Size-selected Fe₃O₄–Au hybrid nanoparticles for improved magnetism-based theranostics

• Maria V. Efremova,
• Yulia A. Nalench,
• Eirini Myrovali,
• Anastasiia S. Garanina,
• Ivan S. Grebennikov,
• Polina K. Gifer,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Marina Spasova,
• Makis Angelakeris,
• Alexander G. Savchenko,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia L. Klyachko,
• Alexander G. Majouga and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2684–2699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.251

• tested by several methods. Standard MTS assay (Figure 7, Table S2, Supporting Information File 1) was conducted to investigate the NP cytotoxicity. These results are supplemented with apoptosis/necrosis activation (Figures S4 and S6, Supporting Information File 1) and production of reactive oxygen

• species (ROS) (Figures S5 and S7, Supporting Information File 1). The ROS excess level is known to induce apoptosis [86][87][88]. The applied combination of techniques enables us to draw definite conclusions about the effect of NPs on cell viability [89]. In our experiments, 15 min AMF exposure of 4T1

• cells incubated with NPs indicate the initial level of induced cell death (22 ± 1%, MTS assay) in comparison with cells, incubated at 37 °C with NPs in the absence of AMF and control samples without NPs in zero field or exposed to AMF. This is well in line with the detection of apoptosis/necrosis as a

Cytotoxicity of doxorubicin-conjugated poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide]-modified γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles towards human tumor cells

• Zdeněk Plichta,
• Yulia Kozak,
• Rostyslav Panchuk,
• Viktoria Sokolova,
• Matthias Epple,
• Lesya Kobylinska,
• Pavla Jendelová and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2533–2545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.236

• Zdenek Plichta Yulia Kozak Rostyslav Panchuk Viktoria Sokolova Matthias Epple Lesya Kobylinska Pavla Jendelova Daniel Horak Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry CAS, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic Department of Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis, Institute of Cell

• induction of apoptosis [2][3]. However, its main shortcomings include dose-dependent cardio-, myelo-, and nephrotoxicity [4]. Moreover, Dox quickly disappears after intravenous administration from blood and concentrates in liver, kidneys, myocardium, spleen and lungs even if these organs are not the target

• γ-Fe2O3@P(HPMA-MMAA)-Dox particles at two different concentrations induced apoptosis in the cells (red arrows in Figure 10d–g). It should be also noted that both γ-Fe2O3@PHPMA and P(HPMA-MMAA)-Dox nanoparticles had a tendency to adhere to the cell surface not being engulfed by them, while the

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• alternative to the antimitotic drug, which causes severe side effects when administrated alone. Keywords: 5-FU; anticancer drug delivery; apoptosis; calcium phosphate nanoparticles; cell cycle; nanomedicine; Introduction Malignant neoplasms are reported as the second most common cause of mortality around

• 26.22% of cells after 100 µg/mL treatment. These results enable us to confirm drug-loaded-NP-induced toxicity on the cells (for all cell lines used) and to exclude carrier-mediated toxicity. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) assay The mechanistic evolution of 5-FU-induced apoptosis was confirmed

• this assay, drug-induced apoptosis was confirmed by CaP@5-FU NP treatment. Hoechst 33342 and rhodamine B Apoptotic cells show specific characteristic features such as morphological changes, nuclear fragmentation, and cytoplasmic constriction [41]. The nucleic acid specific dye Hoechst 33342 and the

Biomimetic and biodegradable cellulose acetate scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone for bone implants

• Aikaterini-Rafailia Tsiapla,
• Varvara Karagkiozaki,
• Veroniki Bakola,
• Foteini Pappa,
• Panagiota Gkertsiou,
• Eleni Pavlidou and
• Stergios Logothetidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1986–1994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.189

• and into the well-plates where they were located, so as to favor and continue their growth in a place where there was still nutritional material (DMEM). It has been reported that dexamethasone inhibits the proliferation rate of fibroblast cells and induces apoptosis. Glucocorticoids possibly induce

Bioinspired self-healing materials: lessons from nature

• Joseph C. Cremaldi and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 907–935, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.85

• the innate immune system [64]. T-cells come from the thymus and use a cell-mediated immune approach by lysing (destroying the cell membrane of) infected cells or causing apoptosis (induced/programmed cell death) in infected cells [25]. B-cells originate in bone and create the humoral path of adaptive

Nanoparticle delivery to metastatic breast cancer cells by nanoengineered mesenchymal stem cells

• Liga Saulite,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 321–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.32

• to U251 glioma cells and induce cancer cell apoptosis [9]. Moreover, MSCs carrying poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs linked with paclitaxel selectively accumulate in an orthotopic A549 lung tumour model [2]. It has been reported that IFN-beta secreting MSCs could integrate into A375SM melanoma

• apoptosis (anoikis) [44]. Anoikis resistance therefore determines the cell survival and behaviour in a 3D culture. It was previously shown that MDA-MB-231 cells in 3D culture remains viable up to 48 h; however, remarkable MCF7 cell death occurs after 24 h in a 3D culture [45]. Despite the general assumption

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• changes in the cells and tissues. Some of these events include cell proliferation and apoptosis [1], ion transport [2] and other cellular process and diseases such as cancer [3][4][5], Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease [6]. Despite the large number of nanotechnology platforms available to date for

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• ). It is known that progression of CIN from mild dysplasia to invasive cancer is accompanied by the increase in level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The overexpression of EGFR has been correlated to uncontrolled cell growth and inhibition of cell apoptosis. Hence, EGFR can be used as a

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• determined using the image analysis software programs Comet Assay IV (Perspective Instruments, UK) and CometScore (TriTec Corp., USA). Cell-death assay Apoptosis was assessed by staining cells with Annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and counterstaining with propidium iodide (PI) with the use Annexin

• V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (Dojindo EU GmbH, Munich, Germany) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Briefly, 2 × 105 cells were placed into wells of a 96-well flat-bottom plate and were treated with C60 fullerene (sample 1), Сіs (sample 2) and C60+Cis nanocomplex (sample 3) for 24 h

• cell death. However, mechanism of Cis cytotoxic action involves multiple signaling pathways inducing not only apoptosis but also necrotic cell death [52][53][54][55]. Nephrotoxicity is considered to be the most important side effect of Cis and is mainly caused by tubular epithelial cell necrosis

Carbon nanomaterials sensitize prostate cancer cells to docetaxel and mitomycin C via induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation

• Kati Erdmann,
• Jessica Ringel,
• Silke Hampel,
• Manfred P. Wirth and
• Susanne Fuessel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1307–1317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.132

• cell death rates were observed in combinatory treatments than in monotreatments, e.g., a combination of MMC and CNFs more than doubled the cell death rate mediated by apoptosis. Combinations with CNTs showed a similar, but less pronounced impact on cellular functions. In summary, carbon nanomaterials

• proliferation as well as by an increased induction of apoptosis [27][28]. In order to further verify this concept and to avoid a bias that might be caused by the structurally similar platinum-based chemotherapeutics, we investigated other chemotherapeutics relevant for urological cancers, namely DTX and

• mitomycin C (MMC), regarding their cytotoxic effects when applied in combination with carbon nanomaterials. DTX is a cytostatic taxane approved for the palliative treatment of castration-resistant PCa [29]. It promotes microtubule stabilization, acts anti-mitotic and initiates apoptosis resulting in cell

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• affect the osteogenesis and chondrogenesis capacities of bone marrow MSCs [17]. The impact of QD labelling on the biological properties of targeted stem cells, such as proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis, remains elusive. Therefore, further research on MSCs with regard to the delivery of QDs for

• induced through photoactivation, leading to cancer cell apoptosis. Last but not least, the secretion of sTNFR1 by skin MSCs could downregulate the pro-tumourigenic inflammatory responses [56][57][58]. Conclusion Herein, we showed that carboxyl-coated QDs are biocompatible with skin MSCs. The proliferation

Recombinant DNA technology and click chemistry: a powerful combination for generating a hybrid elastin-like-statherin hydrogel to control calcium phosphate mineralization

• Mohamed Hamed Misbah,
• Mercedes Santos,
• Luis Quintanilla,
• Christina Günter,
• Matilde Alonso,
• Andreas Taubert and
• José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 772–783, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.80

• specific surface area and three-dimensional porous structures. In addition, osteoblast proliferation and apoptosis are affected by the size and shape of CP. Despite this interest, control of the formation of CP nanostructures with specific characteristics remains a challenge. Although dry methods and high

Association of aescin with β- and γ-cyclodextrins studied by DFT calculations and spectroscopic methods

• Ana I. Ramos,
• Pedro D. Vaz,
• Susana S. Braga and
• Artur M. S. Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 348–357, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.37

• vivo using xenograft mice, showed cytotoxic effects for aescin, through the induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest [9]. Currently, aescin is mostly employed for venotonic action, being available in the form of topical formulations such as lotions, gels and creams. Many of these products

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• stained, including those being in a state of apoptosis as a result of the treatment with hydrogen peroxide, or caught at the stage of division. O-dots were present in endosomes and formed apoptotic bodies. The use of a higher concentration of O-dots (125 μg/mL) enabled a more representative image of non

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• apoptosis, neither morphologically nor biochemically. In this regard we discuss membrane damage and consumption as one possible mechanism of toxicity, linking morphological observations to toxicological findings to bridge the gap in understanding the mechanism of toxicity of small nanoparticles. Keywords

• times we only detected diffuse cell debris in EM. Additionally, we could not detect Caspase-3 cleavage, a central event in extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. The increase in LDH leakage is another hint at elevated membrane damage and necrosis. However, it is not the scope of our study to look for

• increased membrane permeability are summed up under the term “oncosis” as a form of cell death in contrast to apoptosis [36]. Its mechanism is thought to be based on a malfunction of the ionic pumps of the plasma membrane that can be evoked by ischemia or toxic agents interfering with ATP generation or

Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels

• Yue Zhang and
• Wan-Xi Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 675–684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.60

• liver, acute inflammation responses and increase the apoptosis of cells. Interestingly, these results are accompanied by an increasing production of reactive oxidative species (ROS) [23]. Silver NPs also hold the ability to generate ROS, which cause oxidative stress [24]. In addition, they can also

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• remain unclear. However, we have concluded from previous studies that these mechanisms mainly consist of oxidative stress (OS), apoptosis, inflammatory response, genotoxicity, and direct impairment of cell components. Meanwhile, other factors such as disturbed distributions of trace elements, disrupted

• that the major mechanisms are oxidative stress (OS), inflammatory responses, apoptosis, genotoxicity, and direct impairment of cell components. However, it appears that TiO2 NPs-induced neurotoxicity results from multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, other minor mechanisms exist and include disturbed

• oxidative stress (OS), inflammatory responses, apoptosis, genotoxicity, and direct impairment of cell components. However, in most situations, neurotoxicity occurs through multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, other minor mechanisms include disturbed distributions of trace elements, disrupted signaling pathways

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• fields. Such magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with DNR were reported to induce apoptosis of cancer cell lines [11][12]. Other examples of nanoparticles include titanium dioxide (TiO2) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) [13][14]. In the latter case the nanoparticles were also modified with aptamer – single

Simultaneous cancer control and diagnosis with magnetic nanohybrid materials

• Reza Saadat and
• Franz Renz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 121–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.14

• environment such as the one present in the cancer cell (Figure 1) [7][12]. Equipped with an alpha emitter [14], they could initiate an apoptosis of the tumor cells. This procedure may allow for combining diagnosis and therapy for cancer diseases. Results and Discussion We synthesized magnetite nanoparticles

Application of biclustering of gene expression data and gene set enrichment analysis methods to identify potentially disease causing nanomaterials

• Andrew Williams and
• Sabina Halappanavar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2438–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.252

• black (CB) or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to determine the disease significance of these data-driven gene sets. Results: Biclusters representing inflammation (chemokine activity), DNA binding, cell cycle, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and fibrosis processes were identified. All of the NM studies

• , Kif5b, Mier1, Pgm2l1, Plcb4, Ppil4, Rabep1, Smc1a, Stk3, Syncrip, Tcerg1, Ugcg, Usp9x, Zfml, and Zfp292) showed that this group of genes was primarily involved in the acetylation process (FDR p-value = 0.0056). Many GO terms related to the regulation of apoptosis were present in the results obtained by

• potentially fibrogenic NMs. Although several genes sets associated with acute DNA binding, cell cycle, apoptosis, and ROS response that were specific to different disease models were also observed to be perturbed following exposure to NMs, the implication of such perturbation was not clear from this analysis

PLGA nanoparticles as a platform for vitamin D-based cancer therapy

• Maria J. Ramalho,
• Joana A. Loureiro,
• Bárbara Gomes,
• Manuela F. Frasco,
• Manuel A. N. Coelho and
• M. Carmo Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1306–1318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.135

• cell lines, compared to free calcitriol (p < 0.05). The cell cycle arrest in the treated cell lines was not accompanied by significant changes in the amount of sub-G1 cells (data not shown), relative to the control cells, indicating little apoptosis after 72 h treatment with free and entrapped

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• exposed in vitro, i.e., directly, to silver nanoparticles [105]. Similar to the trials using piscine embryos, the authors found abnormalities during preimplantation development like increased apoptosis at the blastocyst stage in conjuction with a reduced number of pups if nanoparticle exposed blastocysts

Novel ZnO:Ag nanocomposites induce significant oxidative stress in human fibroblast malignant melanoma (Ht144) cells

• Syeda Arooj,
• Samina Nazir,
• Akhtar Nadhman,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Bakhtiar Muhammad,
• Ishaq Ahmad,
• Kehkashan Mazhar and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 570–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.59

• as well as p47phox NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-oxidase-dependent superoxide generation [37] leading to apoptosis [21][23][38]. We therefore determine that a significantly higher amount of 1O2 was being released in the aqueous solution by ZnO:Ag (10–30%) nanocomposites

• activation of enzymes and transcription factors and in growth, differentiation and apoptosis [39]. The localized photo-oxidation of treated tissues affects only the area exposed to light leading to targeted tumor regression and disruption of blood supply [40]. However others have reported that ZnO NPs

Release behaviour and toxicity evaluation of levodopa from carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes

• Julia M. Tan,
• Jhi Biau Foo,
• Sharida Fakurazi and
• Mohd Zobir Hussein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 243–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.23

• , and at the same time, further enhance their degree of biocompatibility [7]. This is because non-functionalized CNTs tend to aggregate into bundles due to van der Waals interactions and hence, they might induce apoptosis (cell death) after administration into the human body. Parkinson’s disease (PD) or

Increasing throughput of AFM-based single cell adhesion measurements through multisubstrate surfaces

• Miao Yu,
• Nico Strohmeyer,
• Jinghe Wang,
• Daniel J. Müller and
• Jonne Helenius

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 157–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.15

• force spectroscopy; Introduction The regulated adhesion of mammalian cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and surrounding cells is crucial in biological processes such as cell migration, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Since impaired cell adhesion causes a wide range of diseases