Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• detected, which is an expected result when crystalline Sb2S3 is formed [28][46][49]. No traces of additional phases were detected by either XRD or Raman in any glass/ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3 samples. Chlorine, which could originate from the SbCl3 precursor, was not detected by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

• composition, these results already give USP a distinct advantage over aqueous CBD, wherein the inclusion of oxygen is inevitable and traceable [57][58][59]. To summarize the thin film characterization, we have fabricated polycrystalline, chlorine-free (below EDX detection limit), and oxygen-free (EDX and XES

Nanocomposite–parylene C thin films with high dielectric constant and low losses for future organic electronic devices

• Marwa Mokni,
• Gianluigi Maggioni,
• Abdelkader Kahouli,
• Sara M. Carturan,
• Walter Raniero and
• Alain Sylvestre

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 428–441, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.42

• produced by increasing the number of rotations from 0 to 6, as detailed above (see Results and Discussion). The minimum distance between the Ag target and the sample surface was fixed at 10.5 cm. Parylene C/Ag nanocomposite characterization The silver and chlorine content in the nanocomposite samples was

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• pronounced energy consumption for the reactor heating as well as with challenges to handle chlorine at such high temperatures. The second approach is using catalytic graphitization during the material synthesis. It typically requires only moderate temperatures (typically starting from 800 °C, depending on

• control of the final material properties. Experimental Materials Commercial TiC (dave of 90 µm, 99.8%, Goodfellow) was employed as carbon precursor. Chlorine (purity 2.8, Linde AG) and hydrogen (purity 5.0, Linde AG) diluted by helium (purity 4.6, Linde AG) were used to perform reactive extraction of

• zone of the vertical furnace (Gero Company, Germany). After the tightness of reactor was verified, the reactor was heated to 800 °C under helium flow (superficial velocity, v = 0.015 m·s−1) with a heating rate of 10 °C·min−1. The chlorination reaction was then carried out at 800 °C by dosing chlorine

Characterization and influence of hydroxyapatite nanopowders on living cells

• Przemyslaw Oberbek,
• Tomasz Bolek,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Sylwia Kusnieruk,
• Julia Rogowska-Tylman,
• Ganna Nechyporenko,
• Viktor Zinchenko,
• Wojciech Swieszkowski and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3079–3094, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.286

• biological apatite along with a relatively low degree of crystallinity (and addition of magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, fluorine, carbonate and few trace elements), synthesized nanoscale hydroxyapatites with such properties might find use in implants and dentistry. Aspect ratio for a three

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• ratio of what are usually very shallow structures. They carried out preliminary experiments to gain understanding with sub-10 nm EBID masks, using hydrogen bromide (HBr), chlorine (Cl2), chlorine and boron trichloride (BCl3/Cl2) and fluorine chemistries (SF6/C4F8). The quality of the etching process is

Low cost tips for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy fabricated by two-step electrochemical etching of 125 µm diameter gold wires

• Antonino Foti,
• Francesco Barreca,
• Enza Fazio,
• Cristiano D’Andrea,
• Paolo Matteini,
• Onofrio Maria Maragò and
• Pietro Giuseppe Gucciardi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2718–2729, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.254

• Discussion Gold etching and tip formation mechanism The gold electrochemical corrosion is driven by a well-known redox process in acidic environment [31], whose main reactions are: Here the superficial gold atoms are oxidized, transforming into either Au(I) or Au(III). The chlorine ions combine with Au(I) or

• fall due to gravity, covering the surface of the wire still immersed in the bulk solution, affecting the concentration distribution of the chlorine ions along the wire. A higher local concentration of Cl− ions at the meniscus with respect to the bulk can justify the observed anisotropic etching rate

Noble metal-modified titania with visible-light activity for the decomposition of microorganisms

• Maya Endo,
• Zhishun Wei,
• Kunlei Wang,
• Baris Karabiyik,
• Kenta Yoshiiri,
• Paulina Rokicka,
• Bunsho Ohtani,
• Agata Markowska-Szczupak and
• Ewa Kowalska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 829–841, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.77

• methods, such as UV irradiation and ozonation. Although, chlorine can inactivate some microorganisms completely, it may also negatively influence water environment, and even animal and human health, e.g., the chlorination by-products are mutagenic and carcinogenic [3]. Moreover, chlorine disinfection has

• (λ = 253.7 nm) by nucleic acids induces the damage of genetic information and inactivation. However, it should be pointed out that chlorine disinfection is often complementary used because: (i) some viruses have low sensitivity to UV irradiation (e.g., adenovirus), and (ii) the lack of residual

• burn wounds (bandage and dressing), and protection against infection (braces and catheters). Photocatalysis is considered as one of the best methods for environmental purification since additional chemical compounds, such as strong oxidants (ozone, hydrogen peroxide or chlorine) [7][8][9][10][11][12

Fabrication and photoactivity of ionic liquid–TiO₂ structures for efficient visible-light-induced photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants in aqueous phase

• Anna Gołąbiewska,
• Marta Paszkiewicz-Gawron,
• Aleksandra Sadzińska,
• Wojciech Lisowski,
• Ewelina Grabowska,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska and
• Justyna Łuczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 580–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.54

• Table 3. The titanium, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and chlorine atoms were detected. The last two elements evidenced successful interaction between the IL and the surface of TiO2. The chemical character of these elements was identified from corresponding Ti 2p, O 1s, C 1s, N 1s and Cl 2p high-resolution

• ], were detected. The XPS data collected in Table 3 showed that the amount of carbon, nitrogen and chlorine were higher for the samples with molar ratio 1:3 than for those with molar ratio 1:10. In addition, the surface concentration of these elements for the TiO2_O(1:3) sample with longer alkyl

• absorption spectrum of the titanium dioxide in the visible region. Therefore, the enhanced photocatalytic activity of IL–TiO2 can be attributed to the improved optical absorption. Moreover, the XPS data showed that the amount of carbon, nitrogen and chlorine were higher for the samples with molar ratio 1:3

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• materials similar to those grown in the present study has been described earlier in terms of the most critical residue components, i.e., chlorine and hydrogen [14]. The time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis verified quite low residual chlorine content with an average amount of 0.14 ± 0.01 atom

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• , covering the interval from 0 to 120 min. The electron dose per minute during these experiments was 0.6 mC/cm2. The chlorine 2p doublet for 2-Cl-BPT is seen at 200 eV with an energy separation of 1.6 eV [33] and the bromine 3p doublet for 2-Br-BPT at 183.6 eV with an energy separation of 6.5 eV [34]. The

• chlorine signal is fitted by its specific doublet Cl 2p1/2 + Cl 2p3/2, while for bromine, only the Br 3p3/2 is used to quantify the signal of interest. It is clear from Figure 2 that the XPS intensity of the respective halogens decreases for all three molecules upon electron irradiation. For 2-I-BPT (right

• and Cl 2p, whereas the I 3d5/2 peak, exposed to the same current density, decays substantially faster. For a reduction in the normalized intensity by 50%, which corresponds to Ihalog/Ihalog0 = 0.5, in the case of bromine and chlorine, an irradiation time of 5 to 10 minutes (3–6 mC/cm2) is needed. For

Comparing postdeposition reactions of electrons and radicals with Pt nanostructures created by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Julie A. Spencer,
• Michael Barclay,
• Miranda J. Gallagher,
• Robert Winkler,
• Ilyas Unlu,
• Yung-Chien Wu,
• Harald Plank,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2410–2424, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.240

• Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-7200, USA, Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010 Graz, Austria 10.3762/bjnano.8.240 Abstract The ability of electrons and atomic hydrogen (AH) to remove residual chlorine

• from PtCl2 deposits created from cis-Pt(CO)2Cl2 by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is evaluated. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements as well as thermodynamics calculations support the idea that electrons can remove chlorine from

• PtCl2 structures via an electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) process. It was found that the effectiveness of electrons to purify deposits greater than a few nanometers in height is compromised by the limited escape depth of the chloride ions generated in the purification step. In contrast, chlorine

Electron beam induced deposition of silacyclohexane and dichlorosilacyclohexane: the role of dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment in the deposition process

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Krishna K Damodaran,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2376–2388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.237

• stoichiometry. The oxygen content in the DCSCH deposits is about double that of the SCH deposits. Only marginal chlorine is observed in the deposits of from DCSCH. We discuss these observations in context of potential approaches for Si deposition. Keywords: dichlorosilacyclohexane; dissociative electron

• . Silacyclohexane (SCH) and dichlorosilacyclohexane (DSCH), shown in Figure 1, are cyclohexane derivatives where one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a silicon atom, and in DCSCH two chlorine atoms are attached to that silicon atom. In a fairly recent gas phase study [35], where these molecules were exposed to

• that of the precursor molecules (1/5) and the additional carbon content is likely to result from the background gas. No significant chlorine content is observed for DCSCH. However, the oxide content in the deposits formed from DCSCH is significantly larger than that in deposits from SCH. In fact, the

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• of the high surface energy of the substrate, which neutralizes the reactive monomer species that are adsorbed on the substrate surface and prevents further initiation and propagation of the polymerization reaction. For example, non-substituted p-xylylene and chlorine-substituted p-xylylene (monomers

Oxidative chemical vapor deposition of polyaniline thin films

• Yuriy Y. Smolin,
• Masoud Soroush and
• Kenneth K. S. Lau

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1266–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.128

• (Table 2). The most obvious change is the disappearance of N4. Since this aligns with the dramatic reduction in the antimony and chlorine dopant levels after washing and given N4 is a doped cation, this indicates that this state is formed as a result of the oxidant simultaneously enabling polymerization

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• of PPX derivatives with trifluoroacetyl or chlorine functionality on carboxylic acid- or hydroxyl-terminated alkanethiolates as compared to methyl-terminated SAMs [27]. In this way, free-standing nanosheet membranes were fabricated. Substrate-induced morphology control Demiryürek et al. developed a

AgCl-doped CdSe quantum dots with near-IR photoluminescence

• Pavel A. Kotin,
• Sergey S. Bubenov,
• Natalia E. Mordvinova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1156–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.117

• Ag is present in QDs right after the synthesis. The weakness of the Cl signal does not allow one to precisely determine the position of Cl atoms, but the repetition of the outlines of the NPs allows for the assumption that chlorine is likely located inside the QDs. PL, absorbance and QY measurements

Modeling adsorption of brominated, chlorinated and mixed bromo/chloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins on C₆₀ fullerene using Nano-QSPR

• Piotr Urbaszek,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz,
• Celina Sikorska,
• Maciej Haranczyk and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 752–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.78

• bromine and/or chlorine in dibenzo-p-dioxins on their sorption ability on the C60 fullerene surface. Halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PXDDs, where X = Br or Cl) are ever-present in the environment and accidently produced in many technological processes in only approximately known quantities. If all

• concentrations. Aromatic structures render fullerenes as good acceptors of π-electrons. On the other hand, aromatic systems like halogenated dioxins are classified as π-donors [20]. Recent studies have proved that halogens, such as bromine or chlorine, have a more positive region on the surface opposite to the X

• (preferably chlorine than bromine) in nonlateral positions along the y axis. The second latent vector (LV2) (Figure 2, Figure 3a), is a combination of D_x and #H, and is related to those congeners with a high dipole moment along the x axis. Congeners mostly substituted in positions 2,3,7,8 and filled with

Calculating free energies of organic molecules on insulating substrates

• Julian Gaberle,
• David Z. Gao and
• Alexander L. Shluger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 667–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.71

• = nitrogen, white = hydrogen, silver/coral = potassium, grey/cyan = chlorine. The normal of the surface is perpendicular to the screen. Change in entropy for step adhesion at 300 K for CDB (dotted line) and TCB (solid line) as a function of molecule–step separation. Zero on the x-axis was chosen as the

Sensitive detection of hydrocarbon gases using electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO chemiresistors

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 82–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.9

• removal of chlorine ions in the liquid phase. Finally, a thermal treatment at 120 °C for 2 h allowed us to maintain hydroxyl (–OH) groups on the oxide surface in order to permit the attachment of Pd NPs during the electrochemical deposition process [45]. Electrochemical decoration of ZnO by Pd NPs Pd@ZnO

When the going gets rough – studying the effect of surface roughness on the adhesive abilities of tree frogs

• Niall Crawford,
• Thomas Endlein,
• Jonathan T. Pham,
• Mathis Riehle and
• W. Jon P. Barnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.201

• frogs were kept in vivaria (30 × 45 × 76 cm high) containing plants and dishes of chlorine-free fresh water at a temperature of approx. 28 °C. They were fed live crickets three times a week, dusted with a multi-vitamin supplement (Nutrobal, purchased from Peregrine Live Foods, Ongar, Essex, England

• ). Before experimentation, the frogs were rinsed in chlorine-free water to remove any dirt or loose dead skin, and carefully blotted dry to prevent the excess water from affecting the frogs’ performance. Rough surfaces Two different kinds of rough surfaces were used in this study, which displayed different

Precise in situ etch depth control of multilayered III−V semiconductor samples with reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) equipment

• Ann-Kathrin Kleinschmidt,
• Lars Barzen,
• Johannes Strassner,
• Christoph Doering,
• Henning Fouckhardt,
• Wolfgang Bock,
• Michael Wahl and
• Michael Kopnarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1783–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.171

• pressure of the etching system is about (1–5) × 10−6 hPa, while the pressure during the etch process is about (1–2) × 10−2 hPa. Chlorine based plasmas are commonly used for dry-etch processes of III–V semiconductors [23][24][25][26][27][28]. In our case 2 vol % of chlorine (1 sccm in 50 sccm argon) suffice

• to prevent the accumulation of debris from, e.g., the chamber walls and re-deposition of etched material on the sample surface. Moreover, these 2% enlarge the etch rate by a factor of about 5 compared to the case with pure Ar. The chlorine share should not exceed 20% though, because otherwise the RAS

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• hydroxyapatite structure, PO43− anions can be substituted to a certain extent by carbonate groups, whereas calcium ions can be substituted by magnesium (≈0.7 wt %), sodium (≈0.9 wt %), potassium (0.03 wt %) chlorine (0.13 wt %), fluorine (0.03 wt %) and a few trace elements: Sr, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe. The

Phenalenyl-based mononuclear dysprosium complexes

• Yanhua Lan,
• Andrea Magri,
• Olaf Fuhr and
• Mario Ruben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 995–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.92

• structure of [Dy(PLN)2(HPLN)Cl(EtOH)] (1) is illustrated in Figure 1. The central dysprosium atom is coordinated by seven donor atoms, six oxygen and one chlorine, resulting in a mono-capped trigonal prism geometry with a symmetry lower than D5h. The bond lengths Dy-O1, Dy-O2, Dy-O3 and Dy-O4 (of the

Synthesis of cobalt nanowires in aqueous solution under an external magnetic field

• Xiaoyu Li,
• Lijuan Sun,
• Hu Wang,
• Kenan Xie,
• Qin Long,
• Xuefei Lai and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 990–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.91

• platinum acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites are clearly seen. Carbon and oxygen can be ascribed to the PVP coating on the nanowires and, to some extent, to CO2 adsorbed on nanowires during the preparation of samples. There is also very little residual chlorine detected, which comes from H2PtCl6·6H2O

Evaluation of gas-sensing properties of ZnO nanostructures electrochemically doped with Au nanophases

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.3

• washed with distilled water until complete elimination of chlorine ions in the liquid phase and then dehydrated at 120 °C for 2 h to maintain hydroxy (–OH) groups on the oxide surface, that are ideal to stabilize Au nanoparticles during the electrosynthesis [43][44][45][46]. Electrochemical decoration of