Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• . Despite many synthesis methods are still mainly focused on the production of near-spherical NPs, a number of emerging applications require nanomaterials of nonspherical shape and developed surface, which determine the functional performance of nanostructured devices. Laser ablation in liquids has been

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• viscoelastic modulus) of surfaces [5]. It is particularly useful for the measurement of heterogeneous surfaces, characteristic of composite and biological materials, where understanding the interplay between microstructure and mechanical properties of the constituent materials is critical for the performance

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• data for the precursors, the FEBID experiments provide a valuable means of comparison to the gas-phase studies. The results allow us to evaluate the performance of the new precursors by correlating ion beam parameters with the chemical composition of the forming structures. Analysis of the data in

• (methylcyclopentadienyl)platinum(IV) [Pt(η5-CpMe)Me3] [35][36]. The results indicate that precursors 2 and 4 exhibit a performance comparable to that of the Pt precursor, with precursor 4 being the most comparable. Our ultimate goal was to identify the promising precursor that would exhibit a high metal content while

• , precursor 1 exhibited a higher propensity for gallium absorption during irradiation. By analyzing the ion beam-induced decomposition of the precursors, which resulted in the formation of structures with varying chemical composition, we were able to assign performance scores to each precursor. To visualize

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• solid-state, cryogen-free microrefrigerator, which could eventually cover temperatures from the ambient down to the millikelvin range. Figure 5 shows photographs of a two-stage SINIS cooler. The performance of a single-stage SINIS cooler is presented in Figure 6. SINIS detectors The SINIS detector is a

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• components plays a specific role in maintaining the nanoparticles’ structure and enhancing their performance [2]. The remarkable success of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines has highlighted LNPs as a transformative nanomedicine, driving significant interest and innovation in this field [3]. As a key ingredient in

• characterization and biological performance of LNPs were evaluated. These LNPs were able to maintain comparable sizes in the range of 46 to 58 nm. To further assess the impact of increased PEG density on protein adsorption, ApoE association to LNPs was quantified in vitro using fluorescence-labeled ApoE and size

• maleimide groups quenched by adding ʟ-cysteine [42][44]. The dual-targeted LNPs exhibited enhanced performance in vitro across breast cancer cell lines including MCF7, MDA-mb453, and SKBR3. In HER2-overexpressing SKBR3 cells, the dual-targeted LNPs achieved 75% transfection efficiency and significantly

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• performance and significantly improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of essential oils, phytocompounds, and other insecticidal materials [102]. Wei et al. (2023) demonstrated the larvicidal potential of fenpropathrin NEs against Helicoverpa armigera larvae at the L3 stage, reporting

• superior efficacy compared to commercial emulsions, along with lower toxicity to non-target organisms and improved environmental compatibility [103]. Similarly, Shaari et al. (2021) developed palm-oil-based nanoemulsions containing deltamethrin, which exhibited enhanced insecticidal performance against Ae

• . aegypti mosquitoes using thermal fogging techniques in outdoor environments [104]. This superior performance was attributed to the reduced droplet size, which facilitates penetration through mesothoracic spiracles and into the inner walls of the mesothoracic trachea, thereby increasing insect mortality

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• degraded by detector noise. For FM-AFM this bandwidth is Δf = Γ(T/T*), whereas AM-AFM requires Δf ≤ Γ. Force sensitivity is, however, only one aspect of a high-performance AFM. Ultimately the image speed and resolution, both vertical and lateral, are influenced by many factors, namely, equilibrium tip

• resonant circuit. While slightly degrading the performance of the displacement detector, this effect has the advantage of providing an easily measurable indication of probe–surface separation during coarse approach. For the final stage of the approach, we drive the z-scanner with a DC voltage (100 nm/V

• sensor design, this detection principle will be capable of operating at the fundamental limit of minimum added noise. Achieving this performance limit is a prerequisite for improved force sensitivity with ultralow temperature and ultralow damping mechanical modes. Alternatively, the lower noise of the

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• containing biogenic AgNPs are being investigated as adjunctive therapies to improve oral hygiene in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances [8][37][44]. These strategies aim to balance microbial control while preserving the mechanical performance of orthodontic devices. Green-synthesized nanoparticles

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• efficiency of MPs in water supply systems, as well as the mechanisms and performance when applying these materials for treatment. In addition, the related risk of adsorbent nanomaterials is also considered. Microplastics from land-based sources and wastewater plants persist in water supplies, with

• mechanisms and performance; and (iii) risk assessments and associated problems when applying adsorbent nanomaterials. In addition, it is important to identify critical gaps regarding large-scale applications and insufficient integration into existing systems. By expanding the scope of the research to

• ]. Similarly, You et al. reported on MOFs grown on a wood aerogel, ZIF-8@Aerogel, achieving removal efficiencies for polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and PS particles of 91.4% and 85.8%, respectively [62]. Through electrostatic interactions, mesoporous UiO-66-NH2/P123 exhibited exceptional performance, achieving

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• over time to ensure consistent performance. In our study, both blank-NE and PHYT-NE remained stable for at least 30 days, with no significant alterations in most evaluated parameters – except the zeta potential – even under centrifugation at different speeds. This behavior can be attributed to the

Piezoelectricity of layered double hydroxides: perspectives regarding piezocatalysis and nanogenerators

• Evgeniy S. Seliverstov,
• Evgeniya A. Tarasenko and
• Olga E. Lebedeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1812–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.124

• is still in its infancy and this review explores its recent advances. The discussion encompasses LDH-based piezoelectric nanogenerators, piezocatalytic and piezo-photocatalytic properties of LDHs, and composite material synergies that enhance the overall electroactive performance. Looking to the

• to the development of next-generation high-performance piezoelectric devices. Keywords: layered double hydroxides; nanogenerators; piezocatalysis; piezoelectricity; Introduction Given the ever-increasing global need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, finding other ways to generate energy from

• piezoelectric performance of such promising materials for energy harvesting as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) through strong hydrogen bonding between the hydroxy groups of LDHs and the electronegative fluorine atoms of PVDF [11]. In the work of Shetty et al., incorporation of a low content of sodium

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• and enhances both the photocatalytic activity and humidity sensitivity of GO and PI. The most pronounced improvements occurred at higher fluences, where defect generation and partial deoxygenation contributed to optimal performance. Ion implantation thus represents an effective approach for tuning the

• result in further improvement and may be associated with the formation of defects that promote recombination. A similar trend was observed for implantation at 1.5 MeV, although the differences in roughness between samples were less pronounced. The best performance was still recorded for samples with the

• for the lowest ion fluence of Ag ions (3.75 × 1012 cm−2) at an energy of 20 keV, indicating that a delicate balance between the formation of conjugated bonds and the preservation of GO inherent properties is crucial for maximizing both sensing and photocatalytic performance. These findings highlight

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• investigated. These nanoparticles (NPs) preserve the bioactivity of the active compound during gastric transit and facilitate permeation through mucus and absorption by epithelial cells, enabling targeted delivery. In essence, PNs offer superior performance in protecting, targeting, and enhancing both the

• solubility and permeability in the cell membrane both in vitro and in vivo, demonstrated the importance of these characteristics for the pharmacokinetic performance of drugs and developed the “Biopharmaceutical Classification System” (BCS), which remains widely used today by regulatory agencies, research

• performance of PNs by modulating their interactions with mucus and the intestinal epithelium. The selection of coating material and technique is guided by the therapeutic goal, the physicochemical properties of the core polymer, and the nature of the encapsulated drug. Section 4 of this review provides a

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• -EGFR antibody was combined with gold nanoparticles to form a complex. The target EGFR in test samples was specifically captured by the aptamer, subsequently forming a sandwich detection complex. While the preparation and detection workflow demonstrates notable simplicity, its clinical performance was

• optimize aptamer performance [135]. The second strategy is encapsulation of nanocarriers, such as metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, silica nanoparticles and liposomes. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have different morphologies, among which gold nanospheres are the most popular. Spherical AuNPs are synthesized

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• surface tension by fully covering the interfacial surface area, thereby stabilizing the emulsion structure [80][81]. Among the pre-formulations, O/W(L-3%) demonstrated optimal performance, with a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 300 nm and a PdI value of 0.252. This monomodal intensity distribution

• droplet uniformity with a monodisperse profile [93]; (3) maximizing lecithin’s performance in forming LO droplets through monolayer micelles [81]; (4) avoiding excess surfactant molecules to maintain biocompatibility [94][95]; and (5) maintaining a negative surface charge density greater than −30 mV for

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• and mechanisms in single-atom catalysis. 2D confined catalysis Confined catalysis is an emerging field that investigates how spatial constraints can influence the efficiency, selectivity, and performance of catalytic reactions. This approach leverages the principles of confinement within various

• photocatalyst, it is essential to combine the photocatalyst’s performance with mechanistic knowledge under operando reaction conditions. APXPS is uniquely suited to investigate such systems. Its surface sensitivity enables the detection of charge transfer processes, reaction intermediates, and active sites

• performance in integrated circuits. Its precision, scalability, and ability to produce conformal films on intricate surfaces make ALD a cornerstone in the pursuit of miniaturization and enhanced performance in technology. ALD achieves such high levels of growth control by a well-separated alternating exposure

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• hydroxide. Thus, all data demonstrate a good performance of the nanoprecipitation method to generate small-sized protein-loaded polymeric nanoparticles which can be used as a novel immunoadjuvant. Experimental Material Poly(D,L-lactic acid) (D,L-PLA) 50:50 (inherent viscosity 0.63 dL·g−1 at 30 °C) was

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• , and advanced membrane materials, exhibit unique properties such as high surface area, enhanced reactivity, and tunable surface chemistry, which offer promising avenues for the selective and efficient removal of MPs from water. This paper also explores the mechanism, performance and limitations of

• . Nanoparticles, owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio, demonstrate superior catalytic performance compared to bulk materials. Furthermore, the particle size of semiconductors influences their bandgap energy and crystalline structure, which in turn affects their redox potential and the spatial distribution

• contact angle decreasing from 84.6° ± 1° to 64.2° ± 1.2°), work of adhesion, wetting energy, porosity, and pore dimensions. Among various loadings, the membrane with 0.5 wt % MIL-100 (Fe) (M0.5) showed the best overall performance. It delivered a pure water flux over ten times higher than M0 and achieved

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• toughness along a specific direction or within a defined volume [7]. By strategically varying the composition or morphology of the material, FGMs can be designed with enhanced performance characteristics tailored to specific application requirements. The gradient can be continuous or discontinuous, or step

• metamaterials, even more complex and tailored mechanical properties can be achieved at multiple length scales [15]. This integration enables the creation of materials with unprecedented combinations of stiffness, strength, damping, and other mechanical characteristics, offering enhanced performance and

• scales [17]. This approach allows for precise control over stiffness distributions, enabling the creation of materials with tailored mechanical responses that vary spatially or directionally to meet specific performance requirements. Recent advancements in additive manufacturing techniques have

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• –vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-3150, Shimadzu, Japan). The concentration of OFL was determined using a Nexera LC-40D XR ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system (SHIMADZU, Japan). A Pyris 1 TGA instrument (USA) was used to carry out the thermogravimetric (TG) investigations

• -first-order kinetic model, as determined by Equation 3: The concentration of OFL was assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a C18 column maintained at 30 °C. The UV–vis detector was calibrated to a wavelength of 292 nm. The mobile phase consisted of a 15:85 ratio of methanol to 0.8

• reaction rate constants are shown in Figure 5b. Not surprisingly, the photocatalytic activity decreases with increasing OFL initial concentration (50, 75, 100, and 200 ppm), with the reaction rate constant declining (0.169, 0.142, 0.135, and 0.103 h−1, respectively). The high photocatalytic performance at

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• are currently used, as well as fundamental features of the thin film formation processes with new composition and coatings of various types. These types of nanomaterials are very promising (in terms of computational performance and energy dissipation efficiency) for use in superconducting digital

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• transient systems must be optimized to balance electrical performance, biodegradation kinetics, and mechanical integrity. Moreover, to transcend basic sensing and stimulation functions, and to enable capabilities such as computation, memory, and autonomous decision-making, the development of high

• -performance, biodegradable integrated circuits is imperative [37][38][39]. Ultimately, controlling the operational lifespan of such devices demands a multifaceted approach, that is, one that couples material science innovation with engineering strategies capable of responding adaptively to complex

• , offering the potential to replace conventional high-performance silicon-based devices with transient alternatives. In aqueous environments, silicon undergoes degradation via well-defined mechanisms with the rate of dissolution being highly sensitive to external conditions [42][44]. Elevated temperatures

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• the nanometer range and different morphologies is continuously growing. One aspect of current studies is further improvement of the properties and performance of the developed silicon-based devices. As a result, crystalline films based on silicon [1][2] as well as nano-sized silicon materials have

• that the obtained results are important for the preparation of silicon-based nanocomposites as electrode materials with enhanced performance. Materials and Methods The laser ablation experiments were performed using a nanosecond Nd:YAG laser (LS2131D, LOTIS TII, Belarus) as an excitation source

• of Si NPs. The presence of defects in the Si structure confirmed by Raman and PL studies is a prerequisite for enhanced performance of the developed nanostructures in electrochemical processes occurring in supercapacitors or batteries [14]. The intrinsic defects act as intercalation sites during

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• materials have shown improved performance, the modification processes are generally energy-intensive and require harmful chemicals. Moreover, the optimum incorporation of chemical functionality, responsible for binding the trace metal ions, still needs to be achieved. Therefore, it is always a race to

• suitability for the long-term application to reduce the cost of the adsorption process. The recycling performance of CNTs-G5 has been presented in the form of removal efficiency in five consecutive cycles (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3). It is evident from the results that CNTs-G5 performed well as