Improving control of carbide-derived carbon microstructure by immobilization of a transition-metal catalyst within the shell of carbide/carbon core–shell structures

• Teguh Ariyanto,
• Jan Glaesel,
• Andreas Kern,
• Gui-Rong Zhang and
• Bastian J. M. Etzold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 419–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.41

• 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.10.41 Abstract Carbon materials for electrical energy devices, such as battery electrodes or fuel-cell

• catalysts, require the combination of the contradicting properties of graphitic microstructure and porosity. The usage of graphitization catalysts during the synthesis of carbide-derived carbon materials results in materials that combine the required properties, but controlling the microstructure during

• crystallinity and pore structure of the resulting carbide-derived carbon materials. In this sense, the content of graphitic carbon could be varied from 10–90 wt % as estimated from TPO measurements and resulting in a specific surface area ranging from 1500 to 300 m2·g−1. Keywords: carbon shell; catalytic

New micro/mesoporous nanocomposite material from low-cost sources for the efficient removal of aromatic and pathogenic pollutants from water

• Emmanuel I. Unuabonah,
• Robert Nöske,
• Jens Weber,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 119–131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.11

• are reports of the use of clay/carbon materials for the removal of toxic micropollutants from water. In some cases, sugars have been used as starting compounds [17][18], while in other cases, dyes and other organic molecules have been loaded into the clay interlayer and calcined together with the clay

• shows the fractions of Zn, C, H, and N vs sample treatment. The EA shows that increasing the reaction temperature eliminates hydrogen from the samples. This finding is consistent with previous work showing that activation using ZnCl2 induces the loss of hydrogen and oxygen atoms from carbon materials in

Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• for nanostructured carbon materials with structural disorder [8][9]. The prominent D band of hydrogenated graphene originates from the symmetry rupture of C–C sp2 bonds after the formation of C–H sp3 bonds [17][18]. Moreover, hydrogenated graphene showed a slight broadening and lower intensity of the

• et al. [15] investigated the multi-wavelength Raman spectra of a variety of hydrogenated amorphous carbon materials, which allowed them to estimate values for their bond structure, hydrogen content and mechanical properties. A remarkable conclusion is that UV Raman spectroscopy allows for the

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• composites (Si/C), dealing with the incorporation of Si into a variety of different carbon materials, such as graphite, graphene sheets [46][47], porous carbon structures [37][38][48] or the coating of Si using different precursors as carbon sources [49][50][51]. One simple method to form amorphous carbon

Electrospun one-dimensional nanostructures: a new horizon for gas sensing materials

• Muhammad Imran,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Mahnaz Shafiei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2128–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.202

Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• ]. Post-synthesis treatments such as cold plasmas and ion implantation emerge as versatile options to engineer nanostructured carbon materials with different elements [80]. These techniques allow for high dopant concentrations (about 10 atom %) and for the design of different architectures adjusting the

Defect formation in multiwalled carbon nanotubes under low-energy He and Ne ion irradiation

• Santhana Eswara,
• Jean-Nicolas Audinot,
• Brahime El Adib,
• Maël Guennou,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1951–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.186

• defect production in SWCNTs [26], the characterisation of composite materials containing MWCNTs [27], the implantation of Si and C ions into DWCNTs [28], and to differentiate between carbon materials with different sp2 environment [29]. The latter study focused on graphene, highly oriented pyrolytic

SO₂ gas adsorption on carbon nanomaterials: a comparative study

• Deepu J. Babu,
• Divya Puthusseri,
• Frank G. Kühl,
• Sherif Okeil,
• Michael Bruns,
• Manfred Hampe and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1782–1792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.169

• conditions), carbon-based adsorbents are particularly interesting for SO2 removal. In fact, activated carbon materials are one of the most widely used sorbents for SO2 recovery [1]. Over the past two decades, a rich family of different carbon nanomaterials such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon

• curvature effects [28][29]. The presence of these multiple well-defined and reproducible adsorption sites makes VACNTs an ideal model structure for investigating and understanding gas adsorption in one-dimensional carbon materials. In our previous works, we have shown the successful application of VACNTs as

• a model structure for a combined theoretical and experimental investigation of gas adsorption in carbon materials [30][31]. In the present study, the SO2 adsorption characteristics of the different carbon nanomaterials namely single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles as sulfur encapsulator for high-performance lithium/sulfur batteries

• Yan Zhao,
• Zhengjun Liu,
• Liancheng Sun,
• Yongguang Zhang,
• Yuting Feng,
• Xin Wang,
• Indira Kurmanbayeva and
• Zhumabay Bakenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1677–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.159

• precise control of its morphology, these carbon materials can also play an active role in S confinement [4]. For example, it has been reported that the functional nitrogen groups in N-doped graphene (NG) sheets have a good binding capability for lithium polysulfides, which can greatly enhance the life of

• shuttling effect [10]. In addition, metal oxides can be easily synthesized in various morphologies, e.g., hollow structures, to “hold” S [11]. Similar to S, metal oxides are, however, not conductive [12]. Therefore, an efficient approach is to use hybrids/composites of carbon materials and metal oxides, as

The electrical conductivity of CNT/graphene composites: a new method for accelerating transmission function calculations

• Olga E. Glukhova and
• Dmitriy S. Shmygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1254–1262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.117

• carbon materials, namely graphene, graphane and a graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid composite. Computational Details In order to calculate the electrical conductance we use the Green–Keldysh functions and the Landauer–Büttiker formalism [8]. The calculation of energy and band structure is carried out by

Electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide with chitosan based on the coordination deposition method

• Mingyang Liu,
• Yanjun Chen,
• Chaoran Qin,
• Zheng Zhang,
• Shuai Ma,
• Xiuru Cai,
• Xueqian Li and
• Yifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1200–1210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.111

• intensity ratio of the D to G-band can be employed to evaluate the structure disorder of carbon materials [30][31]. Thus, the Raman spectroscopy analysis of HACC-rGO suggests that there exist some structural defects in HACC-rGO. Particularly, the resulting HACC-rGO disperses well in aqueous solutions, and

P3HT:PCBM blend films phase diagram on the base of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry

• Barbara Hajduk,
• Henryk Bednarski,
• Bożena Jarząbek,
• Henryk Janeczek and
• Paweł Nitschke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1108–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.102

• Barbara Hajduk Henryk Bednarski Bozena Jarzabek Henryk Janeczek Pawel Nitschke Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Marie Curie-Skłodowska str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.9.102 Abstract In this work we present an in-depth study of the how the

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• will eventually agitate the uniform distribution of the active component onto the carbon support, the surface chemistry of the carbon material could be simply adjusted, for instance, by undergoing an oxidation process, in order to increase the hydrophilicity of the carbon materials. Aside from the easy

• processes result in an unhealthy environment. Nowadays, treating the emission of nitric oxide, especially from industrial exhaust gas, has become a great concern [54][68][69][70]. Various types of metal species have been incorporated onto the surface of carbon materials. In order to integrate carbon

• materials with metal or metal oxide, a functionalisation process known as pre-treatment is required since the surface of pristine CNTs is hydrophobic and inert in nature. Unfortunately, existing preparation methods suffer from scarce deposition, catalyst particle aggregation, and unwanted large-sized metal

Single-step process to improve the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube yarn

• Maria Cecilia Evora,
• Xinyi Lu,
• Nitilaksha Hiremath,
• Nam-Goo Kang,
• Kunlun Hong,
• Roberto Uribe,
• Gajanan Bhat and
• Jimmy Mays

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 545–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.52

• modification in nanotube functionalization chemistry. The results for untreated CNT yarn and samples treated with monomers and irradiated are shown in Figure 2. The Raman spectra were normalized on the basis of the G-band intensity. For carbon materials, Raman spectra contain two intense bands between 1000 cm

• structure. The degree of disorder in sp2-hybridized carbon materials is given by the intensity ratio between the D band and the G band (ID/IG) [36]. This ratio is thus useful to investigate the functionalization process. The broad band around 500 cm−1 observed in the spectra of the untreated samples may be

Ultralight super-hydrophobic carbon aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers/poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide (CNFs/PVA/GO) for highly effective oil–water separation

• Zhaoyang Xu,
• Huan Zhou,
• Sicong Tan,
• Xiangdong Jiang,
• Weibing Wu,
• Jiangtao Shi and
• Peng Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 508–519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.49

• , respectively, showing the tangential G-band at 1587 cm−1 and the disorder-induced D-band at 1347 cm−1 [31]. As is well-known, the G-band corresponds to the tangential vibration of the carbon atoms, while the D-band corresponds to unordered carbon or defective graphitic structures in a Raman spectrum for carbon

• materials. Besides, the relative intensities of the D-band and G-band (ID/IG) of GO and rGO are 0.91 and 1.09, respectively. After the GO was reduced to rGO, a large number of sp3 hybrid carbon atoms deoxidized to form a new sp2 hybridization area. However, the sp2 area of rGO is smaller than that of GO, so

Synthesis and characterization of electrospun molybdenum dioxide–carbon nanofibers as sulfur matrix additives for rechargeable lithium–sulfur battery applications

• Ruiyuan Zhuang,
• Shanshan Yao,
• Maoxiang Jing,
• Xiangqian Shen,
• Jun Xiang,
• Tianbao Li,
• Kesong Xiao and
• Shibiao Qin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 262–270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.28

• new cell configuration [2]. Overall, it is critical to enhance the utilization of sulfur and stabilize the polysulfide within the cathodic region to yield Li–S batteries with improved electrochemical performance. For the past two decades, various carbon materials (e.g., mesoporous carbon [3

Dry adhesives from carbon nanofibers grown in an open ethanol flame

• Christian Lutz,
• Julia Syurik,
• C. N. Shyam Kumar,
• Christian Kübel,
• Michael Bruns and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2719–2728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.271

• CNFs, is ca. 3 μm, while the height of the randomly oriented CNFs is ca. 2 μm. The growth rate was about 1 μm/min. Raman measurements show D and G bands for both structures, which are characteristic for carbon materials [39]. The D-band is caused by a disordered structure in CNFs and other carbon

• ) randomly oriented CNFs and (b) oriented CNFs. The SEM images show the CNF arrays under different angles. Raman measurements, conducted with a laser excitation of 532 nm, show the D and G bands characteristic for carbon materials. (a) C 1s XP spectrum of the grown carbon structures. The main component at

• materials, indicating defects in sp2-hybridized carbon. The G-band indicates stretching of the C–C bonds, characteristic for CNTs, CNFs, or other graphitic materials [40]. The D/G ratio is a measure of disorder in nanofibers. The randomly oriented CNFs show a significantly higher value than the oriented

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• carbon materials are hydrophobic, they often should first be oxidized. In this case the hybridization degree (bonding, interconnection, dispersion) is strongly dependent on the choice of nanocarbon materials and surface functionalities, which has been evidenced by electrochemical investigation of ex situ

• and porous carbon on the surface of MgO impregnated with bimetallic (transition metal/molybdenum) catalyst precursors. Acetonitrile was added to the methane feedstock to incorporate nitrogen into the graphitic network, which is beneficial for the electrochemical performance of the carbon materials [21

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• conductance (resulting in low cyclability) has extremely limited its potential applications [10][13]. Therefore, nanostructured MnO2 has been fabricated and used with carbon materials to achieve excellent conductivity with a large specific surface area [14]. On one hand, reducing the dimensions of the

• electrode particles from the micrometer to the nanometer regime can enhance the ion exchange rate in Li-ion batteries [15], while on the other hand, supporting the cathode with carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, acetylene black and graphene, helps to improve the conductivity of the electrode. Among

• these carbon materials graphene has become one the most attractive carbon support materials with its extraordinary properties. Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) atomic-scale honeycomb lattice made of carbon atoms. Its unique properties such as high electrical and thermal conductivity, high chemical

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• carbonization treatments, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) can be converted into carbon. High-performance carbon fibers, carbon nanofiber membranes, 3D-ordered carbon materials, and carbon nanoparticles have been fabricated from various PAN precursors [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Discrete and well-defined carbon

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• Stefania Lettieri Marta d'Amora Adalberto Camisasca Alberto Diaspro Silvia Giordani Nano Carbon Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Livorno 60, 10144, Turin, Italy Nanoscopy, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy Department of Chemistry

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• measurements show characteristic peaks of carbon materials, namely D band and G band at around 1360 cm−1 and 1580–1600 cm−1, respectively [51][52] (Figure 7). Oxidation and carbonization contributed to the conversion of PAN fibers into a graphitic form via fraction of disordered sp2-hybridized C–C bonds [53

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• focussed our review on only two of the 2D morphology of carbon materials, graphene and g-C3N4, and their nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications. In this review, we firstly discuss the synthetic procedures and salient properties of these two 2D carbon

• materials, followed by a detailed discussion on what makes them suitable for photocatalysis applications and the different roles played by them during the photocatalysis process. Subsequently, we discuss the use of graphene and g-C3N4 based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and

Preparation of thick silica coatings on carbon fibers with fine-structured silica nanotubes induced by a self-assembly process

• Benjamin Baumgärtner,
• Hendrik Möller,
• Thomas Neumann and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1145–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.116

• bears several advantages in comparison to the powdered carbon materials, such as suitability for electrical and electrochemical procedures. In addition, activated carbon cloths are light materials that can be arranged in different configurations. The same features that promote the application in the

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

• Julia Patzsch,
• Deepu J. Babu and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

• used for increasing their adsorption capacity: (i) morphological structuring to increase the surface area and (ii) modification of the tube surface with functional groups to enhance the adsorbent/adsorbate attraction. For (i), new carbon materials have been studied as adsorbents such as ordered

• regime. The BET surface decreases drastically with the increasing carbonization temperature due to a lower amount of micropores. Meanwhile the mesopore content increases. This observation corresponds well with commercial glassy carbon materials which are processed at low temperature and obey a narrow