Air oxidation of sulfur mustard gas simulants using a pyrene-based metal–organic framework photocatalyst

• Ghada Ayoub,
• Mihails Arhangelskis,
• Xuan Zhang,
• Florencia Son,
• Timur Islamoglu,
• Tomislav Friščić and
• Omar K. Farha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2422–2427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.232

• Award (for GA), and Northwestern University.

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

First principles modeling of pure black phosphorus devices under pressure

• Ximing Rong,
• Zhizhou Yu,
• Zewen Wu,
• Junjun Li,
• Bin Wang and
• Yin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1943–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.190

• -related conductance of pure monolayer zigzag and armchair BP devices. The transmission coefficient of a two-probe system can be calculated by, where GR and GA are the retarded and advanced non-equilibrium Green’s functions of the system, respectively, and ΓL and ΓR are the line-width functions describing

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) and GaCp* (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) in the ionic liquid [BMIm][NTf2] selectively yields small intermetallic Ni/Ga nanocrystals of 5 ± 1 nm as derived from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy

• experimentally [30][31] and reasoned by theory [32]. The phase diagram of Ni/Ga shows nine different Ni/Ga phases (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1) [33][34][35][36]. In a comparison of the CO2 hydrogenation abilities of NiGa (β), Ni3Ga (α) and Ni5Ga3 (δ) high selectivities towards the formation of

• methanol were found for Ni5Ga3 and NiGa [37]. At 165 °C Ni5Ga3 (δ) yielded 100% selectivity towards methanol [38]. Above 220 °C Ni5Ga3 is even more active than a conventional Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst with less CO formation in the reverse water-gas shift reaction (rWGS). In Ni5Ga3 the Ga-rich step sites

Precise local control of liquid crystal pretilt on polymer layers by focused ion beam nanopatterning

• Maxim V. Gorkunov,
• Irina V. Kasyanova,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alena V. Mamonova and
• Serguei P. Palto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1691–1697, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.164

• anchoring conditions from planar to vertical upon certain surface areas is performed using a FEI Scios dual-beam electron microscope operating with a FIB of Ga+ ions of a current of 0.1 nA accelerated by a voltage of 30 kV. The FIB patterning is controlled by digital templates, which prescribe the beam path

• within a raster consisting of up to 4096 × 3536 pixel2 as well as the time spent by the beam on each pixel (the so-called dwell time). According to our previous comparative study [31], a relatively small dose of Ga+ ions is sufficient for the required polymer transformation and we adopt here the same

Giant magnetoresistance ratio in a current-perpendicular-to-plane spin valve based on an inverse Heusler alloy Ti₂NiAl

• Yu Feng,
• Zhou Cui,
• Bo Wu,
• Jianwei Li,
• Hongkuan Yuan and
• Hong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1658–1665, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.161

• transmission coefficient Tσ(E) can be calculated employing Tσ(E) = Tr[ГLGRГRGA], where ГL and ГR are the coupling matrix of the left and right electrode, respectively; GR and GA are the retarded and advanced Green’s function of the central region, respectively; and σ is the spin direction, spin up or spin down

Kelvin probe force microscopy of the nanoscale electrical surface potential barrier of metal/semiconductor interfaces in ambient atmosphere

• Petr Knotek,
• Tomáš Plecháček,
• Jan Smolík,
• Petr Kutálek,
• Filip Dvořák,
• Milan Vlček,
• Jiří Navrátil and
• Čestmír Drašar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1401–1411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.138

• Republic (GA CR), projects No. 16-07711S and No. 19-11814S is greatly appreciated. The work was supported from European Regional Development Fund-Project "Modernization and upgrade of the CEMNAT (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001829)".

Fabrication of phase masks from amorphous carbon thin films for electron-beam shaping

• Lukas Grünewald,
• Dagmar Gerthsen and
• Simon Hettler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1290–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.128

• formation of holes in the film, which let us expect an offset thickness in the range of only a few nanometers. The fast generation of holes may be associated with the implantation depth of the impinging Ga ions (Figure 4d). When the film becomes thin enough for Ga ions to penetrate through, there is a

• penetration depth of the Ga ions in the material of the thin film. The thickness amplitude is smaller than expected, because even though the FIB is only scanned azimuthally along the minima, sputtering also takes place near the maxima of the sinusoidal structure and decreases the total thickness of the thin

• film with each repetition. Finer FIB probes at smaller FIB currents could improve this at the cost of increasing milling duration and possible artifacts due to stage drift. Furthermore, implanted Ga induces a dark contrast and alters the effective MIP compared to pristine aC. Since the FIB was only

Electroluminescence and current–voltage measurements of single-(In,Ga)N/GaN-nanowire light-emitting diodes in a nanowire ensemble

• David van Treeck,
• Johannes Ledig,
• Gregor Scholz,
• Jonas Lähnemann,
• Mattia Musolino,
• Abbes Tahraoui,
• Oliver Brandt,
• Andreas Waag,
• Henning Riechert and
• Lutz Geelhaar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.117

• ) behavior of single, freestanding (In,Ga)N/GaN nanowire (NW) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in an unprocessed, self-assembled ensemble grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The data were acquired in a scanning electron microscope equipped with a micromanipulator and a luminescence detection system. Single NW

• respective electroluminescence (EL) signal [6]. Yet another approach was implemented by Bavencove et al. and Musolino and co-workers [4][7]. They did not contact single (In,Ga)N/GaN NWs with a probe tip, but detected diffraction-limited EL spots in the working ensemble device using a confocal microscope

• epitaxy (MBE) on an n-doped Si(111) substrate. They consist of an intrinsic multiple quantum-well structure grown on a Si-doped n-GaN base of about 600 nm length. The active region is composed of four (In,Ga)N insertions with an In content of (20 ± 10)% and a thickness of 3 ± 1 nm. The insertions are

A highly efficient porous rod-like Ce-doped ZnO photocatalyst for the degradation of dye contaminants in water

• Binjing Hu,
• Qiang Sun,
• Chengyi Zuo,
• Yunxin Pei,
• Siwei Yang,
• Hui Zheng and
• Fangming Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1157–1165, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.115

• ]. In recent years, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been intensively investigated and widely utilized in various fields, such as electrocatalysis [14], heterogeneous catalysis [15] and photocatalysis [16]. Yang et al. [17] reported that Ga-MOF displayed moderate to high catalytic activity of

CuInSe₂ quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy on amorphous SiO₂ surfaces

• Henrique Limborço,
• Pedro M.P. Salomé,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro-Andrade,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Kamal Abderrafi,
• Joaquim P. Leitão,
• Juan C. Gonzalez and
• Sascha Sadewasser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1103–1111, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.110

• , 20663 Casablanca, Morocco 10.3762/bjnano.10.110 Abstract The currently most efficient polycrystalline solar cells are based on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 compound as a light absorption layer. However, in view of new concepts of nanostructured solar cells, CuInSe2 nanostructures are of high interest. In this work

• with the average size of the nanodots. Keywords: copper indium gallium selenide (CuInSe2); quantum dots; Introduction The chalcopyrite compound Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) is used as the light absorber layer in thin film solar cells that typically consist of a glass substrate, a Mo back contact, the CIGS

• layer prior to the protective Pt bi-layer deposition assisted by electron and ion beams. The final polishing of the lamella was done using 1 keV in energy to reduce the lateral damage and the Ga implantation effects in the lamellae. EDS was performed in the same STEM microscope in order to check the [Cu

Electronic properties of several two dimensional halides from ab initio calculations

• Mohamed Barhoumi,
• Ali Abboud,
• Lamjed Debbichi,
• Moncef Said,
• Torbjörn Björkman,
• Dario Rocca and
• Sébastien Lebègue

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 823–832, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.82

• detailed electronic properties were not studied. In the present work, using density functional theory, we investigate the structural, vibrational and electronic properties of several 2D halide compounds such as the bromides (XOBr and X′FBr with X = Ac, Bi; X′ = Ba, Ca), the fluorides (XOF with X = Cr, Ga

• theory (DFPT) [40]. Results and Discussion In this section we discuss the structural and electronic properties of the compounds investigated in this paper. We will focus on XOBr and X′FBr (where X = Ac, Bi and X′ = Ba, Ca) for the bromides, on XOF (where X = Cr, Ga, In, La) for the fluorides, on XOCl and

• (where X = Cr, Ga, In, La) monolayers, as presented in Figure 4. For instance, we can see from the PDOS of AcOCl that the valence bands come from the Ac, O, and Cl atoms while the bottom of the conduction bands correspond mainly to states derived from the Ac atoms. The DOSs and PDOSs of the fluoride

Renewable energy conversion using nano- and microstructured materials

• Harry Mönig and
• Martina Schmid

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 771–773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.76

• cells [1] or via microabsorbers as shown for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 [4] in this thematic issue. At the same time, material reduction demands for optical concepts that support efficient collection of the incident solar radiation. In this regard, nanotexturing is of interest, where optical resonances and light

Contact splitting in dry adhesion and friction: reducing the influence of roughness

• Jae-Kang Kim and
• Michael Varenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.1

• Jae-Kang Kim Michael Varenberg George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA 10.3762/bjnano.10.1 Abstract Splitting a large contact area into finer, sub-contact areas is thought to result in higher adaptability to rough surfaces

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• enhance the efficiency of planar-cell technologies while saving absorber material. Here, two laser-based bottom-up processes for the fabrication of regular arrays of CuInSe2 and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 microabsorber islands are presented, namely one approach based on nucleation and one based on laser-induced forward

• for low-cost solar power. In the present review, we provide an overview about research carried out on micro-concentrator solar cells – a new cell concept that has been emerging in recent years – using Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) as absorber material. The review focuses on two different laser-based

• fabrication methods for microabsorbers. In thin-film photovoltaics, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) solar cells with an efficiency record of 22.9% for planar cells [2] and 19.2% for sub-modules [3] are among the leading technologies. Figure 1 shows the structure of a planar CIGSe solar cell representing the current

Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films

• Alexander Gaul,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Timo Ueltzhöffer,
• Henning Huckfeldt,
• Hatice Doğanay,
• Johanna Hackl,
• Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,
• Daniel M. Gottlob,
• Gregor Hartmann,
• André Beyer,
• Dennis Holzinger,
• Slavomír Nemšák,
• Claus M. Schneider,
• Armin Gölzhäuser,
• Günter Reiss and
• Arno Ehresmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2968–2979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.276

• patterning by Ga ions in a FIB (suffering from destruction of the thin films due to high sputter yields) [32][33], available patterning methods do not achieve the necessary resolution. Currently, the smallest engineered domains in films with in-plane anisotropy are 300 nm wide stripes produced by thermally

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

• electrons from the resist–substrate interface result in overlap of two features written in close proximity [20]. Ions are over a thousand times heavier than electrons and are consequently not backscattered to the same degree. Mention should also be made of another problem of Ga+ lithography which causes a

• suppressed the adoption of the original Ga+ SIBL technology for silicon microelectronics and other applications. There has, however, been a paradigm shift in ion beam microscopy and lithography with the development in 2006 of the atomic level ion source (ALIS) [23]. This can be used to provide a focused beam

• ten times smaller than for the Ga+ LMIS which has an ultimate source size of 3 nm [26]. The ALIS source consequently has an extremely high brightness estimated to be approximately 5 × 109 A·cm−2·sr−1 at an ion energy of ca. 30 keV. The ALIS source has been incorporated into the ORION scanning ion

Variation of the photoluminescence spectrum of InAs/GaAs heterostructures grown by ion-beam deposition

• Alexander S. Pashchenko,
• Leonid S. Lunin,
• Eleonora M. Danilina and
• Sergei N. Chebotarev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2794–2801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.261

• Bi = 148 pm and In = 142 pm atoms are very close. Therefore, in the InAs QD growth process on the GaAs1−xBix surface, In adatom surface diffusion can be realized both through substituting Ga or Bi vacancies. Increase of QD heights in the InAs/GaAs0.95Bi0.05 heterosystem is an indirect demonstration

High-temperature magnetism and microstructure of a semiconducting ferromagnetic (GaSb)_1−x(MnSb)_x alloy

• Leonid N. Oveshnikov,
• Elena I. Nekhaeva,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander B. Davydov,
• Mikhail A. Shakhov,
• Sergey F. Marenkin,
• Oleg A. Novodvorskii,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Boris A. Aronzon and
• Erkki Lahderanta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2457–2465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.230

• doped by Mn [1][2][3]. Among these systems, the most well-known and extensively studied is Ga1−xMnxAs. Here Mn atoms substitute Ga atoms and establish a ferromagnetic state realized through carrier-induced indirect exchange between Mn atoms by a Zener–RKKY mechanism accompanied by the spin polarization

• injectors and a micromanipulator (Omniprobe, US). A 2 μm Pt layer was deposited on the surface of the sample prior to the cross-section preparation by FIB milling. Sections of approximately 8 × 5 μm2 area and 2 μm thickness were cut by 30 kV Ga+ ions, removed from the sample and then attached to the

• Omniprobe semiring (Omniprobe, US). Final thinning was performed with 5 kV Ga+ ions followed by cleaning by 2 keV Ga+ ions for electron transparency. All specimens were studied in a scanning/transmission electron microscope Titan 80-300 (FEI, US) equipped with a spherical aberration (Cs) corrector (electron

Lead-free hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics

• Oleksandr Stroyuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2209–2235, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.207

• have been employed as nanometer-thin-film light harvesters, such as Cu(Ga)InS(Se)2 or CdTe, showing a light conversion efficiency of up to 21% [1][2]. Progress in dye-sensitized solar cells (reaching ≈12% efficiency [1][2]) has stimulated attempts in using metal chalcogenide nanocrystals (NCs) as

High-throughput synthesis of modified Fresnel zone plate arrays via ion beam lithography

• Kahraman Keskinbora,
• Umut Tunca Sanli,
• Margarita Baluktsian,
• Corinne Grévent,
• Markus Weigand and
• Gisela Schütz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2049–2056, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.194

• them tolerable regarding imaging performance, though they may be expected to reduce the total transmitted light. With a critical length of 60 nm of the outermost period and an effective ∆r of 30 nm, the FZP design was a challenging task for direct-write Ga+ ion beam lithography. Its successful

• characterization of the FZPs The 100 nm gold films were sputtered using a Leica EM ACE600 on 50 nm thick commercial Si3N4 membranes (Silson), without any rotation or tilt. The FZPs were fabricated using a Nova Nanolab600 (FEI) attached with an Elphy Multibeam (Raith) pattern generator. A 30 keV, 30 pA Ga+ focused

• written in the gold film using a focused Ga+ ion beam. Several fabrication strategies are shown in b), c) and d). In b) a multi-pass exposure (MP-E) scheme with drift correction steps in between each cycle is followed. MP-E is a good strategy for large patterns and thicker gold films [35][36]. In c) a

Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate

• Marvin Siebels,
• Lukas Mai,
• Laura Schmolke,
• Kai Schütte,
• Juri Barthel,
• Junpei Yue,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Bernd M. Smarsly,
• Anjana Devi,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.180

• study the catalytic properties of the obtained intermetallic M/RE-NPs in extension of our previous work on Ni/Ga nanophases derived from organometallic precursors by co-thermolysis in ILs and PC [59]. Experimental All synthesis experiments were carried out with Schlenk techniques under nitrogen or argon

Magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ antidot arrays synthesized by AFIR: atomic layer deposition, focused ion beam and thermal reduction

• Juan L. Palma,
• Alejandro Pereira,
• Raquel Álvaro,
• José Miguel García-Martín and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1728–1734, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.164

• have obtained a deposition rate lower than that obtained in [31], but it is important to note that the substrate used was different in both cases. Antidot arrays were directly etched in the continuous film using an IonLine FIB machine with 30 keV Ga ions, and opening of 30 μm, 17.5 pA ion current and a

Friction force microscopy of tribochemistry and interfacial ageing for the SiO_x/Si/Au system

• Christiane Petzold,
• Marcus Koch and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1647–1658, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.157

• thickness that allowed for TEM analysis. The FIB lamella was produced by first depositing a layer of platinum, starting with an electron beam at 2 kV and subsequently using the Ga ion beam at 30 kV until the platinum layer had reached a thickness of about 2.5 µm. The lamella was cut with the Ga ion beam at

• 30 kV and 7 nA. Finally, the lamella was cleaned from both sides at 2 kV and 0.26 nA using the Ga ion beam. Results Atomic-scale friction on oxidized Si(100) and on Au(111) Sliding an intact Au/Si tip against a non-reactive surface (Au(111) or oxidized Si(100)) typically resulted in friction values

Light extraction efficiency enhancement of flip-chip blue light-emitting diodes by anodic aluminum oxide

• Yi-Ru Huang,
• Yao-Ching Chiu,
• Kuan-Chieh Huang,
• Shao-Ying Ting,
• Po-Jui Chiang,
• Chih-Ming Lai,
• Chun-Ping Jen,
• Snow H. Tseng and
• Hsiang-Chen Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1602–1612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.152

• with Ga-doped zinc oxide (GZO)/GaN as the base layer and then reducing the total reflectivity by changing the shape, thickness, and density of the microstructure through dry etching [12]. Li et al. increased the LEE of an InGaN-monolayer quantum-well LED by 1.8–1.9 times relative to that of a

• deposition apparatus. An inductively coupled plasma etcher was used to prepare periodic arrays with a depth of 1.5 μm on the PSS. Trimethylgallium, trimethylindium, ammonia, bicyclopentadienyl magnesium, and silane served as the precursors of Ga, In, N, Mg, and Si, respectively. The epitaxial structure of