An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• micromoulding [5]. In addition to microneedles for skin penetration, these microstructures have also been used in other sites of the body including the delivery of bioactive drugs into the eyes [6] and the insertion of molecules into cells using nanoneedles [7][8]. The present article reviews applications

• microneedles may be pre-coated with a drug before insertion, or can be used to puncture the skin before or after the application of a drug to the skin surface. Drug-coated microneedles will release the drug from their surface into the skin once the coating is hydrated by body fluids (Figure 1). This method of

• potentially allow lower controlled volumes of therapeutic agents to be delivered compared to hollow microneedles, which are also more prone to becoming clogged by microscopic debris during insertion [38]. The rate of drug diffusion from the microneedle surface into the patient will depend on the

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• emerging that advocate metal Na-free anodes. These can be divided in depositing nanometric Na on a porous host material and inserting Na ions in a suitable host material. Host materials for the deposition of Na are porous scaffolds based on carbon and metal. The insertion of Na ions can be performed with

• capacity of these electrodes depends on two mechanisms, the deposition/stripping of Na and the insertion/extraction of Na+. Metal scaffolds and meshes fabricated from Cu, Ni, Ni@Cu, or Al are other materials onto which Na can be plated. As shown in a recent work, porous Ni structures formed on Cu foil

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• crystals, n-type, 45 Ω·cm). After insertion into the UHV system the samples were sputtered and annealed for 15 min (Ar+, 600 eV, 1020 K). The Ge sample was hydrogenated using a custom-built hydrogen cracker following the procedure described in [61]. Deposition of the FePc molecules (Sigma-Aldrich, purity

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• ]. Although the independent benefits of the functionalization, insertion, and encapsulation of nanomaterials have been identified, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies exploring the combined advantages of having nanomaterials simultaneously located inside and outside (attached to the external

Controlling the electronic and physical coupling on dielectric thin films

• Philipp Hurdax,
• Michael Hollerer,
• Larissa Egger,
• Georg Koller,
• Xiaosheng Yang,
• Anja Haags,
• Serguei Soubatch,
• Frank Stefan Tautz,
• Mathias Richter,
• Alexander Gottwald,
• Peter Puschnig,
• Martin Sterrer and
• Michael G. Ramsey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1492–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.132

• photoemission tomography experiments were conducted at the Metrology Light Source insertion device beamline of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt using the toroidal electron spectrometer. The ARUPS experiments were performed with a small hemispherical sector electron analyzer mounted on a goniometer (VG

Atomic defect classification of the H–Si(100) surface through multi-mode scanning probe microscopy

• Jeremiah Croshaw,
• Thomas Dienel,
• Taleana Huff and
• Robert Wolkow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1346–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.119

• comparison of the differences observed in nc-AFM using a Si-tip (dark mode imaging), including the assignment of individual H atoms at the dihydride sites, is given later in Figure 3. Defects that we observe to be centred within a dimer manifest themselves through the insertion of additional atoms between

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• ][26][27] or alkane derivatives such as fatty acids [28][29][30] or alkylamines [31], especially when graphite is used as the substrate. The rationale here is that given the strong influence of the substrate lattice on the adsorption as well as the self-assembly of typical organic molecules, insertion

• controlled electrochemical polymerization of thiophene to produce polythiophene nanowires with tunable lengths [36][37]. In the context of their use for controlling surface architectures, insertion of the buffer layers between the assembling moiety and the solid substrate affects the assembly process via the

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• , and second, a plateau appearing at low voltage. The regions may be assigned to the insertion of alkali ions between differently stacked carbon sheets in the sloping region on the one hand. On the other hand, alkali ion adsorption within nanopores in a “plating-like” adsorption process may explain the

Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer

• Sébastien Gottis,
• Régis Laurent,
• Vincent Collière and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1110–1118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.95

• a theoretical work was published in 2015 [65]. In this work, it was demonstrated that the first step required for the nonradical formation of an Au–Au bond was the presence of hydrogen followed by the insertion of a third gold atom to form a triangle by self-assembly. The release of only a small

Plant growth regulation by seed coating with films of alginate and auxin-intercalated layered double hydroxides

• Vander A. de Castro,
• Valber G. O. Duarte,
• Danúbia A. C. Nobre,
• Geraldo H. Silva,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Frederico G. Pinto,
• Willian R. Macedo and
• Jairo Tronto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1082–1091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.93

• during the germination of the seeds, with the consequent emergence of hypocotyl, which is the part of the axis of the embryo or seedling located between the insertion point of the cotyledon and the one in which the radicle begins [32]. The calculation of the GSI was performed using an adaptation of the

Monolayers of MoS₂ on Ag(111) as decoupling layers for organic molecules: resolution of electronic and vibronic states of TCNQ

• Asieh Yousofnejad,
• Gaël Reecht,
• Nils Krane,
• Christian Lotze and
• Katharina J. Franke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1062–1071, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.91

• screening by the substrate electrons. As a result, the energy levels are significantly broadened and molecular properties, such as vibrations are hidden within the spectral line shapes. Insertion of thin decoupling layers reduces the line widths and may give access to the resolution of electronic and

Uniform Fe₃O₄/Gd₂O₃-DHCA nanocubes for dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging

• Miao Qin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Mengjie Xu,
• Hui Yan,
• Yizhu Cheng,
• Xiumei Zhang,
• Di Huang,
• Weiyi Chen and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1000–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.84

• , the insertion of special modifiers on the FGDA nanocubes may increase their applicability in the clinical settings. Experimental Materials Oleic acid (C18H34O2, OA) and iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) were purchased from Tianjin Beichenfangzheng Chemical Reagent Factory. Hexane (C6H14), absolute ethanol

Structural optical and electrical properties of a transparent conductive ITO/Al–Ag/ITO multilayer contact

• Aliyu Kabiru Isiyaku,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 695–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.57

• pure ITO layer (as reference) were prepared by RF and DC sputtering. The microstructural, optical and electrical properties of the ITO/Al–Ag/ITO (IAAI) films were investigated before and after annealing at 400 °C. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the insertion of the Al–Ag intermediate bilayer

• indium metal is needed [9][10][11]. The insertion of a metal layer reduces the transparency of the ITO electrode due to opaqueness of the metal, but selecting an optimal metal thickness can effectively decrease the reflection from the metal film and thus enhance the transmittance. Furthermore, it gives

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• specific carriers) [72][73], membrane bending, which occurs through different mechanisms, including the insertion of hydrophobic protein motifs in the membrane, local recruitment of membrane-bending domains, or scaffolding by proteins (the classic example being clathrin) [72][73][77][78], and scission of

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• the hydrophobic block can be tailored in order to guarantee a good insertion of the photosensitizer in the nanoobjects and confer the nanovectors with specific functionalities. The development of polymer engineering has allowed for the design of sophisticated structures that can be varied at will. In

• disulfide bonds has been proposed for stabilization. Li et al. [87] proposed telodendrimers formed by linear polyethylene oxide and pheophorbide a and cholic acid at the ends of dendritic polylysine. The insertion of four cysteine mioeties in the oligolysine backbone allowed for a stabilization of the

Molecular architectonics of DNA for functional nanoarchitectures

• Debasis Ghosh,
• Lakshmi P. Datta and
• Thimmaiah Govindaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 124–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.11

• ligated by DNA via direct amidation, and the covalent attachment allowed the insertion of an array of porphyrin segments along the nucleotide sequence. Recently, a transmembrane lipid bilayer nanopore comprised of folded DNA became the center of attraction by mimicking natural protein pores. Howorka and

• porphyrin units were positioned at the terminal of a helical bundle that improved the directional insertion of the nanobarrel across the bilayer. AFM images showed that the assembled morphology of the hexagonally packed nanobarrels was made up of porphyrin-tethered DNA (Figure 8b). Stulz and co-workers

• presence across the lipid vesicle. Further investigations on ionic current traces demonstrated that the lipid membrane insertion and gating behavior of the nanopore resembled natural protein channels (Figure 8e). Embodiment of the porphyrin within the DNA system played dual roles, viz., imparting

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• shown to cause cytotoxic effects, and when it comes to viral vectors, a high probability of viral gene insertion into the host genome exists [6]. Therefore, the delivery strategy for macromolecules is still left as an unanswered question. In the best case scenario, an efficient delivery system would

• helical structure that Pep-1 obtains when interacting with the cell membrane favors its insertion into the membrane by forming a transient, transmembrane pore-like structure. Helical folding has also been observed for Pep-1/cargo complexes, suggesting that the cargo does not affect the peptide uptake

Influence of the epitaxial composition on N-face GaN KOH etch kinetics determined by ICP-OES

• Markus Tautz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Joachim Hertkorn,
• Robert Weinberger,
• Martin Welzel,
• Arno Pfitzner and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 41–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.4

• ]. Nucleation layers have the second but very important effect of controlling crystal orientation, which is commonly Ga-polar (0001) [7]. Other than nucleation layers, there are several more strategies for defect reduction. These all require the insertion of additional layers or layer transitions into the

• was indicated by a full width half maximum (FWHM) reduction of the (102) reflection from 170 to 161 arcsec. Therefore, it was assumed that the difference in overall layer thickness had no impact on its own. The insertion of a second 2D–3D interface (E) into the bulk u-GaN region yielded an even lower

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• , Egypt 10.3762/bjnano.10.245 Abstract Magnesium-based secondary batteries have been regarded as a viable alternative to the immensely popular Li-ion systems owing to their high volumetric capacity. One of the largest challenges is the selection of Mg anode material since the insertion/extraction

• the substrate is roughened on the atomic scale due to alloy formation, as demonstrated by CV and STM. Further multilayer deposition correspondingly leads to a rough deposit with protrusions of up to 3 nm. The cyclic voltammogram for Mg insertion/de-insertion from MgCl2/AlCl3/tetraglyme (MACC/TG

• : alloy; antimony; Au(111); electrodeposition; insertion; STM; Introduction Rechargeable batteries have become essential energy storing devices, which are widely used in portable electronic devices and hybrid electric vehicles. Magnesium-based secondary batteries have been regarded as a viable

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• of active substances in these two electrodes. It is known that nanomerization could improve the rate capability and insertion kinetics of electrode materials. The SEM and TEM images in Figure 3 and Figure 4 show that the grain size of LiFePO4 is larger than that of Li4Ti5O12, which is the possible

Microbubbles decorated with dendronized magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical imaging: effective stabilization via fluorous interactions

• Da Shi,
• Justine Wallyn,
• Dinh-Vu Nguyen,
• Francis Perton,
• Delphine Felder-Flesch,
• Sylvie Bégin-Colin,
• Mounir Maaloum and
• Marie Pierre Krafft

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2103–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.205

• bisphosphonic dendron bearing three OEG chains [31]. In order to facilitate the insertion and increase the visibility of the perfluoroalkylated (or alkylated) end group in the microbubble wall, the central OEG chain carrying the piperazine moiety was lengthened (Figure 1a). A multistep chemical sequence allowed

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• carbene ligands (NHC) stabilize metal clusters and nanoparticles [44]. By insertion of the transition-metal center into the C2–H bond of imidazolium salts, transition-metal hydride complexes are formed [45]. Finally, H transfer reactions from the transition metal to GaCp* lead to the release of Cp*H

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• ]. Moreover, Mo can occupy multiple oxidation states, which enables a pseudo-capacitive charge transfer by insertion of electrolyte ions, such as Li+, Na+, K+ and H+ [28][29]. Upon cycling, MoS2 sheets can restack resulting in a decreased surface area, which is then followed by poor capacitive performance

• composite paper. The measurements were performed at a scan rate of 0.1 mV·s−1 in the voltage range of 0.01–3.0 V vs Li/Li+. In the initial cathodic scan, two dominant reduction peaks at around 1.0 and 0.3 V are detectable (Figure 5a). The first is associated with the insertion of lithium ions into the van

Highly ordered mesoporous silica film nanocomposites containing gold nanoparticles for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Mohamad Azani Jalani,
• Leny Yuliati,
• Siew Ling Lee and
• Hendrik O. Lintang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1368–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.135

• synthesis [21]. However, after template removal at 450 °C or above, both approaches suffer from agglomeration, non-homogenous distribution, and low insertion of AuNPs in the silicate nanochannels. On the other hand, hexagonal mesostructured silica nanomaterials with dense filling of organic functional