Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• spectroscopy, TEM, DLS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, revealing a polygonal or oval morphology. To evaluate the antitumor effects, cytotoxicity assays, cellular uptake assays, apoptosis detection, ROS production, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting for gene and protein

• , lignin, cellulose, and starch [155][156]. Furthermore, quantum nanoparticles offer advantages for cancer treatment. They can manipulate emission properties near the infrared region, improving drug targeting and solubility, enhancing tumor detection, and reducing adverse effects on adjacent healthy

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• the plate was incubated at 37 °C for 1 hour. The plate was washed and 50 µL/well of diluted detection antibodies was added and incubated for 3 h. The plate was then washed again, the substrate was added, and the plate was incubated at room temperature for 15 min. The reaction was stopped (H2SO4 4 M

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• effectively removing MPs, especially those in the nanosize range. This review presents a detail analysis of the sources, pathways, detection methods, and health impact of MPs, while emphasizing the emerging role of nanotechnology in their remediation. Nanomaterials, including nanoadsorbents, photocatalysts

• various nanoenabled treatment strategies such as adsorption, photocatalysis, and membrane filtration using materials like metal-organic frameworks, carbon-based nanomaterials, MXenes, and metal oxides. It also highlights recent innovations such as microrobotic systems and AI-assisted detection frameworks

• synthesis and characterisation techniques have enabled the detection of materials at the nanoscale, unlocking new opportunities across various streams. In the field of water treatment, nanotechnology is gaining wide attention due to its enhanced efficiency, effectiveness, affordability, and durability. The

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• the GOM correlate software for DIC analysis (version 2018, GOM GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany). A facet size of 20 pixels and a point distance of 14 pixels was used for surface detection, using an image in the undeformed state as reference. The principal engineering strain in the direction of deformation

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• amides [57]. While FTIR provides some evidence of PPA coupling to the IONP surface, it is not conclusive; thus, we turned to an indirect means of detection by utilizing the CuAAC coupling reaction to bind Cy5-azide dye to the alkyne groups on the IONP surface, if present. The dye can then be detected

• down to 1 mM, limited by the detection limit of Cy5. Our investigation into the EDC coupling of several primary amine-containing dyes shows that care must be taken in choosing an appropriate amine for coupling, as the structure can inhibit coupling through either steric or electronic effects. Our

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• usage in everyday healthcare is becoming more evident. Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles are already being used in certain cancer and vaccine treatments [41]. Detection of diseases at an early stage is becoming more possible with gold nanoparticles or quantum dots. Scaffolds made from nanofibers and

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• (e.g., nanoparticles, nanocubes, nanorods, and nanocomposites) [5]. The developments in LAL have demonstrated its ability to synthesize functionalized nanostructures with special morphologies, microstructures, and phases, which hold promise for applications in optics, detection, and biological fields

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• enhancement factor of 1.15 × 106, enabling detection limits down to 10−9 M. These findings demonstrate that green LED-mediated synthesis provides a simple, environmentally friendly route to fabricate high-yield AgNPrs with superior SERS capabilities, suitable for ultrasensitive chemical and biological sensing

• various solid supports such as glass [11], quartz, silicon, or aluminum foil [12]. A recent trend in the development of practical SERS substrates emphasizes flexibility and portability for field-deployable Raman detection. Accordingly, several groups have developed paper-based [13] or cotton-based [14

• confirm that AgNPrs exhibited superior SERS performance, consistent with prior studies investigating the direct SERS detection of 4-MBA [18][19]. Due to their anisotropic structure, AgNPrs concentrate surface electrons and form electromagnetic “hot spots” at the edges and tip of the nanoprisms [22][24][25

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• thickness reflects the strength of relationships between nodes [28]. The betweenness centrality of a node was defined using the Kleinberg burst detection algorithm, measuring the node’s influence within the network. The centrality value δs*ν was calculated as: Nodes with high centrality values are

• towards nanoscale MP removal due to their hazardous implications. However, NP detection remains complex, requiring state-of-the-art methodologies [30]. For soil matrices, studies aim to enhance soil properties, enzyme activity and beneficial microbial communities, ultimately improving crop productivity

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• testing with glucose and dopamine demonstrate limits of detection of 30 nM and 0.01 mM, respectively. The R-squared values for peak current versus concentration are 0.985 and 0.994, indicating strong linear correlations. These nanoscale electrodes hold great promise for single-cell biosensing applications

• , with diameters ranging from 0.4 to 100 nm and lengths extending from a few micrometers to several centimeters [7]. The functionalization of CNTs is achieved by surface modification through various methods including covalent bonding, adsorption, and detection group attachment [7][8]. Palve et al

• . developed a glucose sensor using copper nanowires and CNTs, achieving a limit of detection as low as 0.3 nM, highlighting the remarkable sensitivity of CNT-based electrodes [9]. Nevertheless, several studies reported the toxicity of CNTs for tissues and cells including loss of cellular integrity, DNA damage

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• primarily due to the particularly low content of PDA in the PCTA composite membrane, which significantly impacts the detection of PDA in NMR. The low concentration of PDA results in signal intensities that are much lower compared to the dominant signals from other components in the sample, such as CTA

• . Although modern NMR instruments have improved sensitivity, there is still a practical detection threshold. If the concentration of PDA falls below this threshold, the signal may not be detectable or may be too weak to provide meaningful information. These factors make it challenging to detect and quantify

• Ag nanoparticles. The stability of Ag, even in such low quantities, is indicated by their resistance to decomposition or volatilization at temperatures up to 800 °C. However, due to the extremely low content of Ag, the residual mass is within the detection limit of the TGA instrument, and thus the

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• altered metabolic responses inevitably leads to treatment failure [5][6][7]. Anyhow, an early detection of cancer enhances treatment success and increases survival. However, monotherapies proved limited therapeutic efficacy. Thus, an effective multiple cancer therapeutic regimen has been employed to

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• [20][21], drug monitoring in biological fluids [22], CO2 absorption from the atmosphere [23], dye removal from industrial effluents [24], cavity-prevention in oral products [25], insect repellent coating for textiles [26], lead detection in water reservoirs [27], production of vaccines [28], and

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• encapsulation efficiency is estimated to be ≥99% within the detection limits of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods applied, indicating a highly effective incorporation of the rotenoids into the nanochitosan matrix. In addition to the high encapsulation

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• ZnO@ZnS heterostructures and ZnS NTs exhibited superior amperometric cholesterol sensing performance, with ZnS NTs achieving the highest sensitivity (598 mA/m2) and low detection limits among the configurations studied. Despite these advances, the use of ZnS NT for detecting chloropicrin (CP), a

• in altering the electronic and optical properties of ZnS NT. A higher charge transfer improves sensor sensitivity, allowing the detection of CP at lower concentrations, whereas the weak physisorption led by the van der Waals forces may help with the reusability of sensor devices. Table 2 highlights

• broader spectral sensitivity, making Orientation C a versatile configuration for applications requiring multi-wavelength optical detection. Orientation D, on the other hand, shows absorption spectra similar to that of pristine ZnS NT, with only a slight redshift and weak absorption in the visible range

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• osteoblast cell activity, the HOb cell line (cell line no. 406-05a, European Collection of Cell Cultures, UK) was chosen due to its sensitivity to mechanical and electric stimuli. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, cellular uptake, scratch, and von Kossa staining assays (Abcam, UK) were

• % CO2. Afterward, the absorbance was measured at 570–600 nm to determine cell viability via a Tecan microplate reader. The linear regression method calculated the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Reactive oxygen species detection assay The ROS detection was carried out using the 2’,7

• /cm2) in this study supports the noninvasive nature of the stimulation and minimizes the likelihood of permanent cellular damage. ROS detection assay Concentration-dependent ROS% levels in the cells treated with hBNs, hBNs+US, BaTiO3, and BaTiO3+US are shown in Figure 3. In the control+US group used

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• amperometric detection of this radical species through an ultrasensitive NO electrode while alternating cycles of light/dark. Figure 5C shows that the NO generation is achieved exclusively upon green light excitation of the nanoassembly and stops once the irradiation source is switched off. The quantum yield

• amperometric detection with a World Precision Instrument, ISO-NO meter, equipped with a data acquisition system, and based on direct amperometric detection of NO with a short response time (<5 s) and sensitivity range from 1 nM to 20 mM. The analog signal was digitalized with a four-channel recording system

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• detection of smaller proteins. Identifying proteins on or within membranes would require advanced mathematical extraction techniques, such as deep learning-based analysis. Throughout the SICM measurements, no appreciable changes in the shape or undulation amplitude of the mitochondria were observed. This

• Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) for 30 min at 37 °C, followed by staining with 5 mmol·L−1 TMRE (Molecular Probes Invitrogen Detection Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) for 30 min at 37 °C. The samples were analysed using a Fluoview FV10i confocal microscope (Olympus, Germany). Oxygen

• control (Student’s t-test). Scale bars: 2 μm. Characterisation of isolated mitochondria by Western blot analyses. Detection of specific proteins of (a) the outer (voltage-dependent anion channel, VDAC) and (b) the inner (complexes of the respiratory chain and ATP synthesis, OXPHOS) mitochondrial membrane

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• . Element mapping analysis based on energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy revealed a uniform distribution of nickel particles in the top layers of all diamond faces after annealing (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4). The low resolution of the EDX instrument used did not allow the detection of

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• provided complementary information to that obtained by synchrotron radiation-based photoemission on cerium oxide-based materials. The depth sensitivity of XAS can be tuned on a much wider range than XPS by choosing the desired absorption edge and by selecting a specific detection mode. Moreover

• catalysts. In the soft X-ray range, the relatively high absorption of X-rays by gases or liquids at ambient pressure and the limited inelastic mean free path of secondary electrons, when total electron yield is used as a detection mode, put some constraints on the application of ambient pressure XAS in the

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• nanoparticles in photodetection is that the practical detection wavelength range for conventional photosensors may be efficiently tuned by the wavelength-shifting capabilities of nanoparticles, making them appealing candidates for photon detection. The dimensions of the NPs play a crucial role in the shift of

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• Fe-containing nanoparticles in the FS0 sample. However, the detection of isolated crystalline nanoparticles with an Fe-containing core does not exclude the possibility of the presence of other forms of iron-containing compounds in the FS0 sample. Comparing the XRD and TEM results for the FST sample

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• by the special design of the detection system [23]. In SPEM, the spectra can be recorded in three modes, namely, (1) “focused” (beam size of ≈130 nm), (2) “unfocused” (beam size of ≈2 μm), and (3) the so-called OSA mode with a beam size of ≈75 μm. Figure 4 presents XPS survey spectra obtained with