Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• pollutants adsorbed on its surface. In Fenton and Fenton-like processes, hydroxyl (•OH) radicals are formed when hydrogen peroxide reacts with a metallic active phase, such as Fe2+, facilitating the oxidation and breakdown of contaminants [58]. Table 2 depicts the advantages and limitations of various

• the process. The removal of MPs by adsorbents primarily relies on hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding, which are influenced by their surface characteristics. Among various adsorbents, activated carbon and biochar have gained wide attention for treating water

• . Interaction with oxygen forms peroxy radicals, which extract hydrogen atoms from the polymer backbone, creating hydroperoxide intermediates. These intermediates break down into alkoxy radicals, which further react to produce carbonyl and vinyl groups, markers of advanced photo-oxidation. The presence of these

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• nanowires remove 90–97% OFL in water with a high initial concentration of 50 ppm in 6 h under UV light irradiation for up to six cycles. The contributions of the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) additive were also studied. An enhanced efficiency could be achieved only when the H2O2 in water reaches a critical

• . Hydrogen peroxide (30 wt %, AR), HNO3 (65 wt %, AR), and ethyl alcohol (99.7 wt %, AR) were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China. Melamine (99 wt %, AR) was purchased from Aladdin, China. PHILPS Lighting Investment Company Limited, China, provided the UV lamp. All chemicals were used

• and deionized water alternately in an ultrasonic bath, followed by drying at 60 °C. After that, it was immersed in 200 mL of a 30 wt % H2O2 solution, containing 60 mg of melamine, 4 mL of 65 wt % HNO3, and 1 g of titanium sponge, at 80 °C for 24 h to facilitate the precipitation of hydrogen titanate

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• and the presence of specific ions, such as hydrogen phosphate and chloride (HPO42− and Cl−) [43] are known to accelerate the degradation process. The biodegradation rate of silicon is also influenced by its crystallographic structure. Polycrystalline silicon degrades faster than single-crystalline

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• reagents or solvent systems [39][40]. DESs are formed through hydrogen bonding between two solid components resulting in eutectic liquids having a melting point lower than those of the individual components [41][42]. They offer advantages such as simple synthesis, low cost, and broad applications in

• the CNTs was found to be increased with the successive growth of dendrimers resulting in dense carbon nanotubes. It could be due to the interactions such as hydrogen bonding between the growing number of functional groups on the surface of CNTs because of successive growth of dendrimers. Moreover

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• , electrochemical/photoelectrochemical sensors, hydrogen/oxygen evolution, SERS sensors and other types of devices reported so far. The last section explains the challenges and further scope of these devices from laser-generated nanocolloids. Keywords: HER/OER/water splitting; laser synthesis of nanomaterials

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• step of the entire process [3]. During this stage, small silver nanoparticles (seeds) can combine and evolve into anisotropic nanostructures through a chemical process in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium borohydride, commonly referred to as the Mirkin method [4]. Recently

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• utilizing silica sand and corn straw biochar for 10 µm PS particles [38]. For particles larger than 75 µm, mechanisms such as hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions dominate, while smaller particles (<75 µm) are removed through π–π interactions between the benzene rings of PS and biochar surfaces

• , surface adsorption, hydrogen bonding, and surface complexation [67]. These findings highlight the potential of diverse biochar configurations for efficient MP removal under various conditions. Recent studies on biochar derived from coffee waste modified with amino-functionalized zeolite/phosphoric acid

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• the C/O ratio of the PCTA film. This decrease in the C/O ratio is likely attributed to hydrogen bonding interactions between the –OH groups in Ag(NH3)2OH and the PDA layer. These interactions enhance the oxygen content relative to carbon, thereby reducing the C/O ratio. Collectively, these results

• primary factors. First, the abundant –OH and amino groups in PDA promote hydrogen bonding with water molecules, thereby enhancing the hydrophilicity of the membrane surface. This effect is further amplified by the dopamine coating, which not only increases the membrane thickness but also augments its

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• reactions of hydrogen peroxides in LIPs under the name of the Fenton reaction [59][60]. In addition, iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) such as IRP1 and IRP2 regulate the expression of DMT1 and TfR1, ferritin, and FPN1 by binding to the mRNA of iron response elements (IREs). Under iron deficiency conditions

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• renewable and sustainable energy sources has become a top priority in science and technology [1][2]. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting systems hold significant promises for converting abundant solar energy into chemical fuels, such as hydrogen [3][4]. However, their widespread application is still

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• matrix properties, including tensile strength, elasticity, and thermal stability, due to its high surface area, hydroxy groups forming hydrogen bonds, and excellent dispersion within the matrix [20][21]. This improvement is attributed to interaction between hydroxy groups in NC and PVA, effectively

• ), 2900 cm−1 (C–H stretching), and 1420 cm−1 (C–H bending), which align with the chemical structure of PVA [22][24]. When NC was added, the O–H stretching peak became broader and shifted slightly to 3315 cm−1, which can be attributed to the hydrogen bonding between PVA and NC [24]. For rCBP, additional

• characteristic peaks confirm the presence of functional groups associated with PE-CEO and polymer interactions. The broad absorption band around 3300 cm−1 corresponds to O–H stretching vibrations, indicating hydrogen bonding between the biopolymer and PE-CEO components [24]. The intensity of the peaks at 1730 cm

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• - or intermolecularly cross-linked by chemical bonding or physical interaction (Figure 1). Physical cross-linking is performed using interactions other than the covalent bond, such as hydrogen bonding or ionic interaction. Physical cross-links can be reversibly dissociated and recombined under specific

• through the oxidative coupling of catechol groups using a hydrogen peroxide/horseradish peroxidase (H2O2/HRP) catalytic system [41]. The addition of the antibiotic doxycycline provided the hydrogels with antimicrobial activity to treat infected full-thickness defect wounds. Flexible films composed of

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• with smaller size, improved polydispersity index, and enhanced stability, evidenced by a higher zeta potential. FTIR analysis confirmed rotenoid incorporation into the nanocomposite and suggested hydrogen bonding or potential covalent interaction with chitosan functional groups. Bioassays demonstrated

• nanocomposite. Additionally, a noticeable reduction in the intensity of the amide-related bands in CS/TPP-β-CD-rot suggests possible interactions – such as hydrogen bonding or covalent bonding – between rotenoids and the chitosan matrix. These spectral features confirm the successful incorporation of rotenoids

• suggest the occurrence of hydrogen bonding or potential covalent interaction with functional groups of chitosan, which may help explain the improved stability of the formulation. The high efficacy of the nanocomposite was demonstrated by bioassays which revealed an LC50 of 91.7 ppm, equivalent to a 23.6

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• therefore be surmised that the ability of SLGO for the Cs adsorption is significantly decreased in strong acid aqueous solutions due to the suppression of hydrogen dissociation from oxygen functional groups in SLGO. It is claimed that the pH value of the aqueous solution should be maintained at neutrality

• groups. It was also indicated that SLGO shows the high Cs adsorption capacity of 650–850 mg·g−1 in the 1.0 mol/L-Cs aqueous solution. SLGO adsorbs Cs via hydrogen exchange, resulting in an accelerated adsorption rate and a higher weight adsorption capacity compared to existing adsorbents, including

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• ’-dicfloroflurescin diacetate (DCFDA) (D6883-50MG; Mw: 487.29 g/mol) probe, chosen specifically for its ability to detect the presence of cellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in HOb cells following treatment with NMs and US exposure. First, the cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 104 cells/well and incubated for 24 h

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• colleagues have reported the rapid and reversible microactuation of liquid crystals based on the surface catalysis of H₂ and O₂ at room temperature on a late transition metal alloy film (Figure 7) [242]. The reaction of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, catalyzed by a Pd/Au surface, is employed to rapidly and

• reversibly alter the orientation of liquid crystals at room temperature. The dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on the palladium/gold film results in the reduction of pre-adsorbed oxygen and the generation of adsorbed hydrogen. This process causes the nitrile-containing liquid crystal to undergo a change in

• alignment, from vertical to planar. Subsequently, exposure to oxygen oxidizes the adsorbed hydrogen, reforming the adsorbed oxygen on the Pd/Au surface and restoring the liquid crystal to its initial alignment. The motion of the liquid crystal can be controlled by exposure to gas mixtures of H2 and O2 with

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• first 2 ps after laser excitation, with the corresponding ΔPDF result presented in Figure 5D–F. After laser excitation, ΔPDF clearly shows pair density reductions at radial distances corresponding to O···H hydrogen bond and the first three O···O coordination shells of neutral water. For better

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• . This particularly concerns the transfer of surface species to the tip when the tip is subject to intentional or unintentional contact with the surface. Furthermore, ambient species like native oxides, hydrogen ions, or residual water can adsorb on the tip apex during scanning. Additionally, the

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• applications. Experimental Materials Vanadium (V) oxide (V2O5) powder and ferrocene were purchased from Alfa Aesar. The other chemicals used for the synthesis of graphite oxide, such as conc. sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), conc. hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium chlorate (KClO3), conc

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• merits of ion sources based on alkali metals. Also, Cs+ is a preferred species of ions over Ga+ for secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) applications because Cs+ can induce higher secondary ion yields for several elements such as carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen [17][18][19], which provides higher

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• transformation of bare and nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond films under high-vacuum annealing The PCD film was produced by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE CVD) using acetone (CH3)2CO, hydrogen, and air as the precursor gases for the plasma [37]. The film consists of crystallites with

• 1150 °C [27] and for the (111) face of SCD annealed at 1250 °C [15]. Conclusion Polycrystalline diamond films with mixed grain orientations were synthesized by the PE CVD method from hydrogen/acetone/air plasma and coated with a 40 nm thick nickel layer. In situ XPS and NEXAFS data revealed the

• hydrogen/acetone/air mixture. The deposition parameters were typical of those previously employed for an “Astex” system (2.45 GHz, 4.5 kW): a pressure of 115 Torr, hydrogen, acetone, and air flow rates of 500, 18, and 0.3 sccm, respectively, and substrate temperature in the range of 940–980 °C [28][37

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• soft X-ray range. Reaction cells with an ultrathin membrane that confines the gas in a narrow region extremely close to the sample surface were applied to the study of Cu- and Fe-doped cerium oxide films during thermal treatments in hydrogen at ambient pressure [58]. The combination of ambient pressure

• XANES and gas chromatography was employed to correlate in real time the changes of the chemical state of Cu, Fe, and Ce cations with oxygen vacancy and water formation during thermal treatments in hydrogen at ambient pressure [58]. The pure ceria film, in the Ce4+ oxidation state with a dominant Ce L3

• structure of CeO2 and in enabling a more efficient hydrogen production at lower temperatures, as compared to the pure oxide [59]. Dynamic studies of photoexcited states The advent of X-ray free electron lasers has opened entirely new research pathways in the field of oxides for energy applications. The

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• temperature of 873 K for 30 min. Heating the raw film in a hydrogen atmosphere at 1073 K removes excess sulfur and other contaminations from the film surface. In the final step, a thin PyC film synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique is placed on the surface of the cleaned MoS2 film using the

• . The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the surface of raw MoS2 film, hydrogen-annealed film, and PyC film are compared in Figure 1b,c,e. The raw MoS2 film covers the entire area of the substrate and contains polysulfide nanoparticles on the surface (Figure 1b). These nanoparticles are absent

• on the surface of the MoS2 film annealed in a hydrogen atmosphere (Figure 1c). An attempt to measure the cross section of this film did not yield a contrast image because of the charging effect. Therefore, to estimate the thickness of the studied film, we used a thicker MoS2 film synthesized with a

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• 700000, Vietnam 10.3762/bjnano.16.63 Abstract The advancement of affordable, ultrastable, and efficient electrode materials for basic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) plays a crucial role in industrial hydrogen manufacture, resolving problems caused by carbon dioxide emissions. Ni-based

• electrocatalysts have been well accepted as potential candidates to replace Pt-based electrocatalysts for HER because of their suitable Gibbs free hydrogen adsorption energy, good intrinsic catalytic properties, and high stability. However, solution-based synthetic approaches can be highly harmful to human beings

• operation. The high efficiency is attributed to the collaborative work of the NiO and Ni metal components and the good electrical conductivity of SS, which is advantageous for dissociative adsorption of water molecules, recombination of hydrogen atoms, and improvement of electronic/ionic motion. This work

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) [1]. Water molecules and their hydrogen bonding network function as lubricants for biomolecular dynamics. Recent scientific works have analyzed the important role of hydration shells on DNA, proteins, and phospholipid membranes [2][3][4]. The first hydration shell (about 3.5 Å) at the

• interface of biomolecules has considerably slower dynamics than water molecules in the bulk. Besides, the first water layer on the interface is responsible for hydration forces between biomolecular structures [5]. The rearrangement of water molecules through hydrogen bonding on hydrated surfaces generates

• interactions, a type of van der Waals force, for supramolecular attraction [9]. Particularly, graphene sheets with a large surface area and π-conjugated network are likely to stack together through hydrophobic agglomeration and π–π interaction. Although π–π interactions are generally weaker than hydrogen