Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• conductivity, the implantation of silver ions can also significantly affect the interaction of the material with water molecules, thereby improving its sensing response to changes in air humidity [13]. By modifying the chemical composition and microstructure of the surface, the affinity of the material for air

• yield. Such properties are promising for applications including photocatalytic water purification, self-cleaning surfaces, and light-activated antimicrobial coatings [20]. The elemental composition of the modified films was characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and elastic recoil

• calculation was performed through a complex Monte Carlo simulation. The initial GO composition for SRIM simulation was determined by RBS analysis of the pristine sample, while the composition and density of the PI polymer were obtained from the SRIM database. The results of the SRIM simulation are shown in

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• therapeutic payload and intestinal permeability [17]. PNs represent a viable strategy for overcoming GIT barriers in oral drug delivery. The polymeric composition allows for diverse and sophisticated designs, with primary advantages including the ability to control size, shape, and surface charge. Furthermore

• polymers are classified based on their chemical composition and include polyesters, polyamides, polyethylene glycol derivatives, and responsive polymers, among others. The most frequently used polymers as oral nanocarriers include poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and

• ]. Zein’s amino acid composition contributes to its insolubility in water, except under specific conditions, such as in the presence of high concentrations of urea, alcohol, anionic surfactants, or at high pH levels (≥11). Its hydrophobicity and solubility profile make zein an attractive nanocarrier as it

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• efficacy and safety for ocular administration. Keywords: eye drops; micelles; low-energy method; ophthalmic vehicle; sample dilution; stability; Introduction Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition affecting the ocular surface, characterized by changes in tear fluid composition and/or

• disease cases [13]. Advances in nanomedicine have provided effective solutions, particularly for treating DED [1]. To address challenges in topical ocular drug delivery and to develop products that mimic tear film composition, ocular nanosystems (ONSs) with diameters ranging from 50 to 300 nm are being

• , understanding the HLB value requires clarifying the arrangement of the hydrophilic portions of the surfactant molecules [43]. Previous research suggests that the behavior of lecithin in solutions is directly influenced by the proportion of phospholipids and fatty acids in its composition, as well as the type of

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• opening angle than those from the basal part. This may be attributed to variations in tissue composition or mechanical and hygroscopic properties along the cone. In the case of basal scales, our measured opening angle is underestimated due to the chosen method of angle calculation and the strong curvature

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• observation of catalytic surfaces under reaction conditions. This allows for full life cycle characterization of catalysts, offering insights into surface structure, composition, and dynamic behavior during catalysis. Thanks to its intrinsic surface sensitivity, APXPS is uniquely positioned to probe the

• transition metal dichalcogenides [30] are widely studied for this purpose. Boix, Knudsen and collaborators combined APXPS with gas pulsing with varied composition to repeatedly form and remove undercover reaction products. Specifically, they studied CO and H2 oxidation below oxygen-intercalated graphene

• surface composition and the catalyst selectivity by observing the gas phase (with a slightly retracted sample). The time evolution of NO and N2 taken from curve fits of the N 1s gas phase spectra (Figure 7D) is shown in (Figure 7F) while the evolution of the dominant surface adsorbate taken from curve

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• ][85]. Furthermore, in polysaccharides such as chitin, hyaluronic acid, and alginate, factors such as molecular weight, degree of branching, monosaccharide composition, and processes like sulfation or phosphorylation significantly influence their ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment and

• benefits of this technology are reduced toxicity and immunogenicity, as well as less complexity, since they do not implement synthetic carriers in their composition. However, carrier-free self-assembly nanoparticles may have some limitations, such as the limitation of natural products used, since the

• nanoparticles are semiconductor structures smaller than typical nanoparticles, ranging from 2 to 10 nm in size. They are composed of heavy metal or inorganic material and exhibit fluorescent activity, making them commonly used for pharmaceutical applications [153][154]. The technology’s composition is

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• classified based on size, origin, and polymeric composition [2]. Morphologically, MPs appear as foam, beads, sheets, fragments, and fibres, with fibres being the most prevalent type, often originating from wastewater discharged by the textile industry. Based on their origin, MPs are divided into two groups

• different types of MPs depending on factors such as charge, size, and chemical composition. Being naturally abundant and environmentally friendly, zeolites offer a cost-effective option for sustainable water purification. However, challenges such as cost and consistent supply of high-quality zeolites can

• calorimetry, pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry, and thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography are useful in identifying the chemical composition of MPs but are destructive analytical techniques [132][133]. Spectroscopic analysis like Raman spectroscopy often suffers from a poor signal-to

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• , allows for thermal and mechanical stresses to be controlled locally, is known as functionally graded materials (FGMs). By means of a gradual composition and microstructure, FGMs can reduce interfacial stress, allowing for precise tailoring of mechanical properties such as stiffness, strength, and

• toughness along a specific direction or within a defined volume [7]. By strategically varying the composition or morphology of the material, FGMs can be designed with enhanced performance characteristics tailored to specific application requirements. The gradient can be continuous or discontinuous, or step

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• °, respectively (JCPDS card no. 21-1272). The Raman spectra in Figure 2b are in accordance with the XRD analysis in phase composition. The CC/NW-450 °C spectrum displays prominent peaks at 146, 195, 287, 395, 516, and 637 cm−1, corresponding to the Eg, A1g, B1g, B1g, (A1g + B1g), and Eg modes of the anatase phase

• evaporation upon the decomposition of hydrogen titanate, according to Equation 4. The surface composition and oxidation states of TiO2 nanowires on carbon cloth (CC/NW-450 °C) and CC/HTNW were examined by XPS (Figure 4). The survey spectrum confirms the presence of Ti, O, and C (Figure 4a) in both samples

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• are currently used, as well as fundamental features of the thin film formation processes with new composition and coatings of various types. These types of nanomaterials are very promising (in terms of computational performance and energy dissipation efficiency) for use in superconducting digital

• structure and composition of Co–Ni–Fe films were evaluated, and it was found out how the deposition rate affects the conversion of a weak magnetic field into magnetic induction. In addition, thin-film structures based on Fe and Co are among the most promising materials that can be applied in the creation of

• materials science. These properties depend not only on the composition, but also on factors such as film thickness, which in turn affects their application in microelectronics, spintronics, and other high-tech fields. The aim of this article is to model the magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms of

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• Abstract In this study, silicon nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by pulsed laser ablation in a liquid, aiming to investigate the influence of a laser beam profile on the properties of the resultant NPs. Morphology, inner structure, and phase composition of the formed NPs were characterized by means of

• as an ablation source. The beam profile has been shown to be a crucial factor significantly influencing morphology and composition of the nanostructures produced. Namely, the conditions generated using a Bessel beam profile favored the production of nanostructures having elongated filament-like

• , repetition rate, and liquid composition. The parameters of the ablated target, such as its optical characteristics and conductivity/resistivity, might also have a pronounced impact on size and morphology of the produced NPs. As demonstrated in [12], femtosecond laser ablation of silicon with varying

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• , elemental composition of the bare CNTs and their functionalized derivatives have been revealed by the EDX spectroscopic analysis (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). Pristine CNTs were found to have 97.79% carbon and 2.21% oxygen reflecting the primarily carbon-based structure with minimal oxygen

• Freundlich isotherm fitting and heterogeneous surface characteristics. However, the adsorption behavior can vary on many factors such as type of adsorbates, adsorbent composition, reaction conditions, and degree of functionality. In our case, the adsorption behavior of pure CNT-based dendrimer adsorbents

• patterns were recorded on a Shimadzu 6100 X-ray diffractometer in a 2θ range of 10–80°, providing insights into the crystalline structure and phase composition of the CNTs before and after modification. UV–vis spectroscopy was used to monitor adsorption of metal ions by the interaction of dendrimerized

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• [12]. The size, shape, and composition of these nanomaterials can be controlled by adjusting experimental parameters such as laser settings, liquid medium, and target material. Additionally, the preparation of doped and multicomponent semiconductor nanostructures could expand LAL’s potential in

• medium characteristics (e.g., chemical composition and viscosity) influence the size, morphology, and surface properties of the Au NPs, which, in turn, determine their performance. The effect of solvents on morphology of generated NPs in laser ablation is shown in Figure 2. While PLAL offers a rich

• factors such as size, surface-to-volume ratio, crystalline structure, composition, oxidation state, shape, and defects [68]. To synthesize NPs, colloids suspended in transparent liquids are irradiated with short or ultra-short laser pulses, which result in selective absorption by the NPs. This occurs

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• composition, MPs, rice biochar, enrichment, dissolved organic carbon, and modified biochar. As depicted in Figure 3a, the clustering and proximity of these items indicate frequent co-citation among the publications. Their temporal evolution is visualized in Figure 3b, while Figure 3c shows the frequency and

• interactions in soil [31]. Biochar properties The physical and chemical properties of biochar depend significantly on the composition of its feedstock [46]. Molecular model calculations and quantum chemistry analyses suggest that biochar derived from wood exhibits superior physical properties, such as porosity

• composition, and microbial community. Regarding soil physical properties, MPs modify porosity and aeration, which in turn disrupt water and air circulation, leading to soil compaction and dryness that adversely affect root development [52][54][56]. These changes are exemplified by the reduction in water

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• , Pt, Fe, Cu, or Ir) solution are used for nanowire growth, where adjustments to the AC field parameters and solution composition allow the fabrication of either single cylindrical nanowires (ranging from 15 to 600 nm in diameter and up to several hundreds of micrometers in length) or dendritic

• complete as intended and these electrodes were discarded. A thin layer of copper deposition on the exposed platinum nanowire tip was further examined using SEM imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental composition analysis. Figure 2b presents an SEM image of the copper-coated

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• lifespan of the membranes. The widely used antimicrobial nanoparticles can be categorized based on their composition and properties as follows: metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, oxide nanoparticles, and composite nanomaterials. Zheng’s group used an in situ synthesis method to embed AgNPs

• provide compelling evidence for the successful surface modification of CTA with PDA and the subsequent immobilization of Ag on the PCTA surface via coordination bonds. In order to clarify the valence state of Ag, XPS was employed to provide detailed information about the elemental composition and chemical

• layer. EDS is again used to analyze the elemental composition of the coating. It can be seen that the coating has been compromised and Na+ has penetrated the coating. Furthermore, the AgNPs partially aggregate or migrate within the PDA layer due to changes in the local chemical environment (Supporting

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• delivery mechanism are broadly categorized into passive and active targeting [38]. Passive targeting is controlled by size, charge, and composition of the nanoparticle, which influences the localization, cell penetration, and release of the drug as physicochemical features of pathogenic tissues facilitate

• , significantly expanding their applications [58]. The structure of liposomes can vary, with unilamellar and multilamellar vesicles being the two main forms, offering flexibility in the types of drugs they can deliver. In addition, size, surface charge, and lipid composition of these nanoparticles can be tailored

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• have been used for various therapeutic agents, including antibiotics, analgesics, and anticancer drugs [114]. Microfluidics enables the production of liposomes with precise control over size, composition, and EE. Microfluidics-based methods can produce liposomes with uniform size, which is critical for

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• , finding numerous applications in scientific research. Deep learning models have been used to identify two-dimensional materials in microscopic images [6], characterize mineral composition in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) samples [7], and determine nanotube chirality from transmission electron

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• is the effective mass of the electron. Stainless steel has a more complex electron density than pure metals because it is composed of a mix of iron, chromium, nickel, and other elements. Stainless steel’s electron density varies depending on the composition and microstructure of the alloy, typically

• redistribution of metallic particles in the surrounding areas. This rapid process leads to the formation of intricate surface nanostructures, as elucidated in the previous sections. Here, we examine whether the fundamental composition of SS undergoes any alterations with varying incident wavelengths. To

• weight percentages of Cr, Fe, and Ni across all three areas. This uniformity suggests that the elemental composition remains unchanged throughout the whole laser-treated surface. For a comparative study, we also measured the elements on a polished stainless steel surface, depicted in Figure 10e. Figure

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• , controlled crystallinity, and superior film uniformity achieved via the controlled-intensity current electrodeposition of BiOI. Surface chemical composition (XPS) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed to investigate the surface chemical states and composition of the BiVO4 photoanodes, focusing

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• composition may be attributed to variations in environmental conditions, such as climatic conditions, temperature, and pulp drying duration before oil extraction. Additionally, the specific extraction technique employed can influence lipid degradation and promote the formation of free fatty acids [19

• speed was set at 2,500 mL/min. The composition (in percent) was calculated using the peak normalization method. Preparation of nanoemulsions Acrocomia aculeata oil nanoemulsions were prepared using the phase inversion method [61][62]. The formulations comprised 5% w/w bocaiúva oil, 5% surfactants (Span

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• and apo A-II) that can bind SR-BI receptors overexpressed on cancer cells. Unlike LDL, HDL is transported directly into the cytosol bypassing lysosomal degradation [68]. Reconstituted HDL (rHDL) is now developed by changing the chemical composition or morphology to optimize drug delivery. When loaded

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• against a range of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria thanks to the cinnamic aldehyde and eugenol content in its composition [31][32][33]. The effectiveness of incorporating CEO in the preservation of fruits has been demonstrated. The preservation of mangoes was extended by 7 days [34] and the color

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• that can be topically and systemically applied [66]. Table 1 summarizes the composition, cross-linkers, and preparation methods of hydrogels related to dermal applications. Chitosan is one of the most versatile polymers used to prepare hydrogels. It can be combined with gelatin [122], pectin [123

• [145][146][147]. Nanogel formulations Nanogels can be prepared via different methods by using monomers [148] or polymers [149] as raw materials, which can be both of natural [18][150] and synthetic origin [151][152]. Depending on the composition and preparation method, nanogels can be designed to act

• delivery Topical drug delivery is a challenging issue, notably due to the barrier function of the skin, which is mainly exerted by its outermost layer, the stratum corneum (SC) [169][170]. The skin barrier is based on the specific content and composition of the SC and, in particular, on the exceptional