Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• energy sectors (Figure 1). NMs have seen use as antimicrobial agents [1], catalysts [2], bioimaging agents [3][4][5][6], magnetic particle imaging agents [7], nanofluids [8], antiviral agents [9], photothermal convertors [10], and in environmental remediation [11]. Topically, the biomedical applications

• properties that make them attractive for a wide range of applications, including drug delivery, electronics, and energy storage [29]. However, the lack of standardised methods for their synthesis and characterisation can complicate their regulatory approval and limit their practical applications. One of the

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• these different areas (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). Mechanistic insights and operational advantages The material contrast generated by the superposed eigenmode phase originates from the cantilever’s high sensitivity to the gradient of tip–sample interactions and energy dissipation

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• -contact (snap-in) when near the substrate and absence of post-detachment wiggling. Consequently, a weak Berendsen thermostat [55] with a coupling time of 10 ps proved sufficient to maintain the temperature of the bridging domain while dissipating the kinetic energy introduced by load steps. Each AP

• detachment. Complete seta detachment occurred when the substrate reaction force dropped to zero due to all spatulae detaching at around 840–860 ns (load steps 600–615). Despite discrepancies arising from the energy exchange via thermostats in the MD domain and differences in how each force is computed and

• File 1. As individual spatulae detached, some slightly before and many after the seta-level force minima (peak adhesion) at ≈526 ns, they released stored elastic energy and accelerated rapidly. This sudden increase in velocity caused wiggling and rapid configurational changes within the MD domain. Due

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• more general relevance than just for chromatography. Transport processes in porous materials are fundamental phenomena that influence the behavior and performance of a wide range of natural and engineered systems. They are relevant in applications including catalysis, filtration, energy storage

• aerogels. After deprotection, one obtains SH-AlaNHzoSIL; the data is given in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S8. In particular, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis proves the presence of sulfur and, thus, the successful incorporation of the thiophenyl groups. The value of the thiol groups

• (Figure 8f). The thermal energy at T = 260 K is approximately 2 kJ·mol−1. The difference in interaction enthalpies of two enantiomers with a chiral surface depends on many factors, but it is exactly in the range of 1–2 kJ·mol−1 [18][67], which we could deduce from ESR spectroscopy. If (+)-3CP is more

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• resin (TEM samples) were used for the observation of cement gland secretory granules. All SEM images were acquired in low vacuum mode (50 Pa), with the backscattered electron detector. X-ray microanalysis and elemental mapping were performed using an Oxford X-MaxN energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS

• composition of cement cell granules, we used energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Elemental composition was measured on four secretory granules of both types of cement cells in the parathoracic part of worms embedded in Spurr resin (TEM blocks). Using the

• to live in high-energy environments. During the secretion process, pockets of seawater could be trapped in the adhesive secretion, giving rise to the lacunae visible in TEM, as was suggested for the cement of P. californica [35]. Alternatively, these lacunae could be filled with a non-cross-linked

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• development of such fields as energy generation and storage, sensing, and catalysis. Another application area of nonspherical NPs stems from the shape dependencies of their optical properties. The shift of plasmonic bands to the near-infrared spectral range observed for high-aspect-ratio nanostructures, such

• : thermal evaporation and explosive ejection [1]. According to the thermal evaporation mechanism, the action of a laser beam on the surface of a solid target initiates the absorption of the laser pulse energy. This results in initiation of melting and ionization with the formation of a plasma plume near the

• manipulating the formed seed NPs to induce their anisotropic growth and assembly. 1.2 Cavitation bubble formation, expansion, and collapse Since plasma plume is confined by a liquid, the subsequent processes involve plasma rapid expansion and cooling by energy transfer to the surrounding liquid, resulting in

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• reference material, rather than calculated directly from the dynamics models of the cantilever. We measured the cantilever displacement with very high sampling frequencies over the course of the experiment and captured its oscillations that result from thermal energy. Using short-term Fourier

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• new metal-organic precursors, in the form of supported thick layers, to the ion beam irradiation is studied through analysis of the chemical composition and morphology of the resulting structures. This is done using SEM backscattered electron/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy along with machine

• irradiation differs from gas-phase deposition, we think that our method can be employed to optimize pre-screen and score new potential precursors for FIB applications by significantly reducing the time required and conserving valuable resources. Keywords: backscattered electrons (BSE); carboxylates; energy

• adsorbed on the surface, such as electron-stimulated desorption, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, and focused electron beam secondary ion mass spectrometry [5]. To characterize compounds in terms of their applicability in the FIBID process, comparisons are made with the FEBID process, and

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• contact. When tunneling from a normal metal into a superconductor, due to the presence of an energy gap (Δ), only electrons whose energy exceeds Δ can tunnel into the superconductor. Without applying an external voltage or in the case when eV < Δ (T = 0), tunneling does not occur. Accordingly, a tunnel

• the energy gap of the superconductor and kB is the Boltzmann constant. The differential resistance is expressed by the following formula: It should also be noted that, in addition to the tunnel current in NIS structures, the presence of a subgap (Andreev) current caused by the Andreev reflection

• are the thicknesses of the normal metal and superconductor films, respectively. Another feature of the tunnel–NIS junction is the phenomenon of electron cooling. This process is a transfer of heat from a normal metal to a superconductor and is caused by the fact that charge carriers with higher energy

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• through a low-energy method, using polysorbate 20 as a surfactant. The formulation presented an average droplet size ranging from 244.6 to 280.4 nm, a polydispersity index of less than 0.25, and a negative zeta potential (−15.7 to −18.6 mV), maintaining stability for 14 days. In the bioassays, fourth

• bicyclogermacrene, valerianol, β-pinene, and sesquirosefuran being the major substances in the essential oil of leaves (81.4%), suggesting a key role of this metabolites in larvicidal activity [113][115]. The oil was extracted using hydrodistillation and incorporated into the nanoemulsion by the low-energy method

• using a low-energy method with sorbitan monooleate 80 and polysorbate 20. The NE presented an average droplet size of 74.5 nm (±1.939) and a polydispersity index of 0.271 (±0.007), remaining physicochemically stable for up to 180 days. Larvicidal bioassays against third-stage Aedes aegypti larvae

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• JJ-based architectures face fundamental density constraints imposed by magnetic flux manipulation requirements and complex mutual inductive crosstalks. Circuits composed entirely of Josephson junctions (all-JJ circuits) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] represent a promising platform for energy-efficient

• ) logic, the phase drop for the considered single kinetic soliton (SKS) occurs not on the relatively large connecting geometric inductors, but on the Josephson junctions. SKS is a propagating wave of phase change with kinetic energy limited from below; the corresponding current pulse “dissipates” if its

• normalized time, τ. Our simulations revealed a critical damping threshold at αcrit ≈ 0.8; below this value, stable soliton propagation is not supported. Also, under this condition, the energy dissipation rate is too high relative to the energy transfer between adjacent junctions, causing the soliton to decay

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• power or energy stored in the cavity, expressed as the intracavity photon number nc. We control nc through the drive power of the pump Pin and the detuning from the cavity resonance frequency Δ = ωp − ω0. In principle, arbitrarily large responsivity α is achieved for arbitrary weak coupling G by

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• activity and enhanced biocompatibility, achieved through phytochemically mediated synthesis. Conventional nanoparticle production often relies on toxic reagents and energy-intensive processes, posing environmental and clinical challenges. In contrast, green synthesis, using plant extracts, fungi, or

• energy consumption, and hazardous reducing agents; also, they result in environmental waste, in addition to producing nanoparticles that may be toxic and poorly biocompatible [3][7]. Given the limitations of conventional synthesis methods, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has emerged as a sustainable

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• aquatic ecosystems by interfering with feeding patterns (reduced ingestion rates), reproduction (lower egg production and fertilization success), and growth rates (lack of energy and tissue damage) in marine organisms [11][12]. Thus, the persistence of MPs threatens not only biodiversity and ecosystem

• , and decomposition at the end of use. The system boundaries are defined to capture the full life cycle, consisting of energy consumption, carbon emissions, and residual toxicity [113]. However, until now, in-depth LCAs conducted on nanomaterials are still relatively limited [117]. In addition, advances

• (a) the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of chitosan (CS), bacterial cellulose (BC), crosslinked CS, and PS. (b) Energy gaps among PS, CS, BC, and crosslinked-CS. (c) scenarios of hardwood vessel-inspired chitosan-based sponges (BGCS)-120

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• via the low-energy emulsification method, as a novel potential pharmacological alternative for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Results Phytol-loaded soybean-oil nanoemulsion Blank-NE and soybean oil nanoemulsions loaded with phytol (PHYT-NE) were successfully prepared using the phase

• demonstrate that the phytol-loaded nanoemulsion, developed through a low-energy PIC method, is a stable and physicochemical suitable system for topical and transdermal administration in the future. The PHYT-NE exhibited enhanced leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes in a time

• ). Nanoemulsion preparation and composition Nanoemulsions were prepared using the phase inversion composition method, a low-energy technique wherein the aqueous phase (AP) was gradually added dropwise to the oil phase (OP) under continuous magnetic stirring at 1500 rpm, using a magnetically stirrer (IKA® C-MAG

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• , Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, USA Departamento de Ensino, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará (IFCE), 62580-000, Acarau, Ceara, Brazil Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, and Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National

• nanotubes (LCC@DWCNT and LCC@MWCNT, respectively) behave as Debye’s materials for temperatures as high as 293 K with an estimate that such materials could still withstand such characteristics for even higher temperatures (≈700 K). Using the Debye model, thermodynamic observables (internal energy

• phonons, and gain and loss of energy of carriers [1][2][10][17][24][25][26][27][28]. The phonon lifetime as well as the selection rules behind ph–ph and e–ph interactions determine the efficiency of such phonon emission and absorption [1][2][10][17][24][25][26][27][28]. Phonons need to be in an excited

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov Evgeniya A. Tarasenko Olga E. Lebedeva Department of General Chemistry, Belgorod State National Research University, Pobedy 85, 308015 Belgorod, Russian Federation 10.3762/bjnano.16.124 Abstract Recent research in alternate sources of energy such as piezoelectric energy

• to the development of next-generation high-performance piezoelectric devices. Keywords: layered double hydroxides; nanogenerators; piezocatalysis; piezoelectricity; Introduction Given the ever-increasing global need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, finding other ways to generate energy from

• environmental sources is a priority. Piezoelectric materials have the ability to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy due to the arrangement of dipoles in their structure, thus providing sustainable electrical energy for low-power-consuming and self-powered devices [1]. The most common piezoelectric

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• implantation provides a controllable alternative for tuning surface properties at the nanoscale, enabling the targeted introduction of functional species without chemical reagents. This work investigates the effects of low-energy (20 keV) and medium-energy (1.5 MeV) Ag+ ion implantation on the electrical

• surface electrical resistivity [8]. During implantation, the kinetic energy of the implanted particles is transferred to the matrix, causing local crystallization and carbonization of the polymer structures. This process is associated with the destruction of the original covalent bonds (e.g., C–N, C=O

• [10]. The delocalized electrons in these regions can freely pass between neighboring centers, thereby reducing the energy activation for conducting electric current. At the same time, the aggregation of the implanted Ag ions and the formation of metal islands or clusters in the form of nanostructures

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• efficacy and safety for ocular administration. Keywords: eye drops; micelles; low-energy method; ophthalmic vehicle; sample dilution; stability; Introduction Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition affecting the ocular surface, characterized by changes in tear fluid composition and/or

• , homogeneity, and stability in colloidal systems are influenced by component proportions (surfactant, oil, and co-surfactant), emulsification methods (low-energy or high-energy techniques) [40][41][42], and intrinsic properties like linseed oil viscosity and lecithin’s molecular structure [43]. These last

• experimentally determined using a dilution method combined with a low-energy technique, ensuring the formation of uniform micelles ideal for ophthalmic applications, as detailed below. Preparation of ophthalmic nanoformulations To obtain nanoemulsions for ocular application, three progressive studies were

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• imaging beamline P05 operated by Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon at PETRA III (DESY Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany). Phase contrast-based near-field holotomography was used to image our samples, utilizing a 300 µm gold Fresnel zone plate to focus the monochromatic beam with an energy of 11

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• studies across a broad pressure range, enabling research in catalysis, corrosion, energy storage, and thin film growth. The high brilliance and small beam size of MAX IV’s synchrotron light are essential for pushing the time-resolution boundaries of APXPS, especially in the soft X-ray regime. We discuss

• material interfaces under more realistic conditions, which is a critical advancement in material research, gaining increasing popularity across various fields. APXPS is crucial for studying dynamic processes in catalysis, environmental science, and energy materials, where reactions typically occur at or

• only at the turn of the century that APXPS instruments were developed, thanks to the high flux of the third and then, particularly, fourth generation of synchrotron radiation light sources. At the same time, the development of differentially pumped electron energy analyzers (EEA) with higher

Energy spectrum and quantum phase transition of the coupled single spin and an infinitely coordinated Ising chain

• Seidali Seidov,
• Natalia Pugach and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1668–1676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.117

• operation, and it has technical benefits such as simplicity of calibration and suppression of the unwanted longitudinal ZZ interaction. One of the important quantities is the shift of the coupler qubits energy levels depending on the state of the logical qubits. In the present manuscript, we find the energy

• levels of such system in the limit of infinitely many logical qubits, and find the energy spectrum of the coupler qubit depending on the state of the logical qubits ensemble. We start our theoretical analysis by mapping the Ising chain Hamiltonian to a Lipkin– Meshkov–Glik (LMG) Hamiltonian [11][12][13

• Hamiltonian. In the limit of infinite Ising chain, or equivalently of the infinite total spin, the LMG Hamiltonian can be solved exactly. We exploit this fact and analytically obtain the energy spectrum of the whole system. Based on this result, we study the structure of the extrema of the ground state energy

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• -loaded PLA nanoparticles were fabricated by nanoprecipitation methods. In this technique, the PLA nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by low-energy solvent displacement and functionalized with polyethylenimine (cationic polymer) for the T. serrulatus protein adsorption. The NPs showed a mean diameter of

• were successfully obtained using parameters selected for the nanoprecipitation method. This low-energy technique allowed the spontaneous self-assembling of PLA nanoparticles, which were functionalized with polyethyleneimine (PEI) to enable the adsorption of venom proteins. Experimental results

• functionalized cationic PLA nanoparticles adsorbed with negatively charged proteins was successfully developed by low-energy solvent diffusion method, producing effective and stable spherical cationic nanoparticles. The positive surface charge enabled a high protein incorporation into particles. The prolonged