Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• between the two plates, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, and A is the area of the two plates. It can be seen from Equation 1 that the material, size, and structure of the electrodes affect properties such as voltage, response time, and life cycles. When designing an ideal MEMS device, these parameters

Alcohol-perturbed self-assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein

• Ismael Abu-Baker and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 355–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.30

• eventually, alcohol becomes the bulk phase with small water clusters [34][35]. These changes in solvent structure reduce the solvent permittivity and change solute pKa and hydration number [36][37]. Additionally, alcohol–protein interactions can replace protein–protein interactions, altering the protein

Design aspects of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ THz sources: optimization of thermal and radiative properties

• Mikhail M. Krasnov,
• Natalia D. Novikova,
• Roger Cattaneo,
• Alexey A. Kalenyuk and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1392–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.103

• electrode and whisker is set to ≃6 × 105 (Ω·m)−1 and the relative dielectric permittivity of the substrate is εr = 10. First we consider the case without dielectric losses, tan(δ) = 0. The middle panels in Figure 6 show the local distributions of electric field amplitudes in the xz crosssection through the

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• strongly redshifted in comparison to plasmon platform characteristics (Figure 3). This phenomenon is directly related to Mie’s theory and can be caused by changes of the electric permittivity over the gold nanostructures [7][8][33]. A shift is also observed in structures with an additional ultrathin Al2O3

• film. However, a blueshift occurs here due to the electrical properties of aluminum oxide. Additionally, it can be seen, that the position of the minimum of transmission as function of the Al2O3 film thickness. This may be explained by the different permittivity of the layers [34][35][36]. Emission and

• and Al2O3 layers exhibit a much greater permittivity, which affects the optical properties of plasmonic nanostructures and redshifts the resonance wavelength [34][35][40][41]. The excitation and emission spectra samples are shown in Figure 10. One main spectral line can be distinguished on excitation

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• potential distribution diagram of the triboelectric materials of a TENG at a distance of 1 mm. Due to the influence of the relative permittivity, the material with the lower relative permittivity is negatively charged, while the other triboelectric material is positively charged. When the distance between

• , when the distance between the triboelectric materials is large enough, a change of the gas jet cross section has only little effect on the TENG potential. The simulation results also show that the type of gas influences the potential of the TENG depending on the relative permittivity of the gas. This

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• parameterized by the zeta potential, ζp. This repulsive double layer force is given by [14]: where d is the particle separation distance, a is the particle radius, T is the temperature of the system, e is the elementary charge, kB is Boltzmann’s constant, and ε0 and εc are vacuum permittivity and fluid

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• of the oxide films. This allowed for the assessment of the permittivity and polarizability of the material, as well as the density of states in the band interval. Based on calculus, the value of the real dielectric constant (εr) can be obtained by: and the relationship to compute the imaginary

• properties (Figure 9 and Figure 11) to be integrated in metamaterials with low refractive index. The results show that a slight variation of the permittivity of the dielectric material (Figure 12) due to the redistribution of electrons is negligible in all cases. The importance of these transparent

• energy of the incident photons for (a) SiO2 and (b) ZnO samples with different thickness values. Refractive index dependence on the wavelength (dispersion) for (a) SiO2 and (b) ZnO thin films. Photon energy dependence of the (a) real and (b) imaginary parts of permittivity for SiO2 (i) and ZnO (ii) thin

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• ; electrostatic force microscopy (EFM); natural photonic crystals; relative permittivity; structural colors; Introduction The dielectric constant, or relative permittivity, is a fundamental physical property that is crucial for describing various biological, chemical, or physical phenomena. It is a material

• natural photonic crystals remain essentially undetermined due to the great difficulties in measuring the dielectric response at the nanometric scale [11]. The nanometric local relative permittivity of a natural photonic crystal has not been directly measured yet. Fumagalli et al. [12][13][14][15], and

• Riedel et al. [16] developed several techniques of electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) to extract the relative permittivity at the nanoscale, allowing for new fields to be explored. Here we use EFM to map the relative permittivity of nanostructures within the wings of the Chalcopteryx rutilans damselfly

Mapping of integrated PIN diodes with a 3D architecture by scanning microwave impedance microscopy and dynamic spectroscopy

• Rosine Coq Germanicus,
• Peter De Wolf,
• Florent Lallemand,
• Catherine Bunel,
• Serge Bardy,
• Hugues Murray and
• Ulrike Lüders

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1764–1775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.159

• volume of the sample material under the tip. Optimized for an incident frequency of approx. 3 GHz, the subsurface analysis volume extends to a depth of approx. 100 nm. For a material with a conductivity σ and a permittivity ε, the AFM sMIM tip–sample impedance is a complex impedance [26], equivalent to a

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• the theoretical analysis of the TENG [53], where σ is the surface triboelectric charge density, d is the interlayer distance, ε0 is the vacuum permittivity, and εr is the relative permittivity of the PTFE layer. The standstill deformation gives rise to the saturated output voltage in the inelastic

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• at the trapping voltage of each particle. For the simulations, a conductivity of 21.3 µS·cm−1 and a relative permittivity of 78.4 for the suspension medium were used, while the substrate was assumed to be an insulator due to the low conductivity of PDMS [58]. The nonlinear empirical electrophoretic

• the zeta potential of the PDMS (ζW) and on that of the particle (ζp), while both mobility values depend on the permittivity (εm) and the viscosity (η) of the media. However, at relatively high electric fields, the effect of nonlinear EK, in particular electrophoresis of the second kind (EP(3)), is

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• of solid–fluid and AFF of fluid-fluid interactions: The Hamaker constants are a gauge for the interaction between particles of certain materials and the electric fields they generate [28]. This electrical responsiveness (or susceptibility) is closely related to the permittivity/polarizability, α, of

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, PO Box 1803, Hafr Al Batin, 39524, Saudi Arabia 10.3762/bjnano.11.103 Abstract High permittivity and breakdown strength are desired to improve the energy storage density of dielectric materials based on reinforced polymer composites

• excellent dielectric properties with high permittivity (25.2) and low loss (0.04) at high frequency (106 Hz). A thick PTh encapsulation layer on the surface of the BTO nanoparticles improves their breakdown strength from 47 to 144 kV/mm and the energy storage density from 0.32 to 2.48 J/cm3. A 7.75-fold

• increase in the energy storage density of the BTO-PTh nanoparticles is attributed to simultaneously high permittivity and breakdown strength, which are excellent for potential energy storage applications. Keywords: barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles; breakdown strength; dielectric materials; energy

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• the coupling between the oscillation field in the excited tip and its mirror image in the substrate. We have shown in a previous theoretical work that the permittivity of the tip and the substrate influences the near-field enhancement at the tip apex significantly [33]. In the next set of experiments

Thermophoretic tweezers for single nanoparticle manipulation

• Jošt Stergar and
• Natan Osterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1126–1133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.97

• thermophoresis and fluid flow can be used to highly concentrate (trap) nanoparticles and molecules [24][25]. Suspended biological cells can be easily thermophoretically manipulated by harnessing the permittivity gradient in the electric double layer of the charged surface of the cell membrane [26]. Optical

A new photodetector structure based on graphene nanomeshes: an ab initio study

• Babak Sakkaki,
• Hassan Rasooli Saghai,
• Ghafar Darvish and
• Mehdi Khatir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1036–1044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.88

• permittivity and system volume, respectively. The relative dielectric constant, εr, is related to the susceptibility, χ, as [26][27]: The photocurrent is calculated by first-order perturbation theory in the framework of the Born approximation. In short, light–electron interaction is added to the Hamiltonian as

Gas-sensing features of nanostructured tellurium thin films

• Dumitru Tsiulyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1010–1018, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.85

• dielectric relaxation time (τr). As τr = εε0ρ (ρ is the bulk resistivity, ε and ε0 are the permittivity and the electric constant, respectively), it is clear that τr decreases since there is a reduction in the resistivity when the temperature increase and the system reaches steady state in less time. Another

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

Evolution of Ag nanostructures created from thin films: UV–vis absorption and its theoretical predictions

• Robert Kozioł,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Paweł Syty,
• Damian Koszelow,
• Wojciech Sadowski,
• Józef E. Sienkiewicz and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 494–507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.40

• excited by the electromagnetic field of light. The conditions for its occurrence are primarily met by materials with a large number of free electrons, which leads to intensive plasmon resonance and a negative real permittivity over a wide frequency range. Particularly important are noble-metal

Plasmonic nanosensor based on multiple independently tunable Fano resonances

• Lin Cheng,
• Zelong Wang,
• Xiaodong He and
• Pengfei Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2527–2537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.243

• dielectric in the waveguide and cavities is air, of which the relative permittivity is εd = 1. The metal is silver, with permittivity εm characterized by the Drude model covering the wavelength range of 1000 to 2000 nm [25] represented by where ε∞ = 3.7 is the electric constant at the infinite angular

Multiple Fano resonances with flexible tunablity based on symmetry-breaking resonators

• Xiao bin Ren,
• Kun Ren,
• Ying Zhang,
• Cheng guo Ming and
• Qun Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2459–2467, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.236

• is W0. A metal wall with the thickness t is placed inside the MDM waveguide. The grey parts in Figure 1 stand for metal (εm). Both the metal wall and the background metal are silver the complex relative permittivity of which is characterized by the Drude model, where ω is the angular frequency of

Nonlinear absorption and scattering of a single plasmonic nanostructure characterized by x-scan technique

• Tushar C. Jagadale,
• Dhanya S. Murali and
• Shi-Wei Chu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2182–2191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.211

• characterize the nonlinearity of the optical absorption and scattering of single nanostructures. Currently, the common method to quantify optical nonlinearity is the z-scan technique, which yields real and imaginary parts of the permittivity by moving a thin sample with a laser beam. However, z-scan typically

• with high-intensity laser light, the photothermal effect induces a change of the particle permittivity leading to the nonlinearity. However, this equation only explains a square-order difference between scattering and absorption. The above equation considers the total scattering cross section

Effects of surface charge and boundary slip on time-periodic pressure-driven flow and electrokinetic energy conversion in a nanotube

• Mandula Buren,
• Yongjun Jian,
• Yingchun Zhao,
• Long Chang and
• Quansheng Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1628–1635, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.158

• is the equilibrium distance of the Lennard–Jones potential, e is the elementary charge, lB = e2/(4πεkBT), kB is the Boltzmann constant, ε is the permittivity of the electrolyte solution and T is the absolute temperature [19][25]. The electric potential distribution φ in EDL satisfies the Poisson

Rapid thermal annealing for high-quality ITO thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Doina Craciun,
• Florin Garoi,
• Catalin Negrila,
• Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1511–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.149

• treated ITO films is essential in assessing the advantages of the RTA procedure. To obtain information on the bandgap width, absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, dielectric permittivity, position of the impurity levels in the bandgap and characteristics of the optical

• carriers, N, the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric permittivity characterizes the transparency of thin films to electromagnetic radiation (see Figure 9a,b). Thus, when the imaginary part, ε'', can be neglected, the layer is transparent to electromagnetic radiation. The dependence of the

• real and imaginary parts of the dielectric permittivity on the wavelength is illustrated in Figure 8. The increase in thickness of the ITO films influenced the optical constants (i.e., Drude damping coefficient, Drude frequency, complex permittivity, refractive indices, extinction coefficients

On the relaxation time of interacting superparamagnetic nanoparticles and implications for magnetic fluid hyperthermia

• Andrei Kuncser,
• Nicusor Iacob and
• Victor E. Kuncser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1280–1289, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.127

• , with the only effect of the perturbation reflected in the expression of the relaxation time. Accordingly, the dissipated power is where τ is the effective relaxation time (only the Néel component), f and H are the frequency and the amplitude of the applied AC magnetic field, µ0 is the permittivity of