Thermal control of the defunctionalization of supported Au₂₅(glutathione)₁₈ catalysts for benzyl alcohol oxidation

• Zahraa Shahin,
• Hyewon Ji,
• Rodica Chiriac,
• Nadine Essayem,
• Franck Rataboul and
• Aude Demessence

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 228–237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.21

• particle size effect on the catalytic activity. In contrast to most gold nanoclusters which have to be completely defunctionalized for maximum catalytic activity, the partially defunctionalized Au25(SG)18@ZrO2 catalyst, thermally treated at 300 °C, exhibits full conversion of benzyl alcohol within 15 h

• ], direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide by the hydrogenation of O2 [3], ozone decomposition [4], selective oxidation reactions [5][6][7][8] and so on. However, a debate regarding the particle size effect on the catalytic activity and the concerns related to the synthesis and stabilization of monodisperse

Sputtering of silicon nanopowders by an argon cluster ion beam

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Zhenguo Wang,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Sergey Belykh,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 135–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.13

• near 17 keV. The dose and energy dependence of the sputtering yield was explained by the competition of the finite size effect and the effect of debris formation. Keywords: finite size effect; gas cluster ion beam; silicon nanoparticles; smoothing effect; sputtering; Introduction Etching using gas

• [22]. Sputtering experiments have been performed mostly for gold nanoparticles and nanorods. Klimmer et al. [23] have studied the sputtering of gold nanoparticles with a radius of 3.6 nm on a sapphire substrate irradiated with 200 keV Ar ions. Their model predicts a strong size effect of the

• presence of the finite size effect in such system [27], i.e., the energy of the cluster ion after impact with a certain silicon particle cannot be spread effectively at a large range inside the material due to too little contact of the particle with neighbors. This concept is proven by the increase in the

Zn/F-doped tin oxide nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis: structural and optical properties

• Florian Dumitrache,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Elena Dutu,
• Ion Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Alina Ilie,
• Marius Dumitru,
• Cristian Mihailescu,
• Adriana Smarandache and
• Gabriel Prodan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.2

• at the nanoscale – the so called "quantum size effect". Therefore, it is very important to synthesize nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution and with a desired mean diameter in order to control their optical and electrical properties [1]. The properties that make nanometer-sized SnO2 highly

Oriented zinc oxide nanorods: A novel saturable absorber for lasers in the near-infrared

• Pavel Loiko,
• Tanujjal Bora,
• Josep Maria Serres,
• Haohai Yu,
• Magdalena Aguiló,
• Francesc Díaz,
• Uwe Griebner,
• Valentin Petrov,
• Xavier Mateos and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2730–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.255

• Figure 3b for the NRs grown for 5 h, a characteristic absorption peak at ≈360 nm is observed (as indicated by an asterisk). This absorption peak is related to direct band-to-band transitions and its position is notably blue-shifted with respect to bulk ZnO due to the nanometer size effect. As the ZnO NRs

Friction reduction through biologically inspired scale-like laser surface textures

• Johannes Schneider,
• Vergil Djamiykov and
• Christian Greiner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2561–2572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.238

• against metallic (100Cr6), polymeric (PEEK) and ceramic (Al2O3) counter bodies. Additionally, a possible size effect was investigated by changing the scale diameter between 13 and 150 µm under dry sliding contact against sapphire. Our results demonstrate that depending on the contact conditions a

• demonstrate the existence of size effects under mixed lubrication [16][27] as well as for the transition from static to dynamic friction in dry contacts [28]. This paper presents results for two independent sets of experiments aiming at investigating the existence of a similar size effect for scale-like

• sliding speeds. The second set of experiments aims at investigating a possible size effect under dry sliding against sapphire for a constant sliding speed by varying the scale size by more than a factor of ten. Results and Discussion Laser surface texturing In order to investigate the tribological

Adhesive contact of rough brushes

• Qiang Li and
• Valentin L. Popov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2405–2412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.225

• modification due to finite size effect of the brush. Keywords: adhesion; brushes; contact splitting; pressure sensitive adhesion; roughness; Introduction The study of adhesive contacts has been largely enhanced by studies of the extremely effective adhesion pads of geckos [1]. For example, the adhesion can

Synthesis of hafnium nanoparticles and hafnium nanoparticle films by gas condensation and energetic deposition

• Irini Michelakaki,
• Nikos Boukos,
• Dimitrios A. Dragatogiannis,
• Spyros Stathopoulos,
• Costas A. Charitidis and
• Dimitris Tsoukalas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1868–1880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.179

• the functionality of metal NPs is profoundly affected by their size, shape and structure. For example, NPs with sharp edges reveal enhanced catalytic activity because they provide more active sites for catalytic reactions [11], the “small-size effect” of metal-oxide nanoparticles increases remarkably

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Marta Berholts,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

• hydrophobic NPs can be well approximated by linear fit corresponding to an exponential decay of the adhesion with NPs size, which is known as size effect [38]. This slope is slightly higher for the –CH3 coated NPs, indicating a stronger decrease of the input molecular interactions with the NPs size than for

• during the measurements, contamination of the sample by air-born materials etc. In addition, the exact contact area between tip/nanoparticle is unknown, which complicates quantitative analysis and interpretation. The size effect of nanoscale adhesion is not yet fully understood and is on the way to be

PTFE-based microreactor system for the continuous synthesis of full-visible-spectrum emitting cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals

• Chengxi Zhang,
• Weiling Luan,
• Yuhang Yin and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2521–2529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.252

• colloidal perovskite QDs exhibit an intrinsic quantum size effect. Their size, and morphology, and thus this effect, can be controlled by the reaction temperature, composition and reaction process in the microreactor system. Figure 2 and Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1 show the transmission

In situ controlled rapid growth of novel high activity TiB₂/(TiB₂–TiN) hierarchical/heterostructured nanocomposites

• Jilin Wang,
• Hejie Liao,
• Yuchun Ji,
• Fei Long,
• Yunle Gu,
• Zhengguang Zou,
• Weimin Wang and
• Zhengyi Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2116–2125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.211

• different particle sizes (Figure 5, indicated with arrows); however, the above-mentioned growth mechanism was still not be able to explain the phenomenon. In fact, the particle size of the grain depended on the size of the initially formed TiB2 crystal. According to this peculiar small size effect [32][33

• . This implies that the chemical activity sequence of the three samples was #1 < #2 < #3. In our opinion, there were three reasons that account for this phenomenon: (1) according to the peculiar small size effect, the smaller particles demonstrate higher specific surface areas than those of larger

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• organosilicate fins over a length scale of 10–20 nm. We believe these results provide a compelling case study for other material systems where the observation of similar nanoscale structure–property relationships may be essential in developing new materials or increasing understanding of nanoscale size effect

Effect of Anderson localization on light emission from gold nanoparticle aggregates

• Mohamed H. Abdellatif,
• Marco Salerno,
• Gaser N. Abdelrasoul,
• Ioannis Liakos,
• Alice Scarpellini,
• Sergio Marras and
• Alberto Diaspro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2013–2022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.192

• in which the peak is greatly dependent on the size and shape of the AuNPs [44]. The blue shift observed in the peak position in Figure 5a–c for peak 1 and peak 2 can be attributed to a quantum size effect from the AuNPs [45]. In Figure 5b, both peak 1 and 2 show a red shift in the high energy

Cubic chemically ordered FeRh and FeCo nanomagnets prepared by mass-selected low-energy cluster-beam deposition: a comparative study

• Veronique Dupuis,
• Anthony Robert,
• Arnaud Hillion,
• Ghassan Khadra,
• Nils Blanc,
• Damien Le Roy,
• Florent Tournus,
• Clement Albin,
• Olivier Boisron and
• Alexandre Tamion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1850–1860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.177

• magnetic characteristic parameters such as the magnetic particle diameter Dm identical to that of the TEM distribution and the normal evolution of the Keff distribution upon annealing. In order to obtain the atomic magnetic moments and to correlate them to the finite-size effect in nanoalloys, we use XMCD

Effect of triple junctions on deformation twinning in a nanostructured Cu–Zn alloy: A statistical study using transmission Kikuchi diffraction

• Silu Liu,
• Xiaolong Ma,
• Lingzhen Li,
• Liwen Zhang,
• Patrick W. Trimby,
• Xiaozhou Liao,
• Yusheng Li,
• Yonghao Zhao and
• Yuntian Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1501–1506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.143

• possible grain size effect on twin–triple junction connections. Each subset has 110 and 190 counted grains, respectively. It is shown that the fractions of twin–triple junction connections are almost the same for the full grain size range, suggesting that there is no discernible grain size effect on twin

• reported in TEM studies [22][34], and therefore provides more reliable statistics. The average grain size is ≈80 nm. Based on Figure 4a, the fraction of grains that are twinned in each size range is shown in Figure 4b. It clearly reveals an inverse grain size effect, in which the fraction of twinned grains

Fracture behaviors of pre-cracked monolayer molybdenum disulfide: A molecular dynamics study

• Qi-lin Xiong,
• Zhen-huan Li and
• Xiao-geng Tian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1411–1420, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.132

• the predictions of continuum fracture mechanics theories, including Inglis' model, Griffith's model with and without finite size effect, it is found that MDS results agree well with the predictions of Griffith's model with finite size effect, differ from the predictions of Inglis' model and Griffith's

• model without finite size effect. Finally, the MDS results of monolayer MoS2 sheets with different angled crack are also analyzed based on the continuum fracture mechanics model. Keywords: crack propagation; fracture strength; molecular dynamics simulation; monolayer molybdenum disulfide; pre-existing

• propagation of pre-cracked monolayer MoS2 sheets by using MDS. By making comparison between the MD results and the predictions of continuum fracture mechanics theories, including Inglis' model and Griffith's model with and without finite size effect, it is found that MDS results agree well with the

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• ]) become superparamagnetic SPIOs once co-precipitated with Fe2+ under basic conditions, increasing r2 to 65 mM−1s−1 and more while r1 = 9.9 mM−1s−1 [17][65]. Then, anchoring of the SPIOs on the MWCNT results in a further r1 decrease by hampering local interaction with the water molecules, while the “size

• effect” leads to higher r2 [32][37]. The net effect of this last transformation leads to an increase of the r2/r1 ratio, which is a desired effect for a T2 CA MRI candidate. Further coating with polymeric surfactants may decrease r2 (PM-b-PEG/SPIO@oMWCNT#Liu). However, it has other serious advantages

Finite-size effect on the dynamic and sensing performances of graphene resonators: the role of edge stress

• Chang-Wan Kim,
• Mai Duc Dai and
• Kilho Eom

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 685–696, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.61

• behavior of graphene can be tuned not only through edge stress but also through nonlinear vibration, and that the detection sensitivity of a graphene resonator can be controlled by using the edge stress. Our study sheds light on the important role of the finite-size effect in the effective design of

• graphene resonators for their mass sensing applications. Keywords: edge stress; graphene resonator; mass sensing; nonlinear vibration; size effect; sensitivity; Introduction Recent advances in nanotechnology have allowed for the development of nano-electro-mechanical system (NEMS) devices that can

• resonators. To the best of our knowledge, the finite-size effect (i.e., edge stress effect) on the nonlinear vibration of a graphene resonator has not been systematically studied yet. We consider the vibration of a graphene sheet actuated by a force of p0 > 1 fN, at which the nonlinear vibration of graphene

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• of the (0001) sapphire surface. In case of NPs, the thermally induced texture improvement, however, exhibits a size effect: Only the smaller NPs approach a fully developed (111) texture as indicated by the absence of any Debye–Scherrer rings, while for the larger NPs this texture, though dominant, is

Determination of the compositions of the DIGM zone in nanocrystalline Ag/Au and Ag/Pd thin films by secondary neutral mass spectrometry

• Gábor Y. Molnár,
• Shenouda S. Shenouda,
• Gábor L. Katona,
• Gábor A. Langer and
• Dezső L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 474–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.41

• ][10]. 2) Constrains due to a finite-size effect: For thin films, the second derivative of the composition along the GBs should gradually decrease (because of the reflections from the film boundaries) and thus the interface velocity can also gradually decay, since it is proportional to the second

Determination of Young’s modulus of Sb₂S₃ nanowires by in situ resonance and bending methods

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Alexander I. Livshits,
• Juris Prikulis,
• Subhajit Biswas,
• Justin D. Holmes and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 278–283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.25

• solving Eresonance(L) = Ebending(L) for L, the calculated value was compared with experimentally obtained results, giving a mean relative error of 31%. Measurement errors due to cantilever spring constant calibration were taken into account. Figure 3 suggests that a size effect exists for the investigated

• linear fit added to experimentally obtained data to highlight the size effect. Inset: Experimentally determined Young’s modulus values of five Sb2S3 NWs using both static bending (circles) and mechanical resonance (squares) techniques. Both methods give similar results within experimental accuracy. a

Dependence of lattice strain relaxation, absorbance, and sheet resistance on thickness in textured ZnO@B transparent conductive oxide for thin-film solar cell applications

• Kuang-Yang Kou,
• Yu-En Huang,
• Chien-Hsun Chen and
• Shih-Wei Feng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 75–80, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.9

• increases, the dominant red-shifted CL emission moves from the band-to-band transition to the transition between the band-tail states. Due to a larger grain size in the thicker c-70 sample, the red-shifted CL emission is consistent with the weaker quantum size effect. Figure 5 shows the absorbance squared

• size and weaker quantum size effect. The band gap energy, Eg, of a semiconductor can be estimated by extrapolating the linear portion of the absorbance square to zero. As shown in Table 1, as the thickness increases, the red-shifted Eg is consistent with the weaker quantum size effect. The lower Eg of

A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials

• Daniela Lehr,
• Markus R. Wagner,
• Johanna Flock,
• Julian S. Reparaz,
• Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres,
• Alexander Klaiber,
• Thomas Dekorsy and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2161–2172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.222

• linear correlation of the blue shift with Cl content (see Figure S6b, Supporting Information File 1). Because in this series also the crystallite size increases with χCl, it can be ruled out that the quantum size effect is responsible for the observed shift. Another explanation could be that the

Two-phase equilibrium states in individual Cu–Ni nanoparticles: size, depletion and hysteresis effects

• Aram S. Shirinyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1811–1820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.185

• isolated nanoparticle; surface-induced size effect; thermodynamic approach; Introduction One of the key questions in nanoscience is related to the problem of equilibrium phase diagrams variation for multicomponent finite systems with size decreasing. One of the most extensively studied size effects (first

• the condition of the energy minimum are constructed and the difference between the equilibrium and solubility curves is explained. The concluding remarks are given in last part of the manuscript. Theory: thermodynamic approach for phase transformation Surface-induced size effect Let us first briefly

• remember the size effect on the shift of phase diagram curves based on general thermodynamic approach. For a bulk material classical thermodynamics finds the equilibrium states related to the concavity (or convexity) of energy potentials after the so called Gibbs method of geometrical thermodynamics: first

Lower nanometer-scale size limit for the deformation of a metallic glass by shear transformations revealed by quantitative AFM indentation

• Arnaud Caron and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1721–1732, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.176

• glass. For crystalline materials the indentation size effect has been rationalized on the basis of geometrically necessary dislocations with Burgers vectors normal to the plane of the surface [23]. In this case the hardness decreases with the indentation depth according to , where H0 is the hardness in

• the limit of infinite depth and δ* is a characteristic length depending on the indenter geometry, the shear modulus, the Burgers vector, and H0. For metallic glasses an indentation size effect has also been observed and has been discussed on the basis of accumulation of STZs during indentation and