Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

Effect of substitutional defects on resonant tunneling diodes based on armchair graphene and boron nitride nanoribbons lateral heterojunctions

• Majid Sanaeepur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 688–694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.56

• between two potential barriers, forming a so-called double-barrier quantum well structure. In the well, the energy of the electrons is quantized due to the quantum confinement of their wave function. Incident electrons with energies equal to the quantized levels of the well pass through the barriers with

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• synthesized from glassy carbon [16], graphite [26], polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) [27], and a graphite–cement mixture [6] via LAL in various liquids. In general, there are three major mechanisms contributing to the photoluminescence (PL) of CDs: 1) size-dependent bandgap (quantum confinement), 2) surface

• CDs (surface state), and 3) the quantum confinement effect (size dependence). From Figure 2, we note that the average particle size of the CDs is 11.02 ± 3.29 and 9.57 ± 0.99 nm for the HTC-CDs and LA-CDs-10%, respectively, and the average particle size of the annealed-CDs is 3.89 ± 0.65 nm. There is

• (quantum confinement effect) is negligible. The PL characteristics of the soybean-derived CDs are dependent on the domain size in CDs (molecular state) and the functional groups on the surface of CDs (surface state). Table 2 summarizes the PL characteristics of the HTC-CDs, annealed-CDs and LA-CDs-10

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• ) such as CdSe, CdTe, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, PbS and PbSe have widely been studied as luminescent nanomaterials [24][25]. This is attributed to the possibilities to tune their size, surface functionalities, quantum confinement and high quantum yield (60–90%) [26][27]. Importantly, SCQDs display a broad spectrum

• quantum confinement, and the evolution of continuous or quasicontinuous bands (of bulk gold) into discrete electronic states [40]. Another attractive property of AuNCs is photoluminescence (PL), a phenomenon that is much less understood than the surface plasmon resonance of plasmonic gold nanoparticles

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• parallel steps or ribs. The more ordered ripple formation on nanorods can be associated with the confinement of the nanorod facets in comparison with the quasi-infinite surface of the flat substrates. Keywords: cluster ion bombardment; gas cluster ion beam; surface ripples; ZnO nanorods; Introduction The

• observed if the ripple wavelength is comparable to the characteristic size of the area under irradiation, i.e., when such an area is laterally confined. The role of surface lateral confinement in the ordering of the ripples can be discussed also from another point of view. Carter et al. have found that

• needles with a few tens of ripples [26]. Hence, a correlation between the ordering effect of the ripples and lateral confinement of the nanorod facet needs to be proposed. The influence of the confinement on the ripple formation can be explained as follows. It is known that during crater formation the

Brome mosaic virus-like particles as siRNA nanocarriers for biomedical purposes

• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Pierrick G. J. Fournier,
• Danna L. Arellano,
• Ana G. Rodriguez-Hernandez,
• Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 372–382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.28

• molecules in the T = 3 capsid (180 CP molecules). Thus, the siRNA confinement in BMV-VLPs is 10 times higher than that reported for CCMV VLPs [32]. Considering that siRNA has 42 e− charges, there are 2,772 negative charges inside of the VLP, which is in agreement with the average of negative charges in the

An advanced structural characterization of templated meso-macroporous carbon monoliths by small- and wide-angle scattering techniques

• Felix M. Badaczewski,
• Marc O. Loeh,
• Torben Pfaff,
• Dirk Wallacher,
• Daniel Clemens and
• Bernd M. Smarsly

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 310–322, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.23

• resin- and pitch-based samples treated at 3000 °C show no general (hkl) reflections as expected for graphite, while the non-templated precursors are converted to graphite at this temperature. This absence of 3D order can be attributed to the confinement and the nanostructure, which hinder the

• counterintuitive as pitches belong to the carbon materials that usually transform readily into graphite. This inhibition of graphite formation is probably due to the confinement effect of the nanostructure imposed by the nanoscale porosity. The structural alterations on the nanometer scale are depicted in Figure 8

Liquid crystal tunable claddings for polymer integrated optical waveguides

• José M. Otón,
• Manuel Caño-García,
• Fernando Gordo,
• Eva Otón,
• Morten A. Geday and
• Xabier Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2163–2170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.209

• shows up is where N is the number of maxima in the pattern. Through modifying the characteristic length by switching the LC cladding, several tunable devices can be prepared. Since modes are characterized by a particular degree of confinement, every mode will be affected differently by a change in the

• the confinement of the modes illustrated on the right of Figure 5. The top inset, corresponding to neff = 1.548, shows two leaky modes (actually they reach beyond the boundaries of the calculation). In other words, the refractive index of the cladding is too close to the refractive index of the core

• configuration. The outputs are shown in the inset below (the actual power distribution is about 95:5, but the picture is saturated). LC-cladding of inorganic core MMIs Confinement of radiation can also be achieved through increasing the core refractive index. Hence, calculations have been performed using an

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• alkyl chains. Long-range ordered π-conjugated columns in densely packed arrays of the pentathiophene core confine charge carrier transport to one direction. The charge generation and transport can be effectively maximized by this carrier transport confinement. The fabricated field-effect transistor

Pulsed laser synthesis of highly active Ag–Rh and Ag–Pt antenna–reactor-type plasmonic catalysts

• Kenneth A. Kane and
• Massimo F. Bertino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1958–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.192

• excitation is the direct confinement of light near the surface of the metal NP in the form of elevated electric fields [1]. The confinement amplifies absorption (electron–hole pair excitation) and photon scattering, both of which are photophysical processes [2][3][4][5]. For isolated NPs, the amplification

Oblique angle deposition of nickel thin films by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering

• Hamidreza Hajihoseini,
• Movaffaq Kateb,
• Snorri Þorgeir Ingvarsson and
• Jon Tomas Gudmundsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1914–1921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.186

• ferromagnetic materials are difficult to sputter with conventional dc magnetron sputtering since a portion of the magnetic flux is shunted by the magnetic target, thus decreasing the electron confinement, which results in low plasma density and low deposition rate. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated

Fabrication and characterization of Si_1−xGe_x nanocrystals in as-grown and annealed structures: a comparative study

• Muhammad Taha Sultan,
• Adrian Valentin Maraloiu,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Jón Tómas Gudmundsson,
• Andrei Manolescu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Magdalena Lidia Ciurea and
• Halldór Gudfinnur Svavarsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.182

• confinement. These NCs present unique and interesting size-dependent physical properties for a wide range of application including lighting, non-volatile memories, and electronic and photovoltaic applications [1][2][3]. SiGe nanostructures exhibit a stronger quantum confinement effect than Si NCs [4] and have

• above which the interface effect prevails and below which the photoresponse is associated with quantum confinement. That is, size and surface chemistry of the NCs and oxygen-related bonds are the factors determining the photocurrent spectra. It is well understood that annealing results in the formation

Construction of a 0D/1D composite based on Au nanoparticles/CuBi₂O₄ microrods for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Weilong Shi,
• Mingyang Li,
• Hongji Ren,
• Feng Guo,
• Xiliu Huang,
• Yu Shi and
• Yubin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1360–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.134

• ) 0D nanomaterials with quantum confinement effect are ideal materials in the field of photocatalysis; (iii) 0D nanomaterials could provide more active sites, further enhancing the separation of photogenerated carriers of the 1D substrate materials; (iv) the intimate bonding of two kinds of dimensional

A biomimetic nanofluidic diode based on surface-modified polymeric carbon nitride nanotubes

• Kai Xiao,
• Baris Kumru,
• Lu Chen,
• Lei Jiang,
• Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt and
• Markus Antonietti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1316–1323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.130

• with electron-rich –NH terminal groups. The negative surface charge is a crucial factor in ion transport. To confirm that confinement effects as well as the surface charge control the ion-transport properties [36][37][38], we measured the conductance of KCl electrolyte both in bulk solution and across

CuInSe₂ quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy on amorphous SiO₂ surfaces

• Henrique Limborço,
• Pedro M.P. Salomé,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro-Andrade,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Kamal Abderrafi,
• Joaquim P. Leitão,
• Juan C. Gonzalez and
• Sascha Sadewasser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1103–1111, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.110

• bandgap and in agreement with the distribution of sizes. A blue-shift of the luminescence is observed as the average size of the nanodots gets smaller, evidencing quantum confinement in all samples. By using simple quantum confinement calculations, we correlate the photoluminescence peak emission energy

• show in detail the spectra in Figure 4c–e. The dashed line indicates the bulk bandgap of CIS (1.04–1.05 eV) [45][46]. It is clear that all samples show peak emission at energies above the bulk bandgap, which we preliminarily explain by a quantum confinement effect due to the small mean size of the

• nanodots presented in Figure 1. With increasing substrate temperature, the mean size of the nanodots increases, leading to reduced quantum confinement effect and a red-shift of the PL emission to values closer to the CIS bandgap. To analyse the CIS emission in more detail and independently of the

Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as a saturable absorber for giant chirped pulse generation

• Ji-Shu Liu,
• Xiao-Hui Li,
• Abdul Qyyum,
• Yi-Xuan Guo,
• Tong Chai,
• Hua Xu and
• Jie Jiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1065–1072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.107

• . In addition, FONPs also exhibit nonlinear photonic properties such as two-photon absorption, nonlinear scattering, and optical confinement [1][2]. Ferrous ferric oxide (Fe3O4) is a transition metal oxide that has a large third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of χ(3) = 4.0 × 10−10 esu and an

Structural and optical properties of penicillamine-protected gold nanocluster fractions separated by sequential size-selective fractionation

• Xiupei Yang,
• Zhengli Yang,
• Fenglin Tang,
• Jing Xu,
• Maoxue Zhang and
• Martin M. F. Choi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 955–966, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.96

• was investigated at room temperature. The results show that the peak emission energy of the size-selected AuNCs undergoes a blue shift when the size is decreased, which can be attributed to the quantum confinement effect. Keywords: gold nanoclusters; monolayer-protected gold nanoclusters; sequential

• energies on nanocluster sizes indicates that the optical luminescence of the samples comes from the quantum confinement effect. The band gap of the NCs increases with a decrease in the dimension of the AuNC quantum structure. Conclusion In this research, a highly polydisperse penicillamine-protected AuNC

Trapping polysulfide on two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide for Li–S batteries through phase selection with optimized binding

• Sha Dong,
• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 774–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.77

• shuttle effect. The shuttle effect aggravates the cyclic performance of the Li–S battery. During recent years, many approaches have been devoted to suppressing the shuttle effect and improving the conductivity. Physical confinement of LPSs within host materials with large surface area, such as carbon

• nanotubes and porous materials, has been a common strategy to minimize the leakage of LPSs. However, the function of physical confinement is limited, and it slows down diffusion for ionic transport [9]. The addition of anchoring materials into the cathodes with a strong binding affinity to LPSs was thought

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• available surface area per unit charge of ≈24 Å2, a value close to that required by histidine in a parallel orientation (≈26–29 Å2/e−). This interlayer arrangement suggests an important confinement of histidine molecules between LDH layers. This may explain the presence of co-intercalated nitrate ions

Ultrasonication-assisted synthesis of CsPbBr₃ and Cs₄PbBr₆ perovskite nanocrystals and their reversible transformation

• Longshi Rao,
• Xinrui Ding,
• Xuewei Du,
• Guanwei Liang,
• Yong Tang,
• Kairui Tang and
• Jin Z. Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 666–676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.66

• ) structures of Cs4PbX6 NCs can be achieved, demonstrating a crystalline structure with well-separated octahedra [PbBr6]4− isolated by Cs+ ions [12][13]. This specific structure is expected to result in strong quantum confinement and electron–phonon interactions. This inspires researchers to further explore

A carrier velocity model for electrical detection of gas molecules

• Ali Hosseingholi Pourasl,
• Sharifah Hafizah Syed Ariffin,
• Mohammad Taghi Ahmadi,
• Razali Ismail and
• Niayesh Gharaei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 644–653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.64

• following form: where a1 and a2 are the lattice vectors. After calculation of the determinant of the matrix above, and applying the Taylor expansion and the quantum confinement effect [25] due to the finite width, the energy dispersion relation can be obtained for AGNR considering the gas molecules

Coexisting spin and Rabi oscillations at intermediate time regimes in electron transport through a photon cavity

• Vidar Gudmundsson,
• Hallmann Gestsson,
• Nzar Rauf Abdullah,
• Chi-Shung Tang,
• Andrei Manolescu and
• Valeriu Moldoveanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 606–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.61

• the parabolic confinement energy of the leads and the central system = 2.0 meV, together with the cyclotron frequency ωc = (eBext)/(m*c) produce an effective characteristic confinement energy and an effective magnetic length This characteristic length scale is approximately 23.8 nm for the

• in a short quantum wire of length Lx = 180 nm ≈ 7.6aw, where aw = 23.8 nm is the effective magnetic length for transverse magnetic field Bext = 0.1 T and parabolic confinement energy = 2.0 meV of the short wire and leads in the y-direction. The white gaps at x ≈ ±3.8aw indicate the onset of the semi

Quantification and coupling of the electromagnetic and chemical contributions in surface-enhanced Raman scattering

• Yarong Su,
• Yuanzhen Shi,
• Ping Wang,
• Jinglei Du,
• Markus B. Raschke and
• Lin Pang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 549–556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.56

• enhancement responsible for the exquisite sensitivity of SERS is a combination of both electromagnetic field effects and chemical effects [6][7][8][9][10]. It has been accepted that the dominant electromagnetic enhancement mechanism (EM) is the nanoscale field confinement associated with localized surface

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• structure. When used in Li–S batteries, the 3D porous lattice matrix not only accommodates a high content of sulfur, but also induces a confinement effect towards polysulfide, and thereby reduces the “shuttle effect”. The as-prepared S-3D-RGO@MWCNT composite delivers an initial specific capacity of 1102

• sites for strong S–metal bonding that have been reported to suppress the shuttle effect in polysulfides [13][14][15][16]. Moreover, designing metal oxides into various unique morphologies, e.g., hollow structures, can also provide a physical (or structural) confinement for sulfur [17]. Metal-oxide

• performance of S-3D-RGO@MWCNT indicates the efficient confinement of sulfur preventing the loss of active material through the shuttle effect. Figure 7a reveals the charge–discharge voltage profiles of the batteries measured at various rates across the voltage range of 1.5 to 3.0 V. A two-plateau behaviour of

Temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy and sensor applications of PtSe₂ nanosheets synthesized by wet chemistry

• Mahendra S. Pawar and
• Dattatray J. Late

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.46

• , etc. from group IV–V and X represents the chalcogenides family, X = S, Se, Te, etc. The metal atom M is sandwiched between layers of chalcogenide (X) atoms in the structure X–M–X. The TMDCs show diverse functional properties at the monolayer level in contrast to bulk due to the quantum confinement