xuefei Lai and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 990–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.91

• pressures, cobalt nanowires were synthesized by chemical reduction in aqueous solution with the assistance of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as surfactant under moderate conditions for the first time, while an external magnetic field of 40 mT was applied. Uniform linear cobalt nanowires with relatively smooth

• cobalt nanowires with a mean diameter of about 100 nm were obtained by chemical reduction in aqueous solution with an external magnetic field for the first time. The cobalt nanowires exhibited a relatively smooth surface and firm structure with a layer of PVP, which had a significant impact on the

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• based on the chemical exfoliation of graphite and thermal or chemical reduction of graphene oxide can produce graphene on an industrial scale but unfortunately with structural defects that can affect the electronic and electrical properties [84][85]. These are the main problems that impede the

• considered due to the simplicity of these systems and the reduced exposure time [123]. A cheaper and easy way to reduce GO is by chemical reduction, which is usually done at room temperature or with low heating [109]. Among the many chemical reagents that could reduce GO, hydrazine and its derivatives are

Two step formation of metal aggregates by surface X-ray radiolysis under Langmuir monolayers: 2D followed by 3D growth

• Smita Mukherjee,
• Marie-Claude Fauré,
• Michel Goldmann and
• Philippe Fontaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2406–2411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.247

• ultrathin metal–organic systems is an active research field. Indeed, due to their adjustable optical, magnetic, electronic, and catalytic properties these systems demonstrate many applications [1][2]. The usual approach for the synthesis of this type of material is the chemical reduction of metal-ion

Self-assembly mechanism of Ni nanowires prepared with an external magnetic field

• Xiaoyu Li,
• Hu Wang,
• Kenan Xie,
• Qin Long,
• Xuefei Lai and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2123–2128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.217

• Xiaoyu Li Hu Wang Kenan Xie Qin Long Xuefei Lai Li Liao School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China 10.3762/bjnano.6.217 Abstract Nickel nanowires with a mean diameter of about 95 nm and lengths of up to 26 μm were prepared by a chemical reduction method in

• magnetic field. Keywords: chemical reduction; external magnetic field; Ni nanoparticles; Ni nanowires; self-assembly mechanism; Introduction For the past decades, ferromagnetic (e.g., Fe, Co, Ni) nanowires have raised considerable attention due to their application prospects in magnetic, optoelectronic

• electrodeposition [7][8][9][10], block copolymer lithography [11], and wet chemical reduction [12]. Among these methods, template-based electrodeposition is the most widely used to prepare Ni nanowires as highly-ordered and size-controlled nanowires can be obtained with this method. However, additional steps such

Structural and magnetic properties of iron nanowires and iron nanoparticles fabricated through a reduction reaction

• Marcin Krajewski,
• Wei Syuan Lin,
• Hong Ming Lin,
• Katarzyna Brzozka,
• Sabina Lewinska,
• Natalia Nedelko,
• Anna Slawska-Waniewska,
• Jolanta Borysiuk and
• Dariusz Wasik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1652–1660, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.167

• of iron nanowires and iron nanoparticles which have been synthesized via a simple chemical reduction of iron salt. Results and Discussion At the beginning, it is worth to emphasize that the only difference in the fabrication processes of the two investigated nanostructures, iron nanowires and iron

• as described in [3][12][15][35][36]. Therefore, the fabrication procedures are described briefly here. Both nanostructures were synthesized through a chemical reduction of 0.2 mL of a 0.5 M aqueous solution of iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O; 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) with 2 mL of a 1 M aqueous

Preparation of Ni/Cu composite nanowires

• Hu Wang,
• Xiaoyu Li,
• Ming Li,
• Kenan Xie and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1268–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.130

• nickel nanowires were prepared through chemical reduction in solution under a magnetic field. Secondly, copper was reduced on the surface of the nickel nanowires, during which Ni/Cu composite nanowires with an average length of 80 µm and diameter of about 200 nm were synthesized. The products were

The convenient preparation of stable aryl-coated zerovalent iron nanoparticles

• Olga A. Guselnikova,
• Andrey I. Galanov,
• Anton K. Gutakovskii and
• Pavel S. Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1192–1198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.121

• chemistry is proposed. Surface-modified zerovalent iron NPs (ZVI NPs) were prepared by simple chemical reduction of iron(III) chloride aqueous solution followed by in situ modification using water soluble arenediazonium tosylate. The resulting NPs, with average iron core diameter of 21 nm, were coated with

• analysis were performed in order to characterize the resulting material. Keywords: arenediazonium salts; chemical reduction; covalent modification; surface-modified nanoparticles; zerovalent iron nanoparticles; Introduction Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) have aroused great interest recently

• methods for zerovalent iron (ZVI) NP synthesis is chemical reduction. A variety of different approaches have been employed to protect this sensitive material from oxidation, where commonly used methods include coating with carbon [19][22], silica [23], noble metals and oxides [24][25][26], or the

Palladium nanoparticles anchored to anatase TiO₂ for enhanced surface plasmon resonance-stimulated, visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Hong Ye Chu,
• Shaliza Ibrahim and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 428–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.43

• photoactivity. There are several synthesis methods available for preparing plasmonic photocatalysts, namely photodeposition [3][30][31], hydrothermal [4][32][33][34], ion exchange [35][36], chemical reduction [25][37][38], physical vapour deposition [27][39][40], and deposition–precipitation [41][42][43]. Among

The impact of the confinement of reactants on the metal distribution in bimetallic nanoparticles synthesized in reverse micelles

• Concha Tojo,
• Elena González and
• Nuria Vila-Romeu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1966–1979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.206

• the chemical reduction rate, but also on the intermicellar exchange rate. Furthermore, intermicellar exchange causes the accumulation of slower precursors inside the micelles, which favors chemical reduction. As a consequence, slower reduction rates strongly correlate with the number of reactants in

• channel between them. When one of the two metal salts ([AuCl4]−or [PtCl6]2− for the preparation of Au/Pt particles) and the reducing agent (e.g., hydrazine) are located in the same micelle, the chemical reduction takes place inside the reverse micelle to obtain metal atoms (Au or Pt). That is, the

• kex was used in this investigation (). Chemical reduction rates Due to the redistribution of material between the micelles, one metal salt and the reducer can be located inside the same micelle in order for chemical reduction to take place. The reduction potentials of the two metal salts, [AuCl4]− and

Highly NO₂ sensitive caesium doped graphene oxide conductometric sensors

• Carlo Piloto,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Mahnaz Shafiei,
• Elena Taran,
• Dilini Galpaya,
• Cheng Yan and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1073–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.120

• . We attribute this drop to the chemical reduction of the GO caused by the Cs2CO3 that tends to decrease the work function as observed by [55][59][60][61]. This result suggests that doped GO may have good performance as a gas sensing material. XPS survey analysis of the GO (Figure 3a, blue line

Enhancement of photocatalytic H₂ evolution of eosin Y-sensitized reduced graphene oxide through a simple photoreaction

• Weiying Zhang,
• Yuexiang Li,
• Shaoqin Peng and
• Xiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 801–811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.92

• efficient electron relay between the photoexcited EY and the loaded Pt co-catalyst, which shows an AQY of 4.15% under visible light irradiation. In these works, RGO was obtained by a chemical reduction of GO with hydrazine or sodium borohydride as a reductant. Graphene, an atom-thick two-dimensional (2D

• -RGO/Pt produced by chemical reduction methods in the literature [19][20]. A possible mechanism is discussed. Results and Discussion The effect of irradiation time on the performance of RGOx Figure 1 shows UV–vis spectra of GO and RGOx solution. The peak at 232 nm is due to the C=C bond in an aromatic