Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• % acetic acid in ultrapure water, with a flow rate set at 1.0 mL·min−1 and an injection volume of 10 μL. Every hour, 0.2 mL of OFL solution was sampled. The photocurrent was tested using a three-electrode system on an electrochemical workstation (CHI600E, Shanghai Chenhua), in which the carbon cloth (2 cm

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• another layer of complexity. Looking ahead, in addition to overcoming the limitations of active degradation materials, innovative encapsulation technologies that can actively control or even electrically manipulate fluid transport, such as through directional flow or on-demand pumping, represent a

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• comprehensive understanding of the process flow, from the laser-induced ejection of material into the gas phase, through its processing and movement in the plume, to its eventual deposition onto a substrate. Figure 1 shows key developments in thin film synthesis and laser-based processing from 1909 to 2025

• used to deposit photoresist films for microelectronic manufacturing, where understanding the interaction between liquid flow and mass transfer during the process became crucial as device sizes decreased. A one-dimensional model of spin coating was developed to describe film thinning due to both

• convective outflow and solvent evaporation, highlighting the formation of a solid “skin” at the surface, which could lead to defects if convective flow ceases too late [101]. By 2009, spin coating had become the dominant technique for producing uniform thin films of photosensitive organic materials, with

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• would be improved by using the proposed method of classifying the tip based on a spectrum taken over the bare surface, such that the script would only take molecular spectra using probes which have been classified as “good” based on the surface state spectra. An example flow diagram with data taken

• deviation is shown in shaded purple. Example flow of an automated spectroscopy experiment taken over various SnPc molecules on the Au(111) surface. (a) An initial I(z) measurement is taken, where an exponential dependence is observed and so moves onto imaging, (b). The tip is then classified to be “good

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• column with a 0.25 mm thick layer (66DB-5MS, Agilent Technologies, USA) was used as the stationary phase. Helium gas was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with a split ratio of 1:10. The injector temperature was set to 250 °C. The oven temperature was set to 130 °C for 10 min and then

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• nanogels showed responsiveness to pH and temperature variation. In an ex vivo test performed with rat skin, the nanogel activated by sodium carbonate revealed a significantly higher release of naproxen into the epidermis, with a 2.8-fold increase in the steady flow of the drug. A 50% reduction in the

• the tumor with leakage permeable to blood flow due to disordered endothelial cell layers. This cellular organization of the vasculature with increased permeability allows increased uptake of nanoparticles by endocytosis and, consequently, increased cytotoxic effect of antineoplastic drugs. Thus, with

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• ± 10 nm after ps-LAL in acetone. As in their work different pulse energies were applied (88 µJ vs 150 µJ in our work) and a different setup was utilized (flow-through chamber vs semi-batch chamber in our work), it is likely that in our case the ablation process happens under harsher conditions. The

• difference in pulse energies possibly leads to stronger spallation [50][83] and thereby result in larger HEA NPs. Further, we cannot exclude that ripening processes occur in the semi-batch chamber utilized in this work, which would be less likely for the flow-through chamber used by Waag et al., as here the

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• crucible. Diffusion and a rotary backing pumps enabled a base pressure in the vacuum chamber below 1.5·10−5 mbar. The operating pressure in the IBAD process was kept below 1.7·10−3 mbar, and the thin film coatings were deposited with an additional oxygen gas flow of 100 sccm. The ion beam gun (Advanced

• anatase and rutile phases, prepared by magnetron sputtering using continuous and pulsed gas flow processes were 0.17 and 0.24 eV, respectively. It was found that the lower value of Eu was obtained for the anatase thin film, which was directly related to the much more ordered structure of this layer, as

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• 45 min. Afterward, fluorescence and absorbance were measured at the 485/535 nm range by a microplate reader (Tecan, Switzerland). Cellular uptake assay According to the logic of the NMs uptake procedure by flow cytometry, an increasing percentage of side scatter (SSC%) shift indicates growth in

• for 24 h. Then, the cells were harvested and centrifuged, and cell pellets were suspended with 200 µL PBS for cellular uptake analysis with flow cytometry (BD LSR Fortessa Flow Cytometer, US) and the FlowJo software was used for interpretation of data. Scratch assay A scratch assay was performed to

• . Although applying US to the environment is a noninvasive mechanical stimulation, it may still cause acoustic streaming, acoustic microstreaming, and cavitation. This mechanical effect may cause fluid flow in the extracellular environment, creating temporary membrane deformation and tension on osteoblasts

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• , and polymer motion via Marangoni flow. It is possible to extend this series of photoresponsive properties to other photochromic molecules and polymers. This methodology will be of interest for a variety of smart molecular system devices and smart applications. Plastic crystals are materials that

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• into nanosizes and uniformly distributed within the polymer matrix. To investigate the effect of CNTs on the rheological properties of PBS, specifically its flowability, the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) of pure PBS and the PBS/CNT_0.5 nanocomposite was studied at different temperatures and loads (Figure 2

• important to note that the MFR of the PBS/CNT_10 masterbatch could not be determined under the given conditions, as its melt exhibited minimal flow through the plastometer capillary. Therefore, the MFR of the masterbatch was measured at 230 °C and a load of 21.6 kg, yielding approximately 0.04 g/10 min

• revealed that CNTs decreased the melt flow rate by 5–25% at lower temperatures (180–190 °C), while improving flowability by 5–12% at 200 °C. It is hypothesized that the observed decrease in crystallinity may contribute to enhanced biodegradability. These results suggest promising applications for PBS/MWCNT

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• formation via direct and near-field forces [24][25][26][27]. Furthermore, the application of TTM is hampered by the relatively high uncertainty of material parameters such as the temperature- or field-dependent interaction cross section or the non-linear heat capacities [28][29][30][31]. Heat flow and phase

• MeV-UED facility of SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This setup features a high brightness, femtosecond electron beam operating at 3–4 MeV energies, coupled with a rapid-flow liquid sheet jet system, which ensures that the sample is refreshed before each pump–probe shot sequence. The scattering

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• standard ion columns from ThermoFisher [23]. Both the Cs+ and the Rb+ FIB are equipped with a standard Pt GIS. The same precursor trimethylplatinum, C5H4CH3Pt(CH3)3, was used for all FIBID-Pt experiments. The precursor was heated to 40 °C to create a gas flow through the GIS nozzle, with the exit of the

• limited gas flow, which leads to an overall lower increase in growth rate with increasing current density. This agrees with previous findings for Ga+ FIBID-Pt [25]. Also, for Cs+ at 5 kV, the deposition rate is lower. A possible explanation might be the broader beam diameter, which increases for lower

• average grain diameter grows from 1.9 to 5.8 nm when the beam energy increases from 2 to 16 kV. With larger grain diameters, the Pt-rich particles have larger surface areas in close contact. These larger surface areas help the current to flow more easily between the Pt deposits. Therefore, the deposit

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• thick) grown on a 300 μm thick, polished ⟨100⟩ Si substrates using an Oxford Plasmalab 100 PECVD system. PECVD deposition was performed at 650 °C with gas flow rates of 16 sccm SiH4, 980 sccm N2, and 14 sccm NH3. Ellipsometry measurements employing a Tauc–Lorentz model revealed a deposition rate of

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• hydrogen/acetone/air mixture. The deposition parameters were typical of those previously employed for an “Astex” system (2.45 GHz, 4.5 kW): a pressure of 115 Torr, hydrogen, acetone, and air flow rates of 500, 18, and 0.3 sccm, respectively, and substrate temperature in the range of 940–980 °C [28][37

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• , molybdenum was sputtered from a Mo target with a purity of 99.9% for 10 s at a magnetron power of 100 W and an argon partial pressure of 5.4 × 10−1 Pa. The output pressure in the chamber was controlled by the argon flow. The MoS2 films were synthesized by sulfurization of molybdenum layers deposited on SiO2

• /Si substrates in a two-zone quartz reactor. The substrate was placed in the high-temperature zone and annealed there at 423 K for 30 min in an argon flow of 250 sccm. Then, this zone was heated to 873 K. 200 mg of sulfur powder (99.9% purity) were placed in a quartz crucible in the low-temperature

• reactor zone heated to 473 K. A flow of 24 sccm argon was passed through both reactor zones for 30 min at atmospheric pressure. After this time, sulfurization of the Mo layer was complete. Both zones were cooled to room temperature in a flow of 250 sccm argon. To remove polysulfide impurities and form a

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• . In this study, Ni/NiO nanolayers were prepared on stainless steel (SS) via a facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering with various O2 flow rates. The O2 flow rate not only changed the crystal phase but also affected the morphology and atomic ratio of materials, leading to optimized HER

• preserved substrate are definite advantages. Although studies have recognized the effectiveness of magnetron sputtering, research has yet to systematically investigate the effect of the O2 flow rate on the HER efficiency of Ni/NiO catalysts. Commercial stainless steel (SS) costs less than other conductive

• route with various O2 flow rates, including 5, 10, 15, and 20 sccm. The electrode showed a higher HER efficacy than SS and Ni/SS, indicating the crucial role of NiO in water splitting. Moreover, the optimal sample Ni/NiO/SS-10 exhibited remarkable durability after 12 h of operation, suggesting great

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• 2.8 J·cm−2 [41]. Additionally, to increase the NP concentration and reduce the organic solvent use, a closed loop liquid flow system was employed. Size distribution, morphology, elemental composition, and crystal structure of the NPs from both CCA targets were examined using transmission electron

• followed by SPS. (b) Bulk Al-based CCA synthesized through a process of mixing elemental powders using mortar and pestle, followed by uniaxial pressing and vacuum oven sintering. (c) CCA NPs produced by picosecond-pulsed laser ablation of the CCA alloy targets in ethanol employing a closed loop liquid flow

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• of nitrogen flow prevented the samples from oxidizing or being contaminated during sulfurization. The heated samples were gradually cooled down to room temperature. Throughout the experiment, the flow of nitrogen gas was kept steady. The optimal conditions were determined through trials using varying

• phase, where the accumulation of minority carriers near the interface leads to recombination and electron flow into the surface. Over time, a steady state is reached when the rate of hole influx at the interface balances charge transfer and recombination, resulting in a stable photocurrent. When the

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• to a flowrate of 4 mL/min and a flow rate ratio of 3:1 (aqueous to solvent phase) to mix the phases. For C12 LNPs, the flow rate ratio was set to 2:1 with a total flow rate of 9 mL/min. After mixing, the LNP suspensions were dialyzed against PBS overnight using a dialysis cassette (Thermo Scientific

• brands of FCS (B) or untreated (NHI) or heat treated (HI) FCS of brand B (C) as determined by flow cytometry. The concentration of fluorescent siRNA was 1.5 pmol per 150 µL and uptake was measured after 4 h (n = 3). Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05 and were annotated as

• by magnetic beads after incubation in human serum, heat treated human serum and recombinant ApoE3 in PBS, as determined by flow cytometry (D) (n = 2). Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05 and were annotated as ns = non-significant, * = p ≤ 0.05, ** = p ≤ 0.01, *** = p

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• nutraceuticals aiming at solubility enhancements. However, current discontinuously operated fragmentation setups suffer from chemical degradation by multipulse laser excitation at high fluence and do not allow for systematic studies of the fragmentation mechanisms. In this work, continuous-flow microparticle

• systematic studies of the fragmentation mechanism and reliable measures of fluence-dependent degradation and particle size. To compensate for this disadvantage, Lau et al. introduced a circular jet (CJ) flow-through reactor [15], which generates a hydrostatically driven free liquid jet that is

• perpendicularly irradiated by a focused laser beam (Figure 1). By matching the flow rate of the dispersion in the jet, which defines the residence time of the particles in the laser-excited volume, with the repetition rate of the laser, precise process control over the pulses per particle is possible [43]. Hence

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• peak at 25 eV. We found that increasing the nitrogen flow substantially reduces the amount of oxygen in the films (Table 1) compared to that reported by Quintanar-Zamora et al. [15]. The oxygen content remains almost invariable when increasing the temperature to 850 °C (Table 2). Although higher

• limited oxygen availability and the dominant role of nitrogen flow. The samples in Figure 1c,d present a stoichiometry closer to that of TaN than the smaples in Figure 1a,b; they have an atomic composition of Ta2O5, and the doublet shape is more defined. Table 2 shows the atomic composition of samples

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• biasing, we bypass the open-circuit conditions and have a continuous charge flow within our devices, which operate with an external source of voltage. Consequently, charge transport can be studied, which depends on the diode characteristics of the interfaces. By biasing our devices with a voltage value

• illuminated case and we have a sufficient diffusive current flowing through the two junctions, but smaller in magnitude compared to the current flowing through an ohmic contact. Therefore, the junction exhibiting the more pronounced rectifying behavior will still limit the current flow. For our model, the

• influence of the resistance of the active layer is omitted, as it remains the same for all devices tested. If the rectifying capability of the HTL/perovskite junction is poor, then under the applied bias, more current will readily flow through it and the voltage will mainly drop on the ETL interface, where