Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• delivery mechanism are broadly categorized into passive and active targeting [38]. Passive targeting is controlled by size, charge, and composition of the nanoparticle, which influences the localization, cell penetration, and release of the drug as physicochemical features of pathogenic tissues facilitate

• , improve biofilm penetration, and increase antibacterial efficacy, offering a promising strategy against resistant bacterial strains [96]. Recent developments in the design of heavy metal-free QDs along with biocompatible surface coatings have also significantly reduced concerns regarding toxicity, thus

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• observed. By employing cross-sectional electron microscopy, we scrutinize the penetration depth of laser radiation or laser-affected zone, in the LIPSS-formed SS sheets, revealing a parallel trend with LSFL and HSFL spatial periodicity. Specifically, the penetration depth increases with wavelength up to

• ); maximum LIPSS; penetration depth; Introduction Nanostructuring on surfaces plays a pivotal role in governing surface properties, and laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) have emerged as a potent method for achieving nanoscale surface modifications. Over the past decade, LIPSS and laser

• 400 to 2400 nm laser irradiation. This enabled the examination of the cross-sectional zone where the cumulative effect of the laser irradiation occurs. We analyzed how these effects correlate with the incident laser wavelength. The manuscript delves into the critical parameter of penetration depth, or

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• release behavior, targeting ability, and surface modifications [12][13][14][15]. A variety of nanoparticles have been researched including liposomes, polymer NPs, solid lipid NPs, and hybrid NPs [16]. Nanoscale drug carriers with the advantage of high penetration, long circulation, and significant

• , high efficiency, and better tissue penetration. They developed small Fe@Fe3O4-DHCA nanoparticles (≈14 nm) and coated them with macrophages (RAW267.4 cells) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MHT of solid tumors. The Fe@Fe3O4-DHCA NPs showed accumulation in tumor cells resulting in enhanced MRI

• penetration of drugs and drug carriers. In addition, cancer cell membranes express specific receptors and antigens that help them recognize and target through a homotypic binding mechanism [44][45]. Therefore, cancer cell membranes are also extensively explored to localize nanomedicines to cancer cells

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• concept on hydrogels, underlining compounds such as chitosan and alginate, and methods used for their preparation. Nanogels, with their attractive features, such as high drug encapsulation and penetration enhancer embedding, are also addressed. Finally, the application of these systems in dermal

• partition coefficient, the diffusion coefficient, and the path to be taken by the molecule, mainly through SC [174][175][176]. Overall, it is possible to improve drug penetration through the skin by using three different approaches: (i) increasing the drug saturation in the vehicle [177], (ii) elevating the

• /vehicle, drug/skin, and skin/vehicle [169][176][177]. Besides the drug/vehicle interaction, skin permeability can be changed by the effect of vehicles on the SC [170][174][178]. Many solvents, including dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [175], glycols [179], and fatty acids [180] act as penetration enhancers (i.e

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• intentionally selected from the middle regions of PA. The corresponding mean values for the maximum deformation or penetration δmax, attained by the AFM tip during compression on the central region of the bacteria, are also given. Table 1 shows that the mechanical resistance to deformation reflected in the

• stiffness remain almost unchanged for the tested conditions. However, mean values obtained for Young’s modulus show a shallow trend to decrease with higher osmolarities, particularly when point nanoindentations were used. On the other hand, a clear increase in the penetration depth δmax is observed for

• hypotonic and hypertonic solutions yielded mean values for the maximum penetration depths (δmax) of about 52 and 92 nm, respectively. In contrast, for PBS, an intermediate value was obtained. Considering the above information regarding the states of swelling or plasmolysis, our results for the stiffening

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• pulses is that ns-LAL goes along with a more pronounced melting of the target surface (higher thermal penetration depth and lateral heating), compared to that of ps-LAL, a process that Waag et al. experimentally described by comparing target surfaces after both ps- and ns-LAL [87]. This is because in ns

• -LAL, thermal processes are dominant and thus, the ablation process is not as vigorous as in ps-LAL. Further, due to the longer exposure of thermal penetration in ns-LAL, the ablation plume tends to be heated for a longer time compared to that in ps-LAL. However, in both ns- and ps-laser ablation in

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• light, not only for its intrinsic low toxicity but also for its deeper tissue penetration. Our recent work reported a supramolecular approach to trigger the NO release from a blue-light-activatable nitroso-derivative NOPD through red light [51][52]. This was achieved by a bimolecular photochemical

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• scattering studies with the use of electrons have been hindered by their shallow penetration depth (<1 μm) compared to that of hard X-rays (>100 μm). Recently, the development of free-flowing liquid sheet jets has overcome this limitation by providing flat liquid sheets with thicknesses down to tens of

• to liquid) should lead to restructuring. In a simple model, the laser energy is converted into heat that will be localized in the absorbing part within the laser penetration depth. Absorption is linear as expressed by the (known) absorption cross section. In the model by Takami et al. [46], which is

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• and O. While the highest concentration of Pt and C can be found within the actual shape, the Cs and O distribution correspond to the bubble area in the SEM image. SRIM simulation showing the penetration of Ga+ and Cs+ ions into a Si substrate at different acceleration voltages. Cs+ ions at a voltage

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• addition of water facilitating the production of ethanol [57]. Given the high penetration depth of hard X-rays in materials, XAS in the hard X-ray range is much easier than XPS to be carried out under ambient pressure conditions; it provided valuable insight into the working principles of ceria-based

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• amount of sodium on the MoS2 film gives a Na/Mo ratio of 2.4. Half of the sodium is located on the film surface. The high Na/Mo ratio can be explained by the easy penetration of sodium into the vertically oriented layers of the MoS2 film. The XPS Mo 3d spectra reveal that the intercalation of sodium

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• pulse duration of 10 ps (as the acoustic relaxation time is higher, tac, 1 µm ≥ 500 ps, Equations S11 and S12, Supporting Information File 1). Depending on the optical penetration depth, the particle size influences whether homogeneous or inhomogeneous heating takes place. The heated volume leads to the

• formation of thermoelastic stress and finally to the formation of shock waves, promoting mechanical fragmentation. For curcumin, the mean optical penetration depth is 32 µm (dopt, 1 µm = 39 µm, dopt, 10 µm = 27 µm), and for CBD, the mean optical penetration depth is 170 µm. The mean absorption coefficients

• sphere. For both material systems, the mean optical penetration depth is well above the average educt particle size and therefore leads to homogeneous heating of the educt by the laser. Overall, the nutraceutical particles are homogeneously heated during picosecond-LFL, and the criterion for

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• . Although electrospun SF nanofibers are highly biocompatible, their tiny pore size inhibits cell penetration. To solve this, sodium chloride crystals of various sizes were incorporated into the nanofibers during fabrication, resulting in increased pore size. The wound healing properties of the 3D SF

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• supported in the literature. Upon penetration in a solid, energetic ions lose energy through two mechanisms: direct energy transfer to target nuclei via elastic collisions (nuclear energy loss (Sn)) and ionization of the target atoms through inelastic collisions (electronic energy loss (Se)). In the present

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• Mo films increased with increasing thickness. This trend of intensity with thickness remains in the nitrogen-implanted films. At lower thicknesses (150 and 200 nm), crystallinity is significantly reduced because of the extensive penetration of nitrogen ions, resulting in considerable distortion of

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• of the Ar-ion bombardment. The thickness of the amorphous layer is around 1.5 nm, which is consistent with the penetration depth of the Ar ions (1.2 nm) estimated by Monte Carlo simulations (Figure 5f) [31]. Therefore, the topographical image is consistent with the cross-sectional image, indicating a

• , rendering it valuable for both implantation and deposition processes. Our meticulous investigation of the ECR ion source lays the groundwork for ion beam-induced nanostructuring and layer-wise material modification, affording precise control over ion penetration depth and fluence. The manuscript emphasizes

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• endocytosis. Additionally, PLR has been studied for its ability to enhance cell penetration and promote endosomal escape, which are crucial steps for the intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents [92][93]. However, like other cationic poly(amino acids), its use is sometimes limited by potential

• oligonucleotides [150]. In vitro experiments revealed that anodal iontophoresis of ASO–dendrimer complexes considerably improved ASO skin penetration and cellular uptake, leading to a 46% inhibition of Bcl-2 expression compared to just 20% with passive delivery of free ASOs. Additionally, in vivo studies showed a

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• surface area for adhesion. Also, mucus penetration would be hindered because of the mesh-like structure of mucin. For therapeutics that have gastric mucosa as target, this might limit the efficiency and decrease the drug absorption at the site. A smaller particle size, however, is advantageous because of

• the larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, which may result in more contact points with the tissue and increased mucoadhesion [27]. In addition, a nanoscale size leads to improved penetration through the pores of the mucin network, which have a size of approximately 500 nm [9][28], enhanced retention

• important parameters to be considered when developing mucus-interactive drug delivery systems. To study the possible penetration of the designed nanoparticles through the mucus layer, artificial mucus was prepared using gastric mucin, which was placed on a hardened gelatin layer. The penetration of

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• length λJ = γs, where s is the distance between the superconducting planes, γ is the anisotropy parameter, and λ is the London penetration depth of the magnetic field. When the ratio λ/λJ < 0.46, crossed lattices of Abrikosov and Josephson vortices (vortex chains) are observed; at λ/λJ > 0.46, the

• artificial pinning centers, or in samples with columnar defects perpendicular to the superconducting planes, the average deviation of pancakes from the axis of the vortex filament due to thermal motion is much less than λ, that is, the London penetration depth of the magnetic field into the superconductor

• magnetic field penetration depth and the coherence length [28]. In this paper, the following forms of this dependence are used: and These relations fairly accurately reflect the temperature dependence of the characteristic lengths in bismuth HTSC [29]. In this work, in addition to the classical potential

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• ) (Table 1). Generally, the particle size was smaller compared to the size of the corresponding non-irradiated formulations, which can be attributed to the penetration power and destructive effect of the gamma rays and the dissociation of certain molecules from the nanocarriers into the surrounding medium

• be explained by the different effects on cell membranes during internalization. While the tubular shape of the CNTs provides membrane penetration whithout significantly affecting the integrity of the cell membrane, the flat surface of GO leads to more intense contact and rupture of the cell membranes

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• light can be divided into ultraviolet (UV; 190–400 nm), visible light (400–780 nm) and near-infrared light (NIR; 780–2500 nm) [28][29]. UV light has shorter wavelengths and higher photon energies that can be absorbed by most body tissues. Hence, its penetration is limited, and it may trigger a number of

• endogenous chromophores (i.e., blood, water, and melanin) and biomolecules in the human body have a low absorption rate of NIR light. Hence, NIR has a high tissue penetration depth, which can avoid photothermal damage to healthy tissues [35][36][37]. Activation of photothermal nanomaterials with NIR light

• penetration and deposition [163]. Moreover, common ocular drug delivery methods have disadvantages such as short intraocular retention time, low drug accumulation, and low bioavailability [164]. Because of the transparency of the cornea and crystalline lens, the eye allows various wavelengths of light to

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , the penetration of different molecules is no longer determined by the selectivity of the MOF, but rather by the size of the void. The voids arise from poor adhesion between the MOF and the polymer, emphasizing the importance of utilizing compatible components for MMMs [76][78][87][89][92][113

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• color of MB in wastewater reduces light penetration into aquatic organisms, disturbing the balance of the ecosystem and harming various forms of life [3]. Effluents and water bodies containing MB require prioritized treatment due to its adverse effect on water quality. Therefore, it is crucial to

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• limited by low drug penetration. NCs can overcome this hurdle by offering new avenues for drug delivery that enhance effectiveness and reduce side effects. AMs play a critical role in asthma by maintaining inflammation and tissue damage. Holotomography was used to analyze the morphological and