Preparation of alginate–chitosan–cyclodextrin micro- and nanoparticles loaded with anti-tuberculosis compounds

• Albert Ivancic,
• Fliur Macaev,
• Fatma Aksakal,
• Veaceslav Boldescu,
• Serghei Pogrebnoi and
• Gheorghe Duca

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1208–1218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.112

• interactions were predicted between the isoconazole and sulfur-containing methionine amino acid residues of InhA (Met98, Met103, and Met199). Also an arene–H interaction was obtained between the imidazole ring of isoconazole and NAD+ cofactor. The catalytic residues of InhA Tyr158 and Thr196 provided polar

• Figure 13a, the electron density of the HOMO was distributed on the atoms of the amino acid residues. Methionine amino acids and Ile215, Tyr158, Gly96, and Phe97 residues are involved in the acceptor interaction of the HOMO. In contrast, the role of frontier orbitals in the ligand–receptor interaction

• was significant for the LUMO (Figure 13b). Atoms of both isoconazole and amino acid residues (Met199, Thr196, Ala198, Ile202, Met161, and Tyr158) contributed to the donor–acceptor interaction. Conclusion The obtained microparticulate and nanoparticulate systems of alginate–chitosan–β-cyclodextrin with

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• affected by DNA methylation. DNA methylation was associated with expression of neurotransmitters. In an in vitro study, hypermethylation of the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT2) promoter in glioma cells led to a deficiency in astroglial EAAT2 expression, which was related to the pathogenesis of CNS

Novel roles for well-known players: from tobacco mosaic virus pests to enzymatically active assemblies

• Claudia Koch,
• Fabian J. Eber,
• Carlos Azucena,
• Alexander Förste,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Alexander M. Bittner,
• Holger Jeske,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Fania C. Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 613–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.54

• presentation of multiple active molecules or synthetic compounds. Amino acid side chains exposed on the viral coat may be tailored genetically or biochemically to meet the demands for selective conjugation reactions, or to directly engineer novel functionality on TMV-derived nanosticks. The natural TMV size

• different modes going on (see [29][30][31][32] for original research or for extensive reviews [33][34][35][36]). Concomitantly, infectivity and genetic organization of the viral RNA as well as the CP amino acid sequence were determined as reviewed in detail [37], with the complete RNA sequence published in

• 1982 [38]. Summing up, TMV was the first plant virus of which a highly resolved particle structure including the amino acid sequence of its protein, and all major gene functions had been unraveled. Furthermore, it was the first of all viruses with both assembly and disassembly shown to take place in

Bacteriorhodopsin–ZnO hybrid as a potential sensing element for low-temperature detection of ethanol vapour

• Saurav Kumar,
• Sudeshna Bagchi,
• Senthil Prasad,
• Anupma Sharma,
• Ritesh Kumar,
• Rishemjit Kaur,
• Jagvir Singh and
• Amol P. Bhondekar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 501–510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.44

• (at 1540 cm−1) due to N–H in-plane bending, which reflects the secondary structure of the protein (β-structure) [70][71][72]. Higher frequencies at 3070, 2950, 2920 and 2850 cm−1 are attributed to the alkyl C–H stretching vibration of both lipid and protein amino acid [63][65][73]. The gas sensing

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• Ag NPs were 21 and 39 nm respectively [38]. Carboxylic acids Lai et al. produced superparamagnetic Fe3O4 NPs from FeCl3 using a mixture of water and glycerol as solvent and L-arginine as stabilizing agent. L-arginine is an amino acid that is naturally produced and therefore it is considered to be a

• Ag ions during process [66]. Kumar et al. used amino acid based phenolic compounds as reducer and stabilizer for production of Ag NPs from AgNO3 at room temperature. They stated that amino acids have reactive hydroxyl groups and their structural variations can result in the production of spherical

Peptide-equipped tobacco mosaic virus templates for selective and controllable biomineral deposition

• Klara Altintoprak,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alexander Welle,
• Sabine Eiben,
• Petia Atanasova,
• Nina Stitz,
• Alfred Plettl,
• Joachim Bill,
• Hartmut Gliemann,
• Holger Jeske,
• Dirk Rothenstein,
• Fania Geiger and
• Christina Wege

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1399–1412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.145

• outer TMV–CP surface charge and the introduction of specific amino acid motifs, guiding the nucleation and growth of mineral coatings around the TMV core. This is in analogy to natural biomineralization-directing protein domains identified for various organisms [55][56][57][58][59]. Direct genetic

• conjugation of synthetic peptides meant to regulate subsequent coating with silica (workflow indicated in Figure 1). This procedure is insensitive to both size and sequence of the peptide of choice, and the generation of various types of decorated TMV rods is fast. The amino acid sequences employed had been

• the silica mineralization can be achieved by ordered, repetitive arrangements of differently charged protein domains and specific functional groups therein. This was demonstrated in vitro by help of various mineralization-inducing peptides [55][56][61][72]. Positively charged amino acid residues (Lys

Natural and artificial binders of polyriboadenylic acid and their effect on RNA structure

• Giovanni N. Roviello,
• Domenica Musumeci,
• Valentina Roviello,
• Marina Pirtskhalava,
• Alexander Egoyan and
• Merab Mirtskhulava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1338–1347, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.138

• molecules but also by interaction with nucleopeptides, metal–amino acid complexes, nanotubes, etc. Indeed, from a structural point of view, numerous studies were conducted in the last forty years describing in detail the properties of poly(rA) and its complexes with various molecules, such as DNA

• glucosides; others are artificial, as in the case of proflavine, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI), azacyanines, nucleopeptides, benzodifurans, nanotubes and metal–amino acid complexes. Poly(rA) binders of natural origin and their synthetic derivatives Alkaloids Isoquinoline alkaloids

• the absence of this poly(rA) ligand is stable only in acidic conditions. Amino acid–metal complexes Another original example of a poly(rA) binding system different from alkaloids or other small organic molecules can be found in the research work of Zhang et al. [65], where the effects on nucleic acid

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• -(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (levodopa) still remains the gold standard for the treatment of PD for symptomatic relief [12]. Now entering into its fourth decade of clinical use, levodopa (LD, the amino acid precursor of dopamine) is the most effective, widely prescribed, oral administered drug

Functionalization of α-synuclein fibrils

• Simona Povilonienė,
• Vida Časaitė,
• Virginijus Bukauskas,
• Arūnas Šetkus,
• Juozas Staniulis and
• Rolandas Meškys

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 124–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.12

• including Parkinson’s disease [8][9], was chosen as a building block element. α-Syn is a small 140 amino acid long protein that is highly soluble and heat-stable. Three regions can be recognized in α-Syn: a highly conservative N-terminal region, a variable internal non-amyloid component (NAC) (which is

• any preformed aggregates [14][19] and mutations in the amino acid sequence of the protein [20]. From a medical point of view, the aggregation of proteins including α-Syn is unfavourable in vivo, yet, amyloid fibrils have a potential to be engineered into novel, proteinous, nanoscale materials and

• was constructed as described in the Experimental section. After expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells, α-SynC141 was found as a soluble protein and the level of expression was the same as that of a native α-Syn. The presence of the additional amino acid in the C-terminus did not affect the solubility

Chemoselective silicification of synthetic peptides and polyamines

• Maryna Abacilar,
• Fabian Daus and
• Armin Geyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 103–110, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.10

• analyzed to what extent the mineralisation process and the morphology of the precipitate depends on the number of propyleneimino repeating units [11], the type of KXXK-boxes in silaffin proteins (K = Lys, X = other amino acid) [12], or the number of POG tripeptide repeating units in collagens [13]. The

• amine remains reactive for peptide coupling. The HBTU/HOBt-mediated condensation of a Fmoc-acylated amino acid and cleavage of the temporary protecting group Fmoc with piperidine was repeated in 15 cycles to obtain CTC-bound precursor of peptide 5 which was finally Boc-deprotected by TFA and

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• investigation concerning the interactions of BNNTs with tryptophan (Trp), aspartic acid (Asp), and arginine (Arg) was also carried out [68]. It was found that the polar Asp and Arg interacted with the BNNT surface through the charge transfer and electrostatic interactions while Trp, a neutral amino acid, had no

Liquid-phase exfoliated graphene: functionalization, characterization, and applications

• Mildred Quintana,
• Jesús Iván Tapia and
• Maurizio Prato

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2328–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.242

• cycloaddition, performed on graphene by employing an aldehyde and an α-amino acid as precursors, attacks both graphene faces and edges. This reactivity was observed by introducing protonated terminal amino groups that selectively bind gold nanorods allowing the recognition of the reactive sites by low

Biopolymer colloids for controlling and templating inorganic synthesis

• Laura C. Preiss,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2129–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.222

•  2) [38]. In a more recent work, we have also shown that charged acidic peptides are able to stabilize vaterite, and we studied the effect of the acidity of the amino acid residues on this stabilization [39]. In a previous work, synthetic polymer colloidal particles functionalized with different

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• heated with an amino acid and paraformaldehyde. Following filtration and washing with toluene, the solid was suspended in chloroform. After one week, the formed precipitate was removed and the functionalized CNO material was obtained by evaporation of the chloroform. The authors reported that the final

• solvents and give rise to potential future applications in various fields of technology. The synthesis of ferrocene (Fc)-decorated CNOs was reported by Prato et al. [34]. CNOs were functionalized in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with a BOC-protected amin/amino acid [35] and paraformaldehyde

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

• , the dissolution rate is strongly increased. On the other hand, the dissolution is significantly slower in the presence of dissolved NaCl, a fact that may be due to the formation of insoluble silver chloride. An even stronger inhibiting effect is exerted by the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine. We

• . As an early response to genomic DSB, a variant of histone H2A becomes phosphorylated at amino acid 139 by members of the PI3-kinase family in the direct vicinity of the break. The phosphorylated form of H2AX (γ-H2AX) is necessary to activate the DSB-repair machinery [117] and therefore, it can be

Protein-coated pH-responsive gold nanoparticles: Microwave-assisted synthesis and surface charge-dependent anticancer activity

• Dickson Joseph,
• Nisha Tyagi,
• Christian Geckeler and
• Kurt E.Geckeler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1452–1462, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.158

• and thereby deactivates some of the amino acid residues responsible for the reduction of the Au ions. Structural conformation The main objective of this work was the preparation of AuNPs by using proteins, not retaining the structural conformation of the proteins, because changes in the structural

• remaining proteins are expected to retain their amino acid sequence and not have extensive changes in their properties, such as their intrinsic pH and isoelectric points. Composition of amino acid residues Recent reports suggest that amino acid residues, such as aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid

• , tyrosine and tryptophan, can reduce Au(III) and Ag(I) ions [12][18][38][41][42][43][44][45][46]. In this study, amino acid content of each protein is different due to differences in their molecular weights and amino acid sequences. Thus, predicting that a particular amino acid is responsible for the

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

• and phenols” have also another functional group, such as 4-aminophenol with both –OH and –NH2 groups. (2S)-2-Aminopentanedioic acid, an amino acid with carboxylic acid functionality, is considered under “Acids”. “Other organic precursors” consist of all the organic precursors that do not fall clearly

• and FTIR experiments conducted for the crystallized films, the composition was close to that of MOF-5. Klepper et al. [112] used (2S)-2-aminopentanedioic acid, an amino acid with a carboxylic acid functional group, together with TMA. The films were grown in the temperature range of 200–350 °C. The GPC

Controlling mechanical properties of bio-inspired hydrogels by modulating nano-scale, inter-polymeric junctions

• Seonki Hong,
• Hyukjin Lee and
• Haeshin Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 887–894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.101

• quinones. For mussel adhesives, DOPAquinone is formed by oxidation of a catecholic amino acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA). Subsequently, DOPAquinone rapidly reacts with basic amino acids, such as lysine and/or histidine, forming covalent adducts of DOPA-DOPA, lysyl-DOPA, and/or histeinyl-DOPA [7

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• that D-mannose-modified iron oxide nanoparticles could cross the cell membranes and be internalized by rat bone marrow stromal cells [12]. In the mammalian central nervous system, amino acid glutamate plays a primary role as a key excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate participates in many aspects of

Extracellular biosynthesis of gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoparticles, their biodistribution and bioconjugation with the chemically modified anticancer drug taxol

• Shadab Ali Khan,
• Sanjay Gambhir and
• Absar Ahmad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 249–257, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.27

• secreted in the solution by the fungus Humicola sp. in response to the stress conditions encountered by the fungus in the presence of GdCl3. Some of these amino acid residues constitute the protein layer, which can cap the nanoparticles. As soon as GdCl3 gets dissolved in water along with fungal biomass

Nanoscopic surfactant behavior of the porin MspA in aqueous media

• Ayomi S. Perera,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 278–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.30

• describes the energetic contribution arising from the interactions of the vestibules of MspA in the bilayer. Due to the presence of polar amino-acid side-chains at the exterior of the MspA’s “head”, hydrogen bonding [29] is most likely responsible for the discrepancy of the calculated packing parameter P

Detection of interaction between biomineralising proteins and calcium carbonate microcrystals

• Hanna Rademaker and
• Malte Launspach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 222–227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.26

• . These two protein bands (one at approx. 19 kDa and the other at about 25 kDa) belong to the protein perlucin [10]. The corresponding fractions of purified protein showing these two bands on SDS-PAGEs had been subjected to N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis [11] in several different experiments

• of perlucin has saccharide oligomers bound to these sites. In MALDI-MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy) of perlucin [10] variable molecular weights of perlucin are detectable, which can be related to a 10 amino acid repeat at the C-terminus being present in various

Electrochemical behavior of dye-linked L-proline dehydrogenase on glassy carbon electrodes modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes

• Haitao Zheng,
• Leyi Lin,
• Yosuke Okezaki,
• Ryushi Kawakami,
• Haruhiko Sakuraba,
• Toshihisa Ohshima,
• Keiichi Takagi and
• Shin-ichiro Suye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 135–141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.16

• typical Michaelis–Menten catalytic response with lower apparent constant. Keywords: dye-linked L-proline dehydrogenase; electrocatalysis; electron transfer; multi-walled carbon nanotube; Introduction As an essential amino acid for the proper functioning of tendons and joints in the human body, the quick

• for the detection of various types of chemical or biochemical substances [18][19][20][21][22][23]. Some amino acid biosensors have already been reported based on CNTs-modified electrodes [24][25][26][27]. In our previous work, the recombinant thermostable dye-linked L-proline dehydrogenase (L-proDH