Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• by an unconventional method. Using a stationary beam, pits were first etched at the desired location by EBIE with H2O in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The field of view containing the nanowire was then scanned repeatedly in the presence of the precursor until a gap was created

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

• with genipin [39]. Nadeem et al. have also reported that three-dimensional calcium phosphate/gelatin composite scaffolds, with an integrated surface pattern, could be fabricated by crosslinking with genipin [38]. These calcium phosphate/gelatin composite scaffolds could be fabricated with 40 µm pits

Blister formation during graphite surface oxidation by Hummers’ method

• Olga V. Sinitsyna,
• Georgy B. Meshkov,
• Anastasija V. Grigorieva,
• Alexander A. Antonov,
• Inna G. Grigorieva and
• Igor V. Yaminsky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 407–414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.40

• corroded carbon layers on the electrode surface [18]. Hathcock et al. [16] proposed a mechanism of blister formation, which involves gas evolution under the graphite surface at active sites where the carbon matrix oxidation takes place. We did not find any etch pits or microcracks on the HAPG surface after

Fabrication of gold-coated PDMS surfaces with arrayed triangular micro/nanopyramids for use as SERS substrates

• Jingran Zhang,
• Yongda Yan,
• Peng Miao and
• Jianxiong Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2271–2282, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.227

• . Results and Discussion Fabrication of micro/nanopyramids on PDMS surfaces Close-packed Au pyramidal arrays were fabricated using the inverted pyramidal pits on PDMS to form homogeneous and highly reproducible SERS substrates. The basic fabrication process steps are shown in Figure 1. First, a home-built

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• through the anchoring of the clathrin and adaptor protein 2 (AP2) complex to endosomes, thereby preventing the assembly of coated pits at the inner plasma membrane [42]. In serum-free medium, QD uptake was decreased by CPZ and nystatin (Figure 7b,d). nystatin is an inhibitor of caveolin/lipid raft

Assembly of metallic nanoparticle arrays on glass via nanoimprinting and thin-film dewetting

• Sun-Kyu Lee,
• Sori Hwang,
• Yoon-Kee Kim and
• Yong-Jun Oh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1049–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.106

• nanoparticles on glass substrates using NIL with transparent MTEOS film and dewetting techniques that can be applied for the photonic devices with sufficient structural integrity. A master mold of square arrays of inverted pyramidal pits with a period of 200 nm was made from (100) silicon wafers with a 40 nm

• plasmas. To condense the silanol groups (Si–OH) in the resist into siloxane bonds (Si–O–Si) and form cross-linked networks, the resist was heated to 110 °C for different times while pressing with the stamp. Thereafter, the resists with inverted pyramidal pits were heated to different annealing

• with the periodic array of inverted pyramidal pits and annealed in a furnace at ≈300–500 °C to assemble nanoparticle arrays via solid-state dewetting of the deposited films. The base pressure and RF power of the sputtering system were 3 × 10−6 Torr and 100 W, respectively. Fourier transform infrared

Monolayer graphene/SiC Schottky barrier diodes with improved barrier height uniformity as a sensing platform for the detection of heavy metals

• Ivan Shtepliuk,
• Jens Eriksson,
• Volodymyr Khranovskyy,
• Tihomir Iakimov,
• Anita Lloyd Spetz and
• Rositsa Yakimova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1800–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.173

• ideality parameter for graphene/SiC structures are the homogeneity of the graphene thickness, the quality of the grown interface (defects, pits, dislocations, surface roughness), the type of the grown interface (SiC polytypism, face polarity) and the growth conditions. Indeed, we noticed that the Schottky

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• varieties. However, common architectures are pores, gratings, wells, pits, cones, posts, pillars, grooves (Figure 4A) or mesh-like structures that can either be organized in a regular or irregular manner. For a systematic overview of the information presented in this section and about the fabrication

Electrospray deposition of organic molecules on bulk insulator surfaces

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1927–1934, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.195

• exposure time compared to the generally applied molecules deposition time of 1–5 min. As can be seen, terraces remain large and flat, and step-edges remain clean from adsorbates. However, some pits are observed on the terraces and step-edges present lots of kinks. Such pits are known from the bombardment

• in Figure 4 reveals the surface modification due to the annealing in presence of the molecules. Indeed, pits, hills and a circular shape for the step-edges are observed instead of straight step-edges that are normally observed. Molecules are adsorbed at KBr step-edges (arrow 1) and also form small

• molecules to be stabilized by reaching an overall energetic minimum. A result of this is the creation and stabilization of KBr pits and islands, which are not present on the untreated surface. Molecular islands can therefore be observed in theses pits [30] or on the KBr islands and present distinct height

Continuum models of focused electron beam induced processing

• Milos Toth,
• Charlene Lobo,
• Vinzenz Friedli,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1518–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.157

• to the growth of deposits and etch pits, respectively). We limit our discussion to FEBIP performed using a stationary, continuous or pulsed, radially symmetric electron beam (i.e., models implemented in cylindrical coordinates). Examples of models of scanned beams can be found in [22][23][24

• contributions on the developing three-dimensional pillar and etch-pit geometry. These simplifications limit the applicability of the resolution scaling laws given by Equation 22, Equation 23, and Equation 26 as well as Equation 79 and Equation 80 to aspect ratios of roughly 1 to 4 for deposits and etch pits. A

• the changes that must be made to the above FEBIP models. Adsorbate depletion in high aspect ratio pits [7]: The replenishment rate of precursor molecules consumed in FEBIE can be limited by the gas flow conductance of a growing etch pit. The replenishment rate affects the adsorbate concentration N

The effect of surface charge on nonspecific uptake and cytotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dots

• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Anna Pietuch,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Thomas Basché and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 281–292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.26

• II cells after 6 h of exposure. We used chlorpromazine to inhibit the formation of clathrin-coated pits through the assembly of clathrin and AP2 adaptor complexes in the endosomal membranes, 5-(N,N-dimethyl)amiloride hydrochloride (DMA). This prohibited macropinocytosis by blocking amiloride

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• the plasma membrane and vesicle internalization. Dynasore, however, had no measurable effect on the membrane-associated fractions of both DPA-QDs and DHLA-AuNCs. These results make sense, considering that dynasore suppresses the pinching-off process but not the formation of clathrin-coated pits. As

Localized surface plasmon resonances in nanostructures to enhance nonlinear vibrational spectroscopies: towards an astonishing molecular sensitivity

• Dan Lis and
• Francesca Cecchet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2275–2292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.237

Different endocytotic uptake mechanisms for nanoparticles in epithelial cells and macrophages

• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Benjamin Michen,
• Fabian Blank,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1625–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.174

• and is, like most pinocytotic pathways, a form of receptor-mediated endocytosis. This abundant pathway is essential for the uptake of many molecules such as low-density lipoprotein and transferrin [24][25]. When clathrin-mediated endocytosis is initiated, the so-called “coated pits” come into play

• ]. Monodansylcadaverine (MDC), a competitive inhibitor, blocks the enzyme transglutaminase 2, which is necessary for receptor crosslinking in the region of clathrin-coated pits [31][39][40]. Furthermore, chlorpromazine and MDC are specific in inhibiting the uptake of the serum protein transferrin [41]. Consequently

Direct nanoscale observations of the coupled dissolution of calcite and dolomite and the precipitation of gypsum

• Francesco G. Offeddu,
• Jordi Cama,
• Josep M. Soler and
• Christine V. Putnis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1245–1253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.138

• °C). The dissolution of the carbonate minerals took place at the (104) cleavage surfaces in sulfate-rich solutions undersaturated with respect to gypsum, by the formation of characteristic rhombohedral-shaped etch pits. Rounding of the etch pit corners was observed as solutions approached close-to

• nucleation induction times. The gypsum precipitate quickly coated the calcite surface, forming arrow-like forms parallel to the crystallographic orientations of the calcite etch pits. Gypsum precipitation coupled with dolomite dissolution was slower than that of calcite, indicating the dissolution rate to be

• prevent a saturation of the solution during the reaction (close-to-equilibrium approach). During this stage the calcite dissolution rate, RAFM (mol·cm−2·s−1), was obtained from the dissolved volume of calcite created by the etch pits (as described by Urosevic et al. [37]): where ΔV is the increase in

Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Llew Rintoul and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56

• deduce that the thickness of newly-grown ZnO over the side facet is about 100 nm, which is consistent with the thickness of newly-grown layer revealed by Figure 2c. Some nanobeads embedded into the nanorod were detached when the nanorods were mechanically fractured. This exposes the bowl-shaped pits

Nanoscale patterning of a self-assembled monolayer by modification of the molecule–substrate bond

• Cai Shen and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 258–267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.28

• size. As seen from Figure 2b the process yields pits of rather uniform size. A look at the line profile reveals that the depth of the depressions is typically 3–4 Å, which is somewhat larger than the 2.5 Å of the step height of the Au substrate. Taking previous studies into account [39] it is likely

Challenges in realizing ultraflat materials surfaces

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Wataru Nomura,
• Fabrice Stehlin,
• Olivier Soppera,
• Makoto Naruse and
• Motoichi Ohtsu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 875–885, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.99

• technique, it does require a polishing pad to heat the substrate through friction between the polishing pad and substrate. Thus, the light must be introduced through the substrate, which should therefore be thin. Furthermore, mechanical polishing causes surface damage (scratches or pits) when the polishing

Pure hydrogen low-temperature plasma exposure of HOPG and graphene: Graphane formation?

• Baran Eren,
• Dorothée Hug,
• Laurent Marot,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Roland Steiner,
• Dominik M. Zumbühl and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 852–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.96

• be attributed to the physical sputtering, since the impact energy of the ions is well below the theoretical threshold (εi ≈ 36 eV) [9][10], nor to the chemical etching, which would have formed large hexagonal pits [28][29]. We think that some of the implanted hydrogen (including molecular ions

Large-scale analysis of high-speed atomic force microscopy data sets using adaptive image processing

• Blake W. Erickson,
• Séverine Coquoz,
• Jonathan D. Adams,
• Daniel J. Burns and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 747–758, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.84

• show the results of 1-D second-order polynomial removal. This line-by-line polynomial subtraction generates many artifacts in the data, for example the surface surrounding the pits appears raised along the fast scan axis in Figure 2B, and continuous levels in Figure 2F have offsets from line to line

• subtraction excluding the pits from the polynomial fit before subtraction. The histograms of each image are shown below. The vertical axis is the same for each histogram. In both the images, and the histograms, the scale has been focused on the upper portion of the grid in order to highlight the distortions

Ordered arrays of nanoporous gold nanoparticles

• Dong Wang,
• Ran Ji,
• Arne Albrecht and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.74

• schematically presented in Figure 1. The surface of a Si(100) wafer was patterned into a periodic array of pyramidal pits (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1) by using SCIL, reactive ion etching (RIE), and KOH etching. The spatial period of these pits is 520 nm. A 200 nm layer of SiO2 was thermally grown

• acted as a mask during the anisotropic etching of Si in a KOH solution, and the Si surface was patterned into a periodic array of pyramidal pits. After removal of the SiO2 mask, about 20 nm of SiO2 was then again thermally grown on the structured Si surface to avoid a reaction between the subsequently

• spatial period. However, the pits were fabricated by KOH etching in this study and have a depth of about 360 nm, whereas the pits in the previous work were fabricated by reactive ion etching and have a depth of 150 nm. This means that a larger optimized thickness is required for the formation of an

Reduced electron recombination of dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO₂ spheres consisting of ultrathin nanosheets with [001] facet exposed

• Hongxia Wang,
• Meinan Liu,
• Cheng Yan and
• John Bell

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 378–387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.44

• nanosheets to realize a minimum surface energy. Some spheres have pits on the surface, which may be due to the insufficient reaction duration. The measurement of the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms of the TiO2 powder shows that the specific surface area of the TiO2 spheres is 82 m2/g, which is slightly

Noncontact atomic force microscopy study of the spinel MgAl₂O₄(111) surface

• Morten K. Rasmussen,
• Kristoffer Meinander,
• Flemming Besenbacher and
• Jeppe V. Lauritsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 192–197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.21

• of step edges. In the case of Zn-terminated ZnO(0001), a stabilization mechanism was proposed involving the formation of preferentially O-terminated edges and pits, which effectively lowers the excess amount of Zn on this polar surface and reduces the surface dipole [21][22]. To evaluate the effect

Quantitative multichannel NC-AFM data analysis of graphene growth on SiC(0001)

• Christian Held,
• Thomas Seyller and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 179–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.19

• , the surface structure remains the same upon oxide removal (Figure 2b). The width of the large terraces is slightly reduced and a number of smaller and larger pits and islands with lateral extensions of only a few nanometers up to hundreds of nanometers are found. Except for a few remaining rough spots

• significantly (Figure 1c). The largest atomically flat areas now have a lateral extension of only 100 nm. The sample is covered with small pits of hexagonal shape. A large variety of step heights is found (Table 1). Graphene grown in an argon atmosphere The same starting material and sample preparation, i.e

Formation of precise 2D Au particle arrays via thermally induced dewetting on pre-patterned substrates

• Dong Wang,
• Ran Ji and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 318–326, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.37

• induced by annealing. Two types of pre-patterned substrates were used: The first comprised an array of pyramidal pits and the second an array of circular holes. For the dewetting of Au films on the pyramidal pit substrate, the structural curvature-driven diffusion cooperates with capillarity-driven

• crystallographic orientation, on a substrate with an array of periodic pits, via solid-state dewetting induced by annealing at 850 °C [9]. Our previous work showed that a pre-patterned substrate with deep grid grooves can also lead to the formation of a 2D ordered Au nanoparticle array via dewetting induced by

• . induced by annealing, has been studied, on both the flat substrate and two types of pre-patterned substrates (one with an array of pyramidal pits and one with an array of circular holes, made using nanoimprint lithography), and large areas of 2D ordered nanoparticle arrays were fabricated. Instead of the