Fabrication of hybrid graphene oxide/polyelectrolyte capsules by means of layer-by-layer assembly on erythrocyte cell templates

• Joseba Irigoyen,
• Nikolaos Politakos,
• Eleftheria Diamanti,
• Elena Rojas,
• Marco Marradi,
• Raquel Ledezma,
• Layza Arizmendi,
• J. Alberto Rodríguez,
• Ronald F. Ziolo and
• Sergio E. Moya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2310–2318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.237

• 15 kg/mol), polystyrenesulfonate sodium salt, (PSS, Mw 70 kg/mol), sodium hypochlorite with active chlorine 13%, phosphate buffered saline 10× (PBS), glutaraldehyde solution grade II 25% in water, Hank´s balanced salt solution 10×, sodium chloride and graphite powder (<45 μm, ≥99.99% trace metals

A single-source precursor route to anisotropic halogen-doped zinc oxide particles as a promising candidate for new transparent conducting oxide materials

• Daniela Lehr,
• Markus R. Wagner,
• Johanna Flock,
• Julian S. Reparaz,
• Clivia M. Sotomayor Torres,
• Alexander Klaiber,
• Thomas Dekorsy and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2161–2172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.222

• R50/500/12, equipped with a 2.7 cm diameter quartz tube). Under N2/O2 atmosphere (0.05 L/min N2, 0.2 L/min O2) the oven was heated up (heating rate 2 K/min) to 350 °C and the temperature was kept for 10 h. Materials with smaller chlorine content were obtained by decreasing the amount of [ClEt3Zn4(OiPr

• properties Given the potential precursors for Cl@ZnO, Br@ZnO, and I@ZnO, it should be noted that the difference in the ionic radius compared to O2− is smallest for Cl− in the given series (Δr = +38%). Therefore, we present the generation of chlorine containing zinc oxide first and discuss the results in

• and final step of mass loss at T = 450 °C (Δm ≈ 10%), which fits to the amount of chlorine present in the precursor. Therefore, one can assume that chlorine is removed very rapidly from the material at temperatures above 500 °C, which can also be confirmed by EDX. Obviously, it is very important to

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• metallic gold on the surface of the SPCE in addition to ca. 2.3% of oxygen which most probably originated from the terminal carbon oxygenated functions and gold oxides formed by the oxidation of freshly formed nanoparticles. The presence of chlorine (ca. 6.7%) can be explained by its entrapment between the

Palladium nanoparticles anchored to anatase TiO₂ for enhanced surface plasmon resonance-stimulated, visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Hong Ye Chu,
• Shaliza Ibrahim and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 428–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.43

• synthesized Pd/TiO2 photocatalysts. The absence of chlorine from the EDX spectrum clearly indicates that the Cl− ions from the titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl4) precursor was completely removed through an appropriate washing method thus eliminating the unwanted anion (Cl-) that suppress the photocatalytic

Nanoparticle shapes by using Wulff constructions and first-principles calculations

• Georgios D. Barmparis,
• Zbigniew Lodziana,
• Nuria Lopez and
• Ioannis N. Remediakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 361–368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.35

• adsorption of halides to particular facets reduces the surface energy of those facets and typically they are represented more in the equilibrium state of the particle. This has been observed for the appearance of nanocubes of Ag grown on Au seeds in the presence of chlorine [59]. In some cases a symmetry

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• atom. The Al atom induced a protrusion out of the plane of the BNNT and a distortion occurred at the doping site to relieve the stress. Density functional theory was performed to observe the absorption of cis-Pt and neda-Pt on pristine and Al-doped BNNTs. The results indicated that the chlorine atom of

A reproducible number-based sizing method for pigment-grade titanium dioxide

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Manfred Kluwig and
• Thomas Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1815–1822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.192

• are separated by controlled precipitation, and colouring transition metals are removed in a bleaching process prior to calcination. In the chloride process, rutile in the form of sand or slag, for example, is treated with gaseous chlorine to form titanium tetrachloride. The titanium tetrachloride is

Silicon and germanium nanocrystals: properties and characterization

• Ivana Capan,
• Alexandra Carvalho and
• José Coutinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1787–1794, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.189

• surface groups was found to increase the electron binding energy of P, As and Sb, and to decrease the hole binding energy of B, Al, Ga and In [67]. Chlorine-covered Si NCs were found to have higher electron affinity, higher ionization energy and a lower optical absorption energy threshold than hydrogen

• passivation, although in the chlorinated Si NCs some fall off the narrower gap. Functionalisation with chlorine, nitrogen and fluorine was also found to be an effective way to control the bandgap of nanodiamonds [68]. Nanocrystals functionalized with organic groups have so far only been considered in a

Ionic liquid-assisted formation of cellulose/calcium phosphate hybrid materials

• Ahmed Salama,
• Mike Neumann,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1553–1568, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.167

• and chlorine, while the amount of chlorine in CPGAA48 is higher at around 2.3%. Consequently, the Ca/Cl ratios are slightly different at 8.6 and 6.7, respectively, at 24 and 48 hours of reaction. Samples grown in the presence of NaOH have a Ca/P ratio of 1.3 to 1.4, which is typical (although at the

• the samples. Generally, the chlorine content of the samples grown with higher cellulose content (CCPH3, 4, 7, 8) appears lower than the content of the samples grown at lower cellulose concentrations (CCPH1, 2, 5, 6). Moreover, EDXS seems to suggest that the chlorine content is slightly higher in the

• samples. Figure 7 shows representative X-ray elemental maps of all elements detected in energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), that is, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, chlorine, and calcium. The maps indicate fairly homogeneous elemental distributions on a hundreds of micrometers length scale even in

Purification of ethanol for highly sensitive self-assembly experiments

• Kathrin Barbe,
• Martin Kind,
• Christian Pfeiffer and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1254–1260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.139

• contaminations, the sensors became quickly destroyed (see Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1). It turned out that the solvent ingested copious amounts of chloride ions from the zeolite, which in conjunction with air effectively dissolved the sensor metals. To remove these chlorine atoms, which obviously

• sensitive measurements of monolayer formation kinetics as well as the production of high-quality SAMs. Experimental Chemicals Tetrachloridoauric acid was either purchased from Merck KGaA, Germany, or prepared by dissolving gold powder in hot hydrochloric acid while a stream of chlorine was passed through

Antimicrobial properties of CuO nanorods and multi-armed nanoparticles against B. anthracis vegetative cells and endospores

• Pratibha Pandey,
• Merwyn S. Packiyaraj,
• Himangini Nigam,
• Gauri S. Agarwal,
• Beer Singh and
• Manoj K. Patra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.91

• developed by the former Soviet Union, is another challenge [6]. Disinfectants like formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, phenols, ethylene oxide, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite etc. show high inactivation effect against B. anthracis spores. However, the generation of toxic fumes, the

Carbon dioxide hydrogenation to aromatic hydrocarbons by using an iron/iron oxide nanocatalyst

• Hongwang Wang,
• Jim Hodgson,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Prem S. Thapa,
• David Moore,
• Xiaorong Wu,
• Myles Ikenberry,
• Deryl L. Troyer,
• Donghai Wang,
• Keith L. Hohn and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 760–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.88

• loading from run 5 through run 10, as shown in Figure 5. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the surface loses the coordinating HDA ligands during the initial runs. The concurrent loss of nitrogen and chlorine is consistent with this mechanistic assumption. The lost carbon by displacement of HDA

Magnesiothermic conversion of the silica-mineralizing golden algae Mallomonas caudata and Synura petersenii to elemental silicon with high geometric precision

• Janina Petrack,
• Steffen Jost,
• Jens Boenigk and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 554–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.65

• without noticeable shrinkage. Structures of 50 nm or less were well replicated. EDX-analysis showed the complete conversion of silica into silicon (Figure 7). Besides silicon, only carbon (due to the sample holder), oxygen, and traces of magnesium and chlorine were detected. Similar results were reported

Chemi- vs physisorption in the radical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes under microwaves

• Victor Mamane,
• Guillaume Mercier,
• Junidah Abdul Shukor,
• Jérôme Gleize,
• Aziz Azizan,
• Yves Fort and
• Brigitte Vigolo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 537–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.63

• . Chlorophenyl groups can be followed by detection of the main fragments expected for pure chlorobenzene, i.e., m/z 112, 77, 114, 51, 50 with their relative intensity decreasing from 112 to 50. The masses 112 and 114 correspond to the fragments containing chlorine 35Cl and 37Cl, respectively, whereas the masses

• samples, the relative intensity of the recorded m/z of chlorobenzene turned out to be different from our expectations with intensities for the fragments containing chlorine (m/z 112 and 114) being less intense than those from the phenyl part (m/z 50 and 51) [6]. It is noteworthy that this difference is

Change of the work function of platinum electrodes induced by halide adsorption

• Florian Gossenberger,
• Tanglaw Roman,
• Katrin Forster-Tonigold and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 152–161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.15

• platinum(111) surface have been studied by using density functional theory (DFT), because halides are often present at electrochemical electrode/electrolyte interfaces. We focused in particular on the halogen-induced work function change as a function of the coverage of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and

• adsorption of iodine and chlorine on Cu(111) [9] by using periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Whereas chlorine causes the expected increase of the work function upon adsorption of an electronegative adsorbate, iodine leads to a surprising decrease of the work function for coverages up to

• approximately 0.4 ML. By analyzing the underlying electronic structure, we were able to show that this behavior can be explained through a combination of charge transfer and polarization effects of the adsorbate layer. We have now extended this previous study by considering the adsorption of fluorine, chlorine

Study of mesoporous CdS-quantum-dot-sensitized TiO₂ films by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and AFM

• Mohamed N. Ghazzal,
• Robert Wojcieszak,
• Gijo Raj and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 68–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.6

• the traces of nitrogen and small quantities of chlorine ions, the molar concentrations of which vary from 1.8 to 2.3% depending on the deposition cycle. Determination of the QDs-CdS particle size X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is usually used to determine the chemical composition of the prepared

Structural and electronic properties of oligo- and polythiophenes modified by substituents

• Simon P. Rittmeyer and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 909–919, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.101

• properties of oligothiophenes and whether the underlying effects can be transferred to the respective polymers. First, we took into account classical substituents, namely methyl (CH3), amino (NH2) and nitro groups (NO2) and the chlorine atom (Cl). We chose these substituents, because they exemplify the basic

• differs from BTp. Except for the chlorine-substituted dimer (ClBTp), all BTp derivatives show dihedral angles of about 22° to 24°. ClBTp itself is predicted to appear in a totally flat structure, probably caused by the intramolecular dipole–dipole interaction. The already mentioned flattening effect of a

• growing chain length again becomes observable as the dihedral angles of the substituted polymers are about 12° for NO2PTp and NH2PTp, and the methyl- and chlorine-substituted polymers, such as PTp, turn out to be both completely flat. The substituents lead to recognizable effects in the electronic

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• active chlorine content of 13%, while KI acts as reducing agent for the OCl− ions of the etchant [32][48]. The apex angle of the conical pores in PI becomes larger by increasing the pH of the NaOCl solution [26]. Channels with specific geometries other than cylindrical or conical, for example, cigar

Probing three-dimensional surface force fields with atomic resolution: Measurement strategies, limitations, and artifact reduction

• Mehmet Z. Baykara,
• Omur E. Dagdeviren,
• Todd C. Schwendemann,
• Harry Mönig,
• Eric I. Altman and
• Udo D. Schwarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 637–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.73

• the locations of the force maxima coincide with the actual positions of the chlorine surface atoms in all cases except for Figure 7d, in which we observe an absolute lateral shift. But even in this instance, the individual force-field spectra associated with surface atoms evolve in a straight

• positions of the chlorine surface ions, which coincide with the force maxima in all cases but (d), in which the force maxima and the atomic positions are shifted by about 0.7 Å. 2-D force fields over the NaCl(001) surface simulated using parameters identical to the corresponding panels in Figure 7, but this

• time taken along the [100] direction. The difference between the absolute interaction force at each point and the mean calculated force is displayed for better contrast. In all cases, force maxima (red) coincide with the positions of the chlorine ions of the surface (indicated by the black arrows

Synthesis and electrical characterization of intrinsic and in situ doped Si nanowires using a novel precursor

• Wolfgang Molnar,
• Alois Lugstein,
• Tomasz Wojcik,
• Peter Pongratz,
• Norbert Auner,
• Christian Bauch and
• Emmerich Bertagnolli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 564–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.65

• described in the literature [28], 50 g of the perchlorinated polysilane were dissolved in 500 mL of SiCl4 and placed in a 1 L flask equipped with a reflux condenser, a stirrer and a gas inlet. The reflux condenser was connected with a cooling trap (−20 °C). Dry chlorine gas was slowly passed through the

Directed deposition of silicon nanowires using neopentasilane as precursor and gold as catalyst

• Britta Kämpken,
• Verena Wulf,
• Norbert Auner,
• Marcel Winhold,
• Michael Huth,
• Daniel Rhinow and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 535–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.62

• other hand is much safer but requires a reducing agent, such as hydrogen, for the formation of elemental silicon [35]. It also bears the possibility of contaminating the deposited silicon with chlorine atoms, which will significantly change the conduction behavior of the Si NWs. Different precursors

• bonds, so high growth rates can be expected [40]. Additionally the molecule contains no chlorine or other potentially contaminating atoms. At room temperature it is a liquid with a reasonable vapor pressure of 20 mbar [41]. In this work, we compare the growth of silicon NWs from NPS using three kinds of

Synthesis and catalytic applications of combined zeolitic/mesoporous materials

• Jarian Vernimmen,
• Vera Meynen and
• Pegie Cool

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 785–801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.87

• “older” synthesis processes, such as the chlorohydrin route, generate a huge amount of byproducts, for example, for each ton of propylene oxide, 2 t of CaCl2 is obtained. In addition, 1.4 t of chlorine, 1.0 t of Ca(OH)2 and a large excess of water are needed. However, recently, BASF/Dow and Degussa

Zirconium nanoparticles prepared by the reduction of zirconium oxide using the RAPET method

• Michal Eshed,
• Swati Pol,
• Aharon Gedanken and
• Mahalingam Balasubramanian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 198–203, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.23

• mainly from the mineral zircon, which can be purified with chlorine [2]. Zirconium metal is also used for making zirconium inorganic and organic compounds. Many examples of the synthesis of zirconium complexes for catalytic applications are described in the literature [3][4]. A very important example for