Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• . [42] used a nanoporous template of AAO as a SERS substrate, and varied the thickness of either the Au film or the AAO itself. An enhancement factor of 107 was obtained with an Au thickness of 20 nm and an AAO thickness of 100 nm. Using an AAO template, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) from peanut extract was

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• features cannot be achieved with dense silicon, i.e., a nanoporous silicon anode is required for a successful integration [8]. Also, integrated capacitors can benefit from the increased surface of nanowires with high aspect ratio. In combination with atomic layer deposition, one can fabricate integrated

• underneath the noble metal [13]. The second mechanism involves two holes (n = 2). Per etched Si atom one H2 molecule is formed. This etching mechanism is not limited to the metal–silicon interface and occurs in a wider area around the noble metal. This etching mechanism mainly results in nanoporous sponge

• created nanoporous sponge-like structures, which consist of various pinholes with a diameter below 1 nm. This shows that the etching was dominated by the second etching mechanism where n = 2. Higher H2O2 concentrations lead to significant structural destruction, including the delamination of wide areas

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• tested [53]. It was shown that gold-nanoshell-modified surfaces can effectively kill E. faecalis on silicone surfaces under NIR irradiation. Several bacterial strains (E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Exiguobacterium sp. AT1b), deposited on surfaces precoated with nanoporous gold disks, were inactivated after

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• Procédés et des Matériaux (LSPM), CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France CSPBAT, UMR 7244, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430 Villetaneuse, France 10.3762/bjnano.11.87 Abstract We propose the use of gold nanoparticles grown on the surface of nanoporous TiO2 films as surface

• quantification is possible between 1 nM and 10 µM, i.e., the sensor has a dynamic range of at least four orders of magnitude. Conclusion TiO2 nanoporous surfaces covered with Au NPs were tested as SERS surfaces for the detection of 17β-estradiol. Different conditions of Au deposition were considered as they lead

Gas-sensing features of nanostructured tellurium thin films

• Dumitru Tsiulyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1010–1018, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.85

• suitable explanation for the reduction in the response and recovery times with the increase in temperature might be the shift in the adsorption–desorption equilibrium, pointed out in Langmuir's theory [31]. The nanostructuring of Te-based films by growing amorphous Te on nanoporous Al2O3 substrates (Figure

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• oligomerization [19][20][21]. Films of poly(γ-benzyl-ʟ-glutamate) were surface-grafted within nanoporous anodic alumina (AAO) by surface-initiated polymerization of poly(γ-benzyl-ʟ-glutamate)-NCA [22][23]. Three-dimensional fibrillar networks consisting of supramolecular assemblies of oligomers or polypeptides

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• new nanoporous material comprising NiMoO4 nanorods and Co3O4 nanoparticles derived from ZIF-67 supported by a cellulose-based carbon aerogel (CA) has been successfully synthesized using a two-step hydrothermal method. Due to its chemical composition, the large specific surface and the hierarchical

• porous structure; nanoporous material; NiMoO4; supercapacitor; Introduction In recent years, in the light of environmental degradation and an increasing energy demand, the development of various new, renewable and clean energy conversion and storage devices has attracted wide attention [1][2][3][4

• , the capacitance retention is 84.0% of the initial value after 2000 cycles. These results demonstrate that the NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA//AC ASC is a very promising candidate for practical applications in high-power energy devices. Conclusion A nanoporous NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA ternary composite has been successfully

Adsorption and desorption of self-assembled L-cysteine monolayers on nanoporous gold monitored by in situ resistometry

• Elisabeth Hengge,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Rupert Bachler,
• Alexander Dennig,
• Bernd Nidetzky and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2275–2279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.219

• 12, A-8010 Graz, Austria 10.3762/bjnano.10.219 Abstract Surface modifications of nanoporous metals have become a highly attractive research field as they exhibit great potential for various applications, especially in biotechnology. Using self-assembled monolayers is one of the most promising

• approaches to modify a gold surface. However, only few techniques are capable of characterizing the formation of these monolayers on porous substrates. Here, we present a method to in situ monitor the adsorption and desorption of self-assembled monolayers on nanoporous gold by resistometry, using cysteine as

• resistometry. From the desorption peak related to the (111) surface of the structure, which is associated with a resistance change of 4.8%, an initial surface coverage of 0.48 monolayers of cysteine could be estimated. Keywords: L-cysteine; in situ resistometry; nanoporous gold; self-assembled monolayer (SAM

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• phenomena. In the following sections, advancements in various nanoarchitectonic motifs, including nanoporous structures, ultrathin films, and interfacial effects for improved sensor function are discussed to realize the importance of nanoarchitectonic structures. Many of these examples show that

• better performance. The examples are roughly classified according to the sensor target, such as chemical substances, physical conditions, and biological phenomena. In the following sections, advancements employing nanoarchitectonic motifs, including nanoporous structures, ultrathin films, and interfacial

• application of nanoarchitectonics strategies. In the following sections, sensor designs are discussed on the basis of nanoarchitectonic structural motifs, such as nanoporous structures and extremely thin nanofilms as well as the highly enhanced molecular sensing capability at interfacial structures. Porous

Processing nanoporous organic polymers in liquid amines

• Jeehye Byun,
• Damien Thirion and
• Cafer T. Yavuz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1844–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.179

• Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Korea 10.3762/bjnano.10.179 Abstract Rigid network structures of nanoporous organic polymers provide

• high porosity, which is beneficial for applications such as gas sorption, gas separation, heterogeneous (photo)catalysis, sensing, and (opto)electronics. However, the network structures are practically insoluble. Thus, the processing of nanoporous polymers into nanoparticles or films remains

• challenging. Herein, we report that nanoporous polymers made via a Knoevenagel-like condensation can be easily processed into nanoparticles (115.7 ± 40.8 nm) or a flawless film by using liquid amines as a solvent at elevated temperatures. FTIR spectra revealed that the carboxyl groups in the nanoporous

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• but suffer from poor cyclic performance due to the dissolution of intermediate polysulfides. Herein, a lightweight nanoporous TiO2 and graphene oxide (GO) composite is prepared and utilized as an interlayer between a Li anode and a sulfur cathode to suppress the polysulfide migration and improve the

• interlayer enhanced the cycling stability and charge storage capacity of Li/S batteries due to excellent conductivity of graphene oxide and strong chemical interactions between nanoporous TiO2 and polysulfides. Results and Discussion Figure 1 presents a schematic of a Li/S battery with a TiO2/GO-coated

• distribution of Ti and O elements (Figure 3b). In addition, the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of TiO2 shows the nanoporous architecture with dark nanowires and bright nanopores (Figure 3c). On the other hand, the SEM and TEM images of the as-prepared TiO2/GO composite show that the surface of

Nanoporous smartPearls for dermal application – Identification of optimal silica types and a scalable production process as prerequisites for marketed products

• David Hespeler,
• Sanaa El Nomeiri,
• Jonas Kaltenbach and
• Rainer H. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1666–1678, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.162

• Berlin, Germany Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruher Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.10.162 Abstract smartPearls are a dermal delivery system for poorly soluble active agents, consisting of nanoporous silica

• years [19]. Porous silica particles are commercially available, for example, from Grace, Merck Millipore and Formac [20]. They are considered nanoporous materials because their pore diameter is on the nanometer scale [21]. The silica they used had so-called "mesopores", i.e., pores with dimensions in

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• system provides dispersed SERS substrates that can be evaluated by confocal Raman imaging. The nanoarchitectonic materials work as freestanding efficient plasmonic substrates for molecular detection. Nanoporous bitter-melon-shaped C60 crystals with face-centred cubic lattice were fabricated through

• sensitivities in the order of aniline > toluene > benzene > ethanol > hexane > cyclohexane > methanol > water. The obtained nanoporous low-dimensional C60 assemblies provide advantageous features of easy diffusion and promoted π–π interactions for facile sensing. Saran and Curry reported the use of one

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• more suitable for photocatalytic reactions; vi) to facilitate percolation in membrane or column designs for the easier separation and collection of products; and vii) to enable molecular recognition in photocatalysis through the well-defined nanopores in the inorganic component. Well-defined nanoporous

Renewable energy conversion using nano- and microstructured materials

• Harry Mönig and
• Martina Schmid

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 771–773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.76

• in nanoporous cobalt oxide photocathodes [7], and an approach in which silicon nanoparticles are embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix [8]. In terms of material saving, nano- and microstructured absorbers offer great potential, e.g., via ultrathin absorbers as highlighted for Sb2S3 hybrid solar

On the transformation of “zincone”-like into porous ZnO thin films from sub-saturated plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition

• Alberto Perrotta,
• Julian Pilz,
• Stefan Pachmajer,
• Antonella Milella and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 746–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.74

• /bjnano.10.74 Abstract The synthesis of nanoporous ZnO thin films is achieved through annealing of zinc-alkoxide (“zincone”-like) layers obtained by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD). The zincone-like layers are deposited through sub-saturated PE-ALD adopting diethylzinc and O2 plasma with

• doses below self-limiting values. Nanoporous ZnO thin films were subsequently obtained by calcination of the zincone-like layers between 100–600 °C. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were adopted in situ during calcination to investigate the removal of carbon impurities

• crystal growth occurred, giving insights in the manufacturing of nanoporous ZnO from Zn-based hybrid materials. Keywords: calcination; PE-ALD; porosity; thin films; ZnO; Introduction Atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) are sequential self-limiting vapor-phase deposition

Widening of the electroactivity potential range by composite formation – capacitive properties of TiO₂/BiVO₄/PEDOT:PSS electrodes in contact with an aqueous electrolyte

• Konrad Trzciński,
• Mariusz Szkoda,
• Andrzej P. Nowak,
• Marcin Łapiński and
• Anna Lisowska-Oleksiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 483–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.49

• . The short time of BiVO4 deposition preserved the porous morphology of TiO2 nanotubes. It is advantageous that the nanoporous structure of the nanotubes is preserved and not fully filled with BiVO4. It ensures a large interface area between the electrode and the electrolyte that is crucial for

Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• heterogeneous combination. Immobilizing the transition metal-catalyst at each particle would ensure a homogeneous catalytic graphitization of the whole powder samples. We recently introduced the possibility to obtain core–shell particles in which a nanoporous carbon shell is covering a carbide core [14][15][24

A Ni(OH)₂ nanopetals network for high-performance supercapacitors synthesized by immersing Ni nanofoam in water

• Donghui Zheng,
• Man Li,
• Yongyan Li,
• Chunling Qin,
• Yichao Wang and
• Zhifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 281–293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.27

• . demonstrated a nickel hydroxide@nanoporous gold/Ni foam electrode, which was synthesized by electrodeposition of a Sn–Au alloy on nickel foam with subsequent dealloying of Sn and electrodepostion of Ni(OH)2 on the nanoporous gold/Ni foam [25]. Liu et al. created Ni(OH)2/Cu2O nanosheets on nanoporous NiCu alloy

• -NF/MG after immersion in water. A possible growth mechanism of Ni(OH)2 nanopetals is proposed in the following. A large amount of defects (twin boundaries, stack faults and/or dislocations) were generated in the nanoporous metal ligament surface after dealloying [35]. When the nanoporous Ni (Ni-NF

Nanoporous water oxidation electrodes with a low loading of laser-deposited Ru/C exhibit enhanced corrosion stability

• Sandra Haschke,
• Dmitrii Pankin,
• Vladimir Mikhailovskii,
• Maïssa K. S. Barr,
• Adriana Both-Engel,
• Alina Manshina and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.15

• composite onto a novel nanoporous electrode surface with low noble metal loading and improved stability. The Ru/C is coated on the pore walls of anodic alumina templates in a one-step laser-induced deposition method from Ru3(CO)12 solutions. Scanning electron microscopy proves the presence of a continuous

• successful deposition method to the functionalization of highly ordered nanostructured anodic alumina templates [35][36][37][38][39] (Note: as our system is based on pores of diameter >50 nm, it is macroporous according to the IUPAC definition; we will use the more general wording “nanoporous” and

• of the nanoporous geometry (variation of the pore length) towards obtaining reasonable current densities at low overpotential, (2) the minimization of corrosion via minimized overpotential and nanoparticle morphology, and (3) the minimization of noble metal loading. These efforts result in a very

Hydrogen-induced plasticity in nanoporous palladium

• Markus Gößler,
• Eva-Maria Steyskal,
• Markus Stütz,
• Norbert Enzinger and
• Roland Würschum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3013–3024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.280

• , Austria 10.3762/bjnano.9.280 Abstract The mechanical strain response of nanoporous palladium (npPd) upon electrochemical hydrogenation using an in situ dilatometric technique is investigated. NpPd with an average ligament diameter of approximately 20 nm is produced via electrochemical dealloying. A

• hydrogen-induced phase transition from PdHβ to PdHα is found to enable internal-stress plasticity (or transformation-mismatch plasticity) in nanoporous palladium, which leads to exceptionally high strains without fracture as a result of external forces. The high surface stress in the nanoporous structure

• in combination with the internal-stress plasticity mechanism leads to a peculiar strain response upon hydrogen sorption and desorption. Critical potentials for the formation of PdHα and PdHβ in npPd are determined. The theoretical concepts to assess the plastic strain response of nanoporous samples

Controlling surface morphology and sensitivity of granular and porous silver films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS

• Sherif Okeil and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2813–2831, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.263

• ][55][56], and nanotransfer printing, which was used to build stacks of gold nanorods or nanowires [4]. The production of nanoporous metal films or particles through a dealloying process also emerged as an effective tool for the facile formation of a large number of SERS-active hot spots [57][58][59

• SEM (Figure 5). Plasma treated silver films under oxidation/reduction conditions Oxygen rf plasmas are well known to efficiently oxidize metallic silver films resulting in granular and nanoporous silver oxide films [73]. For any application in SERS a subsequent reduction to metallic silver is

• necessary. However, the advantage of this oxidation process is its capability to completely change the morphology of the silver surface converting the originally flat silver surface into a three-dimensional nanoporous surface. The use of hydrogen, nitrogen or even argon plasma as a dry reducing agent would

Magnetism and magnetoresistance of single Ni–Cu alloy nanowires

• Andreea Costas,
• Camelia Florica,
• Elena Matei,
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Victor Kuncser and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2345–2355, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.219

• University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, PO Box MG-11, 077125, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 10.3762/bjnano.9.219 Abstract Arrays of magnetic Ni–Cu alloy nanowires with different compositions were prepared by a template-replication technique using electrochemical deposition into polycarbonate nanoporous

• purpose of all these specific methods is to have a good and simultaneous control of morphology, structure and composition in order to succeed in tailoring the magnetic properties of the nanowires. A very useful technique to fabricate nanowire arrays is electrochemical deposition inside nanoporous

• . Consequently, the magnetic properties of such nanowires can be tuned in agreement with the foreseen applications. The templates used are usually nanoporous ion-track polycarbonate membranes [21] and anodic alumina membranes [22]. Both Ni–Cu alloys and Ni–Cu multilayers have been intensively studied as simple

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• case, the selective etching of activated oxygen molecules generated by the VUV radiation towards the two blocks (PS and PMMA) allowed for the preferential decomposition of PMMA and the consequent formation of a PS nanoporous network. The modulation of the irradiation time and pressure caused chemical

• PS-b-PEO copolymers, Mao et al. [59] demonstrated that the chemical etching of the minority component leads to the formation of a well-ordered nanoporous system by selective removal of the PEO domains by simple ether cleavage by washing with aqueous hydrogen iodine. This strong acid was selected for

• its specific debonding reactivity toward the aliphatic ether functionalities forming the PEO chains [88]. Furthermore, they tried also to obtain a monolithic nanoporous material with nanochannels of ≈10 nm width [61]. Unfortunately, the extremely harsh conditions due to the aqueous hydrogen iodine

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202