Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• magnetic and optoelectronic properties. Experimental Reagents and solutions Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium azide, low molecular weight chitosan, MTT reagent, RPMI1640 cell culture medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), and dialysis tubing with a molecular cutoff of 12000 Da were

• [28][51][52]. Polymer-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles First, 0.2 g of the previously sonicated iron oxide nanoparticles were dispersed in a 25.5 mL solution containing NaCl (0.5 M) and SDS (0.025 M). Given the molar ratio of polymer and Fe3O4 (1:1), an appropriate amount of chitosan or TMC (in 2% acetic

Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition

• Klara Altintoprak,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alexander Welle,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Nina Stitz,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Joachim Bill,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Holger Jeske,
• Dirk Rothenstein,
• Fania Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1399–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.145

• dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (Figure 2a). The efficiency of peptide conjugation was determined by the ratio of the band intensities of modified and nonmodified CPs after Coomassie Blue staining. The binding efficiencies to individual CP subunits were ≈60% for all

• mg−1 cm−1 [94]) . For estimating concentrations of the different biotemplate rods, the band intensities of modified CPs and unmodified CPLys after SDS-PAGE separation and Comassie Blue staining were compared (see below). Electrophoretic analysis The modified CPs were analyzed by denaturing SDS-PAGE

• [95]. Samples containing 0.2 µg of protein were heated for 5 min at 95 °C in sample buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl (tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethan hydrochloride) pH 6.8, 2% (w/v) SDS, 0.1% (w/v) bromophenol blue, 10% glycerol, 100 mM dithiothreitol) and separated on 15% PA gels. Fixed gels were stained with

Novel ZnO:Ag nanocomposites induce significant oxidative stress in human fibroblast malignant melanoma (Ht144) cells

• Syeda Arooj,
• Samina Nazir,
• Akhtar Nadhman,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Bakhtiar Muhammad,
• Ishaq Ahmad,
• Kehkashan Mazhar and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 570–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.59

• ), pyruvic acid, silver nitrate, NaN3, sodium chloride, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium sarcosinate, streptomycin sulfate, sulforhodamine B (SRB), 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane, MTT, thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), Triton X-100, trizma-Base, trypsin/EDTA (5

• and NPs only samples containing MTT and acidified 10% SDS solution were also included in the experiment. Afterwards MTT solution (0.5 mg/mL) was added and samples were incubated for 3 hours at 37 °C. The resulting formazan product was dissolved by adding equal amount of acidified 10% SDS and further

• ) were exposed to different concentrations (5, 12.5 and 25 µg/mL) of the nanoparticles for 24 h. NTC and non-cellular background (media only and compounds only samples containing cell lysis buffer, 10% SDS and TBA solution) were included in each experiment as controls. After the treatment, cells were

Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells: polymeric nanoparticle uptake and lineage differentiation

• Ivonne Brüstle,
• Thomas Simmet,
• Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Volker Mailänder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 383–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.38

• functionalized polystyrene nanoparticles as described in [18]) or by a combination of miniemulsion and emulsion/solvent evaporation techniques (PLLA nanoparticles without and with magnetite, as described in [19][20]). In all cases, SDS was used as a surfactant for the synthesis or formation of the nanoparticles

Caveolin-1 and CDC42 mediated endocytosis of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in HeLa cells

• Nils Bohmer and
• Andreas Jordan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 167–176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.16

• . Knockdown efficiency To demonstrate effective knockdown of target proteins, transfected cells were collected in every single experiment. The expression level of target proteins was determined in comparison to non-transfected control cells by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS

Functionalization of α-synuclein fibrils

• Simona Povilonienė,
• Vida Časaitė,
• Virginijus Bukauskas,
• Arūnas Šetkus,
• Juozas Staniulis and
• Rolandas Meškys

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 124–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.12

• ANX column and reloaded into a Q XL column. A typical yield from 1 L of culture was 30 mg of the homogenous protein. A band corresponding to an 18 kDa protein was observed in 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (Figure 1). The theoretical molecular mass of α

• -SynC141 is 14.562 kDa. The presence of the introduced cysteine residue was confirmed by mass spectroscopy analysis (data not shown). Investigation of self-assembly of α-SynC141 According to the literature, the rapid fibril formation is usually initiated at low pH [12]. However, SDS-PAGE analysis showed

• similar to those of α-Syn. The theoretical molecular mass of α-SynC141 (14.46 kDa) was confirmed by mass spectrometry. However, a band corresponding to about 18 kDa was observed in SDS-PAGE (Figure 1). Assuming that a very acidic C-terminus of α-Syn weakly interacts with SDS, the electrophoretic migration

Nanoparticle interactions with live cells: Quantitative fluorescence microscopy of nanoparticle size effects

• Li Shang,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Xiue Jiang,
• Linxiao Yang,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder,
• Thomas Simmet and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2388–2397, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.248

• adsorbed amphiphiles, the anionic surfactant SDS or cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA) chloride to yield negatively (PS−) and positively (PS+) charged NPs, respectively. The hydrodynamic diameters of these NPs suspended in PBS, pH 7.4, were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Table 1). Furthermore

• with MSCs. Therefore, negatively charged, SDS-stabilized PS− NPs and those with covalently bound carboxylic acid groups (CPS NPs) were prepared [32]. These likewise had the same size and surface charge (Table 1). Figure 4a–c shows typical fluorescence images of MSCs after exposure to anionic PS− NPs

The gut wall provides an effective barrier against nanoparticle uptake

• Heike Sinnecker,
• Thorsten Krause,
• Sabine Koelling,
• Ingmar Lautenschläger and
• Andreas Frey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2092–2101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.218

• harvested by first flushing the gut with air and then gently squeezing the tissue with moist cotton pads. Mucus was dissolved in a lysis buffer (100 mM Tris-Cl, pH 8.0–8.5, 200 mM NaCl, 0.2% SDS, 5 mM EDTA, 100 µg/mL proteinase K) for 15 to 30 min, and the fluorescence of the solubilized effluate was

In vitro and in vivo interactions of selected nanoparticles with rodent serum proteins and their consequences in biokinetics

• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Stefanie Fertsch-Gapp,
• Martin Schäffler,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Christian Pfeiffer,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Manuela Semmler-Behnke,
• Matthias Epple and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1699–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.180

• centrifuged (75000g for 120 min) and washed three times to remove non-bound proteins. Subsequently, one fraction was used for the determination of the hydrodynamic diameter distribution after incubation and from the other fraction proteins were separated from the AuNP by a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-lysis

• buffer and SDS-polyacrylyamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out. Thereafter, gel lanes were dissected in smaller units and prepared for liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy/mass spectroscopy (LC–MS/MS analysis). Figure 5 shows the protein patterns of the most abundant proteins for all five

• with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and does not take into account the hydration shell and adsorbed counter ions [6]. Selection of murine serum proteins bound to the differently sized AuNP after 24 h of incubation. A total of nine SDS gels per AuNP were investigated by using proteome analysis

Non-covalent and reversible functionalization of carbon nanotubes

• Antonello Di Crescenzo,
• Valeria Ettorre and
• Antonella Fontana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1675–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.178

• ionic surfactant such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The chemical adsorption of SDS molecules on the surface of the nanotube induces electrostatic repulsion between polar heads that expose in the aqueous solution thus preventing CNTs aggregation and inducing the formation of stable aqueous black

• sonication [60] (see Table 2). The most efficient dispersant, SDBS, was able to disperse as much as 0.06% w/w SWCNTs in water [60]. Very recently Oh et al. [61] determined that binding strengths of surfactants to SWCNTs follows the trend SDBS > SC ≈ Flavin mononucleotide (FMN, see Table 2) > SDS

• the assembling of SDS on the nanotube surface [63]. They discovered, through TEM analysis, that surfactants characterized by long alkyl chains, either SDS, cationic octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (OTABr) and nitrilotriacetic acid substituted with a single lipidic saturated chain of 10, 12, 14, or

Multi-frequency tapping-mode atomic force microscopy beyond three eigenmodes in ambient air

• Santiago D. Solares,
• Sangmin An and
• Christian J. Long

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1637–1648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.175

• a double-impact, illustrating also the temporary depression of the surface due to relaxation of the SLS model (the red arrow illustrates the depressed position of the surface where tip–sample contact is lost after the first impact). Acknowledgements Work by SDS was supported by the U.S. Department

Silica nanoparticles are less toxic to human lung cells when deposited at the air–liquid interface compared to conventional submerged exposure

• Alicja Panas,
• Andreas Comouth,
• Harald Saathoff,
• Thomas Leisner,
• Marco Al-Rawi,
• Michael Simon,
• Gunnar Seemann,
• Olaf Dössel,
• Sonja Mülhopt,
• Hanns-Rudolf Paur,
• Susanne Fritsch-Decker,
• Carsten Weiss and
• Silvia Diabaté

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1590–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.171

• (OptEIA kits, Heidelberg, Germany). 4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) and the chemicals for sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). For the Western blots Immobilon-P PVDF membranes (Millipore, Eschborn, Germany

• enzyme-linked immune assay (ELISA) kits from Becton Dickinson according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Western blots Whole cells were lysed with 2× Lämmli SDS Buffer (160 mM Tris·HCl pH 6.8, 4% SDS, 20% glycerol, 4% ß-mercaptoethanol). The cell lysates were boiled at 95 °C for 5 min, probe sonified

• for 15 s and then stored at −20 °C. Equal amounts of the lysates were loaded onto 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gels and after electrophoresis, the proteins were transferred onto Immobilon-P PVDF membranes. The membranes were blocked with 5% (w/v) non-fat dry milk in 1% Tween20 in Tris-buffered saline (TBS

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• experimental conditions and we refer to a review by Hashimoto et al. for further details [65]. Even though many groups used organic stabilizers such as citrate [59][66] or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) [67], Amendola and Meneghetti [68] could show that size reduction might as well be exercised in totally ligand

Synthesis of hydrophobic photoluminescent carbon nanodots by using L-tyrosine and citric acid through a thermal oxidation route

• Venkatesh Gude

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1513–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.164

• the broadness of the band. This feature is also observed at other excitation wavelengths in the region between 280 and 460 nm (Figure S3 and Figure S4, See Supporting Information File 1). Sinha et al. reported the synthesis of Ag NPs by using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as both reducing and capping

• agent in water [40]. Freshly prepared Ag NPs solution (20 mL) with 60 mm SDS and 10−3 M Ag NO3 was mixed with 20 mL of aqueous TCND-1 solution (10 mg sample + few drops of 0.4 M NaOH) and subjected to stirring for 4 h. The absorption spectra of the resulting composite solution, the individual precursor

• using SDS [40]. These attractive interactions are due to positively charged surface of the Ag NPs and the negatively charged surface of TCND-1 in aqueous solution. The emission spectra of the solutions of the composite material and of TCND-1 at an excitation wavelength of 340 nm are shown in Figure 9

Protein-coated pH-responsive gold nanoparticles: Microwave-assisted synthesis and surface charge-dependent anticancer activity

• Dickson Joseph,
• Nisha Tyagi,
• Christian Geckeler and
• Kurt E.Geckeler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1452–1462, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.158

• influence on the shape of the nanoparticle [22]. We observed that, by using a single protocol, we could obtain four different gold nanostructures depending on the surfactant used for the capping. For this purpose sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTA), N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3

• -ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (DAP), and Tween-80 (T80) were utilized. Leaf-like, rugged, dendritic, and tadpole-shaped gold nanostructures were formed in the presence of SDS, CTA, DAP and T80, respectively. Here, we have attempted to explore the ability of eight different lyophilized proteins with

• ). Lastly, SDS-PAGE studies were conducted to determine the concentration of the proteins and to understand their primary structure. The results for BSA and the BSA–AuNPs are shown in Figure S5 (Supporting Information File 1). A strong band at 66,562 g/mol is observed for BSA, whereas the BSA–AuNPs showed a

The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles

• Dominic Docter,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Dana Westmeier,
• Hajo J. Galla,
• Qiangbin Wang,
• James C. Kirkpatrick,
• Peter Nielsen,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.151

• –protein complexes were separated from excess plasma by centrifugation and washed to remove unbound residual plasma proteins. As shown in Figure 8, SDS-PAGE demonstrated that a stable and complex protein signature efficiently evolved on all particles tested. Besides the efficient adsorption of serum

• 12,000 rpm/4 °C); this procedure was repeated three times. After the third washing step, the supernatant did not contain any detectable amount of protein. Proteins were eluted from the particles by adding SDS sample buffer (62.5 mM Tris-HCl pH 6.8; 2% w/v SDS, 10% glycerol, 50 mM DTT, 0.01% w/v

• bromophenol blue) to the pellet and incubation at 95 °C for 5 min. 1D SDS-PAGE Discontinuous SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out according to standard procedures [51]. Proteins were visualized by staining with Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 as described [52]. All experiments were

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• increase in radioactivity of the pellet (SDS-treated) measured by liquid scintillation counting with ACS scintillation cocktail (1.5 mL). L-[14C]glutamate release from nerve terminals The release of L-[14C]glutamate from the synaptosomes was measured as described in [34][35]. The synaptosomes were diluted

The softening of human bladder cancer cells happens at an early stage of the malignancy process

• Jorge R. Ramos,
• Joanna Pabijan,
• Ricardo Garcia and
• Malgorzata Lekka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 447–457, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.52

• analytical technique, which uses gel electrophoresis to separate native proteins, the same number of cells of about 2.56 × 106 cells per mL for each cell line was lysed and loaded on 12% gels for SDS-PAGE and afterwards transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Roche). After blocking with casein

Nanoscopic surfactant behavior of the porin MspA in aqueous media

• Ayomi S. Perera,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 278–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.30

• retains its pore forming ability even after being exposed to harsh physical conditions such as temperatures up to 100 °C in SDS [23] and extreme pH values from 2 to 14 [1]. In fact, high temperature has been a crucial factor in determining the purity of MspA extracts, as other proteins were denatured and

Friction and durability of virgin and damaged skin with and without skin cream treatment using atomic force microscopy

• Bharat Bhushan,
• Si Chen and
• Shirong Ge

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 731–746, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.83

• group. A dry (damaged) skin can be realized by repeated skin wash with harsh soaps/detergents containing sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant [9][29][30], or by a 20 minutes treatment of the skin with acetone/ether (1:1), which causes removal of skin lipids and

• induces a chapped and scaly appearance. Scanning electron microscope studies of SDS-treated stratum corneum revealed selective depletion of the lipids from the intercellular spaces accompanied by marked disruption of multiple lamellae structures, and lipid analysis showed a considerable and selective loss

• to produce results similar to treatment with a surfactant of a 5% aqueous solution of SDS under an occlusive dressing for 4 h [31]. In this study, SDS was chosen to prepare damaged skin without any inflammatory reaction accompanied by a significant decrease in its water-retention function. To produce

Mapping mechanical properties of organic thin films by force-modulation microscopy in aqueous media

• Jianming Zhang,
• Zehra Parlak,
• Carleen M. Bowers,
• Terrence Oas and
• Stefan Zauscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 464–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.53

• square patterns during UV exposure. Next, the exposed photoresist was removed (Figure 6a), and the wafer was then cut into 1 × 1 cm2 squares, which were rinsed in 0.5% SDS solution and DI water, and dried under N2. The substrate chips were then exposed for 60 s to a solution of 10 µM EG3-thiol

How to remove the influence of trace water from the absorption spectra of SWNTs dispersed in ionic liquids

• Juan Yang,
• Daqi Zhang and
• Yan Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 653–658, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.69

• as the deconvoluted individual peaks corresponding to different chiralities of the semiconducting nanotubes, as indicated in the figure. Compared to surfactant SDS-dispersed HiPco SWNTs [23], an average of 30 meV red-shift in energy is observed in the semiconducting nanotube E11 region and this can

Ceria/silicon carbide core–shell materials prepared by miniemulsion technique

• Lars Borchardt,
• Martin Oschatz,
• Robert Frind,
• Emanuel Kockrick,
• Martin R. Lohe,
• Christoph P. Hauser,
• Clemens K. Weiss,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Bernd Büchner and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 638–644, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.67

• photon cross-correlation spectroscopy (PCCS) reveal that PCS-spheres synthesized with 2.5 wt % (with respect to the inner phase) of the cationic surfactant cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) have diameters of approximately 300 nm, whereas the use

• of SDS concentration in the range of 1–10 wt % does not influence the particle size, but in the case of CTAB an increasing amount of surfactant leads to increasing sphere sizes. This is contrary to our expectations, but FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) investigations verified that

• particles the addition of comonomers is useful. The sizes of PCS spheres prepared with 50 wt % of styrene or MMA were reduced to 100 nm (surfactant 2.5 wt % SDS) (Figure 2C). Particles sizes as well as their elemental distribution were very uniform, indicating that copolymerization had occurred. The

Towards multiple readout application of plasmonic arrays

• Dana Cialla,
• Karina Weber,
• René Böhme,
• Uwe Hübner,
• Henrik Schneidewind,
• Matthias Zeisberger,
• Roland Mattheis,
• Robert Möller and
• Jürgen Popp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 501–508, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.54

• chips were thoroughly washed to remove all unbound capture DNA. Before the hybridization, the dye-labeled target DNA (50 nM Cy3.5-labeled sequence: Cy3.5-5'-CAT AGA ATC AAG GAG CAC ATG CTG AAA AAA-3') was suspended in 5× saline–sodium citrate (SSC) and 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Droplets of

• approximately 10 μL of the target DNA were added onto the chip and incubated for 1 h at 40 °C in a humidity chamber. Afterwards, the substrates were washed for 5 min each in 2× SSC and 0.1% SDS, 2× SSC and 0.2× SSC. Finally, the chips were dried under a stream of nitrogen. Fluorescence measurements

Platinum nanoparticles from size adjusted functional colloidal particles generated by a seeded emulsion polymerization process

• Nicolas Vogel,
• Ulrich Ziener,
• Achim Manzke,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Clemens K. Weiss and
• Katharina Landfester

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 459–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.50

• dodecylsulfate (SDS, relative to the amount of water used) was heated to 75 °C. Ammonium peroxodisulfate, (APS, (NH4)2S2O8), used as initiator, was dissolved in a small amount of ultra-pure water and added to the dispersion. Styrene, as monomer, was added to the solution using a syringe pump with a flow rate of

• previous experiments (Figure 3a shows the result of the standard reaction). Obviously, the amount of SDS added in the standard recipe is insufficient to induce stable reaction conditions. Hence, the SDS concentration in the continuous phase was increased from 0.01 wt % up to 0.1 wt %. All SDS

• , massive secondary nucleation took place, leading to bimodal size distributions. In the first case (0.05 wt % SDS), the size enhanced seed particles feature an excellent monodispersity and have a size of approximately 600 nm, indicating a more stable course of reaction. In contrast, higher amounts of SDS