Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• well characterized, including their transformations during exposure. Additionally, we have assessed bio-uptake quantification, using mass spectrometry, and toxicity/cell viability after exposing human PBMCs to AgNPs at clinically relevant concentrations. We also compared the toxicity of AgNPs with

• . However, for the AgNO3 treatment, this ratio increased in a dose-dependent manner (Table 2). Impact of PVP-AgNPs and Ag ions on viability and metabolic activity of PBMCs Cell membrane integrity as a marker for cell viability was measured by LDH release; a greater LDH release is an indication of more

• control group. Results for cell viability and metabolic activity of PBMCs for each person are presented in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4 and Figure S5, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the relationship between uptake and cytotoxicity (LDH assay) of PVP

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• experiments with the positive controls confirmed the ability of endocytic inhibitors to block the specific route of endocytosis. None of the endocytic inhibitors affected cell viability and proliferation activity with the exception of nocodazole (Noc) (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). Short-term

• based on the cell viability determined by MTT assay (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5 and Figure S6). All inhibitors were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Slovakia). The cells exposed to culture medium were used as negative control and cells exposed only to MNPs for 1 h were considered as a

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• coatings of positively charged plasma-polymerized allylamine (PPAAm) or negatively charged Au were used, see below. Viability tests (MTS) were performed on glass, sputter-deposited Au, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and PPAAm coating with native titanium and cell culture plastic as reference. Cell viability

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• concentration (c = 200 µg/mL), the cell viability after exposure to UC@thin_NH2 was approx. 51 ± 5%, whereas in the UC@thick_NH2 sample, the cell viability was 75 ± 6%. At the lowest concentration (c = 12.5 µg/mL) the cell viability was 110 ± 12% for UC@thin_NH2 and 95 ± 14% for UC@thick_NH2. UC@thin_RBITC_NH2

• highest concentration values (c = 150 and 200 µg/mL) of UC@thick_NH2, no significant difference in the cell viability was observed between the two values. The cytotoxicity of pure silica without a UCNP core (sample SiO2@RBITC_NH2) was also measured. The cell viability at the lowest concentration was 83

• present study. The sample UC@thin_NH2 has a larger hydrodynamic diameter than the sample UC@thick_NH2 in DMEM and the situation is reversed for sample UC@thin_RBITC_NH2 and sample UC@thick_RBITC_NH2. However, in both cases the cell viability increases with shell thickness. Since the light scattering is

PEG/PEI-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes as delivery carriers for doxorubicin: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation

• Shuoye Yang,
• Zhenwei Wang,
• Yahong Ping,
• Yuying Miao,
• Yongmei Xiao,
• Lingbo Qu,
• Lu Zhang,
• Yuansen Hu and
• Jinshui Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1728–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.155

• , the same volume of fresh PBS was supplied in the release medium. The concentration of released DOX in all samples was determined by measuring the UV absorbance. The cumulative release rate of DOX was calculated and the measurements were repeated for three times, averaging the results. Cell viability

• dissolve the formazan crystals. The absorbance of the final solution was measured at a wavelength of 570 nm using a microplate spectrophotometer (SpectraMax iD5) to calculate the cell viability. Groups without treatment were used as control. Cellular uptake of DOX-loaded nanocarriers The drug delivery in

• tissues. The DOX molecules are retained in the carriers and subsequently rapidly released from nanotubes at the targeted tumor sites with a slightly acidic environment [42]. Cell viability Cytotoxicity assessment results of different blank carriers and DOX-loaded nanocarrier formulations are shown in

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• (PBS) to remove detached dead cells and the formazan crystals were solubilized in DMSO. The absorbance was measured using a microplate reader at 570 nm. The relative cell viability (%) compared to non-treated cells was calculated by [abs] sample/[abs] control × 100. Transfection efficiency assay HL-1

• approximately 1.3 wt % [24]. Cytotoxicity assay Dose-dependent cytotoxicity of HAp/pDNA complexes on HL-1 cells was investigated in the concentration range of 0.1–10 µg/mL. The 3-(4,5-dimethylhiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to assess cytotoxicity. No differences in cell

• viability were observed among the three concentrations of HAp/pDNA complexes used at 24 and 72 h (Figure 2). The results suggested that HAp exhibits little cytotoxicity within the concentration range used in this study. Transfection efficiency To test the gene transfection potential of the HAp nanoparticle

Gram-scale synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Mohammad Jaber,
• Asim Mushtaq,
• Kebiao Zhang,
• Jindan Wu,
• Dandan Luo,
• Zihan Yi,
• M. Zubair Iqbal and
• Xiangdong Kong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1119–1125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.96

• antibacterial properties of TiO2 in the presence of silver were examined. The formation of Ag–TiO2 NCs was analyzed through various characterization techniques. The cell viability experimental results demonstrated that the Ag–TiO2 NCs have good biocompatibility. The antibacterial activity of the prepared Ag

• obtain homogeneous Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites with a high yield. The prepared compounds were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, FTIR and UV–vis spectrophotometry. The cell viability upon exposure to the splat-shaped Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites was evaluated by using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The antimicrobial

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• reported no cytotoxicity, when not stimulated, and 15% cell viability in vitro and tumor reduction in vivo when activated by a laser. Horák and collaborators [169] used the toxicity of free Fe ions for antitumor activity. The authors synthesized maghemite nanoparticles covered with poly(N,N

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• 48 h after being treated with PDT using FLG-Ce6 as the photosensitizer is highly reduced, as shown in Figure 4b. The photoactivation of C. albicans without a photosensitizer does not cause any change in the cell viability, nor does the incubation with any of our photosensitizers without light

• singlet oxygen production. The ascending arrows denote the irradiation time (5, 10 and 15 min). c) Details of the LED excitation source. The LED emission spectrum is centered at 632 nm, as shown on the left, and a scheme of the 6 LEDs array is shown on the right. Cell viability assays. a) C. albicans

Uniform Fe₃O₄/Gd₂O₃-DHCA nanocubes for dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging

• Miao Qin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Mengjie Xu,
• Hui Yan,
• Yizhu Cheng,
• Xiumei Zhang,
• Di Huang,
• Weiyi Chen and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1000–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.84

• test their cytotoxicity in vitro [33]. In this work, the CCK-8 assay was performed to measure the viability of L929 cells upon exposure to FGDA nanocubes. Figure 4a indicates that at 12 h after treatment there were no differences in cell viability between the control and groups treated with different

• conclusion, FGDA nanocubes have no negative impact on cell viability or proliferation, which suggests that these nanocubes can be used for in vivo applications. In vivo MRI with FGDA nanocubes as a contrast agent To visualize the contrast and image quality provided by the FGDA nanocubes in vivo, T1-weighted

• panel) and Fe3O4 nanocubes (bottom panel). (d) Transverse relaxation rate, r2, of FGDA nanocubes (black line) and Fe3O4 nanocubes (red line). (a) CCK-8 cell viability test of L929 cells incubated with FGDA at different Fe concentrations for 12, 24, and 48 h. (b) Live–dead staining of control and FGDA

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

•  6D–F). Interestingly, the NC frameworks led to a higher cell viability compared to [Au25(SG)18]. This is attributed to the fact that smaller nanoparticles produce reactive oxygen species and possibly aggregate in the cellular medium. The superstructures were also found to show excellent

Nanoparticles based on the zwitterionic pillar[5]arene and Ag⁺: synthesis, self-assembly and cytotoxicity in the human lung cancer cell line A549

• Dmitriy N. Shurpik,
• Denis A. Sevastyanov,
• Pavel V. Zelenikhin,
• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Yuriy N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 421–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.33

• held at the accelerating voltage of 80 kV in scanning TEM mode using an Oxford Instruments X-Maxn 80T EDS detector. In vitro cell viability The characterization of the A549 cell viability changes under the pillar[5]arenes 3 and 4 action was performed by the MTT assay. A cell suspension of 150 μL/well

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• viruses were incubated for 24 h with MDA-MB-231 cells, using 2.6 × 107 viruses per cell. A similar concentration has been used in cell viability tests with CCMV [25][39] and glycol chitosan nanoparticles [40]. The flow cytometry results showed around 90% cell survival after treatment with both viruses

• 7,500 events corresponding to single cells were collected and the Attune Cytometric Software (v2.1) was used to analyze results. For the controls, the same amount of free NanoOrange was used as the one used to load viruses. Cell viability assay MDA-MB-231 cells were seeded in 12-well plates, as

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• carrier. The present work aims to synthesize poly(1-vinylimidazole) for the delivery of anti-VEGF siRNA to lung cancer cells and explore for the first time the effect of VEGF silencing on differential expression of genes and on cell viability, migration and chemosensitization. Experimental Materials PVI

• heparin/siRNA (v/v) ratio. The samples were electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel containing 0.5 μg/mL ethidium bromide at 80 V for 20 min. The bands were imaged using the gel documentation system. In vitro studies Cell viability: The effect of blank polymer and polyplex was determined using MTS (3-(4,5

• incubated for 48 h. The cell viability was then assessed using the MTS reagent as described above. Internalization studies: Internalization of the polyplex in A549 cells was studied with Cy3 fluorophore-tagged siRNA. A549 cells at a seeding density of 105 cells/well were cultured on a cover slip in a 6-well

Phase inversion-based nanoemulsions of medium chain triglyceride as potential drug delivery system for parenteral applications

• Eike Folker Busmann,
• Dailén García Martínez,
• Henrike Lucas and
• Karsten Mäder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 213–224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.16

• the aqueous Kolliphor HS 15 solution to normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (3T3) was investigated. The impact of the nanoemulsions and the surfactant solution on the cell viability of the two cell lines after 4 and 24 h is illustrated in Figure 7. The viability of

• the cells treated with the different nanoemulsions is depicted as a function of the concentration of the surfactant Kolliphor HS 15. The resulting graphs indicate a similar behavior of all three nanoemulsions and the aqueous Kolliphor HS 15 solution, namely a decrease of the cell viability at a

• slightly lower than the inhibiting Kolliphor HS 15 concentration, an increased cell viability was observed, which might be caused by a stimulated metabolism of the cells. Table 2 lists the mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Kolliphor HS 15 in an aqueous solution of Kolliphor HS 15 (second column) and

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• , cells were washed with PBS and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C in medium containing 5% (v/v) of MTS solution. Cell viability was measured by reading the absorbance values at 490 nm (Synergy2 Biotek plate reader using Gen5 software) and normalized against the total protein content in each well (BCA assay

• assay, a colourimetric method that measures mitochondrial metabolic activity (data normalized against the protein content, assumed roughly proportional to the cell number). Independently of the preparative method and the MW of chitosan, all formulations had a negligible effect on the cell viability up

• ) Relative cell viability of RAW 264.7 (left) and HCT-116 (right) cell lines as a function of nanoparticle concentrations (0.01–0.5 mg/mL, 24 h incubation). Percentages are relative to the normalized mitochondrial activity of untreated cells. The differences between preparative methods are not statistically

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• degradation properties of the gels containing LYS and CYS at different ratios were investigated since these attributes are crucial for biomedical applications. The swelling degree was determined at different pH values and under redox conditions. For biocompatibility studies, cell viability tests were carried

• tissue engineering [49]. Cell viability was assessed using the WST-1 reagent [2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] (Roche, Switzerland), while the cell morphology was observed under a two-photon microscope. Moreover, the release kinetics of the model drug metoprolol

• serum (FBS, Gibco, USA), 2 mM ʟ-glutamine (Gibco, USA), 100 units/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Gibco, USA). When the cell culture became subconfluent, it was passaged at a ratio of 1:20 using a 0.05% trypsin/EDTA solution. Cell viability assay Before performing the cell viability assay, the

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• utilized for the formulations. After this period, cell viability was indirectly determined by MTT metabolic assay (Figure 12). The viability of Cal27 was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) by the presence of the formulations, regardless of the presence of CUR. This cytotoxic effect was not observed in the

Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• calculation was made for the other doses as indicated in Table 1. Thus, the treatment concentrations used in this experiment for CuFe2O4 were: 0.0084, 0.0168, 0.0336, and 0.168 mg/mL. The treatment concentrations for cisplatin were: 0.001125, 0.00225, 0.0045, 0.0225 mg/mL. Cell viability – MTT assay The cell

• performed in triplicate and the reading of each triplicate was averaged and subtracted from the averaged MTT background control reading. Each condition was compared to the control (no treatment) wells. The following equation was used to calculate the percent of cell viability: Statistical analysis The cell

• cisplatin [20][21]. To overcome these limitations and to ensure specific tumor targeting, cisplatin/CuFe2O4/HYPS nanoparticles were tested. To investigate the cytotoxic efficiency of cisplatin/CuFe2O4/HYPS nanoparticles, we assessed cell viability using the MTT assay. In that assay, healthy cells will be

Incorporation of doxorubicin in different polymer nanoparticles and their anticancer activity

• Sebastian Pieper,
• Hannah Onafuye,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Martin Michaelis and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2062–2072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.201

• displacement were similarly active as free doxorubicin (Figure 7). The corresponding empty nanoparticles did not affect cell viability in the tested concentrations. The main difference between the doxorubicin-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles prepared by solvent displacement and the other preparations is the size

• streptomycin at 37 °C. The drug-adapted sub-lines were continuously cultured in the presence of the indicated drug concentrations. Cells were routinely tested for mycoplasma contamination and authenticated by short tandem repeat profiling. Cell viability assay Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5

• . Drug concentrations that inhibited cell viability by 50% (IC50) were determined using CalcuSyn (Biosoft, Cambridge, UK). Statistical methods All experiments of nanoparticle preparation and characterisation were performed at least three times. The results are shown as average value with standard

Synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of a novel diosgenin derivative and its phytosomes against lung cancer cells

• Liang Xu,
• Dekang Xu,
• Ziying Li,
• Yu Gao and
• Haijun Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1933–1942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.189

• easily. The cyano group in P2 might increase the binding capability of P2 to specific proteins to improve its anticancer potency. Figure 2A shows that Di and P2 could suppress the cell viability in a dosage-dependent manner in A549 and PC9 cells. All the results demonstrated that P2 had much stronger

• 5% CO2. In vitro cell viability Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Cells seeded in 96-well plates at 70–80% confluence were exposed to free drugs (Di, P2) and phytosomes (P, DiP, P2P) at various concentrations for 24, 48 and 72 h. At the end of the treatment period, viability was determined

Engineered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for dual-modality imaging of intracranial glioblastoma via EGFRvIII targeting

• Xianping Liu,
• Chengjuan Du,
• Haichun Li,
• Ting Jiang,
• Zimiao Luo,
• Zhiqing Pang,
• Daoying Geng and
• Jun Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1860–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.181

• is a primary consideration for clinical application. Therefore, the viability of U87MG and U87MG-EGFRvIII cells treated with NPs and PNPs with different concentrations was investigated using the MTT assays. Even at a high Fe concentration of 200 µg/mL, more than 95% of cell viability was found

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• biocompatibility and fate of nanoparticles in biological systems. A systematic and comprehensive analysis revealed that the preparation of AgNPs and AuNPs in the presence of biothiols leads to nanoparticles stabilized with oxidized forms of biothiols. Their safety was tested by evaluation of cell viability

• reduces or increases their safety. For this purpose, the efficiency of NP uptake, cell viability, apoptosis induction, oxidative stress response and genotoxicity parameters of L929 cells treated with prepared NPs were determined and compared with control cells. A range of NP concentrations were tested for

• results, as presented in Figure 4, demonstrated dose-dependent toxic effects of CYS- and GSH-coated AgNPs, while AuNPs showed no toxicity in the tested concentration range (1–300 mg Au L−1). However, GSH-coated AuNPs decreased cell viability by 20% at a dose of 300 mg Au L−1. The GSH-coated AgNPs

Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles overcome transporter-mediated drug resistance in drug-adapted cancer cells

• Hannah Onafuye,
• Sebastian Pieper,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Klaus Langer and
• Martin Michaelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1707–1715, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.166

• , Supporting Information File 1, Table S1). Effects of doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles on neuroblastoma cells The effects of doxorubicin applied in solution or incorporated into HSA (0%), HSA (40%), HSA (100%), or HSA (200%) nanoparticles on neuroblastoma cell viability are shown in Figure 3. The numerical

• values are presented in Supporting Information File 1, Table S1. Empty control nanoparticles did not affect cell viability in the investigated concentrations. In the neuroblastoma cell line UKF-NB-3, the nanoparticle preparations displayed similar activity as doxorubicin solution, with doxorubicin-loaded

• cultured in the presence of the indicated drug concentrations. The cells were routinely tested for mycoplasma contamination and authenticated by short tandem repeat profiling. Cell viability assay Cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay