Numerical study on all-optical modulation characteristics of quantum cascade lasers

• Biao Wei,
• Haijun Zhou,
• Guangxiang Li and
• Bin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1011–1019, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.88

• physics in QCL’s gain medium which consists of multiple of dielectric nanostructures with high refractive index under light injection, we modified the 1½-period model to calculate values of electron population and lifetime in each subband which is separated by the nanostructures, optical gain, current and

• number of photons in the cavity of a mid-infrared QCL modulated with near-infrared optical injection. The results were consistent with an experiment, where the injected light increases the electron population and lifetime, but does not affect the optical gain obviously. Our study can be helpful for

• equations (FRE) [18] as Equations 1–4 shows, where n0 is the cavity index, gc is the gain cross section, c is the speed of light. ΓP is the optical confinement factor per stage, α is the laser total loss. NP the total number of stages, 1/τk,i is the rate of electron scattered from subband k to subband i, 1

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• environments by Collins et al. [81]. This technique exhibits a similar cantilever capacitive contribution to VCPD as AM-KPFM and is only quantitative if the relative gain of the two measured frequencies is known either through an additional measurement or through modelling [29]. Since the electrostatic

• function of the cantilever. This frequency-dependent gain, XGain, represents the sensitivity ratio of the cantilever at the two frequencies of interest. XGain is relatively stable for a given tip–sample distance in a given environment and, as such, can be approximated mathematically [29]. However, changes

• constant, T is the temperature, Nd is the detector noise, and ωn, kn, and Qn are, respectively, the resonance frequency, spring constant, and quality factor of the n-th eigenmode (n = 1, 2). The corresponding gain at a given frequency is then defined as We note that more complex expressions for the

Ideal Kerker scattering by homogeneous spheres: the role of gain or loss

• Qingdong Yang,
• Weijin Chen,
• Yuntian Chen and
• Wei Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 828–835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.73

• . China College for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, P. R. China 10.3762/bjnano.13.73 Abstract We investigate how the optical gain or loss (characterized by isotropic complex refractive indexes) influence the ideal Kerker scattering of

• exactly zero backward scattering. It was previously shown that, for non-magnetic homogeneous spheres with incident plane waves, either gain or loss prohibit ideal Kerker scattering, provided that only electric and magnetic multipoles of a specific order are present and contributions from other multipoles

• produce ideal Kerker scattering. Moreover, we further demonstrate that, when multipoles of different orders are simultaneously taken into consideration, loss or gain can serve as helpful rather than harmful contributing factors, for the elimination of backward scattering. Keywords: gain and loss; Kerker

Temperature and chemical effects on the interfacial energy between a Ga–In–Sn eutectic liquid alloy and nanoscopic asperities

• Yujin Han,
• Pierre-Marie Thebault,
• Corentin Audes,
• Xuelin Wang,
• Haiwoong Park,
• Jian-Zhong Jiang and
• Arnaud Caron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 817–827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.72

• energy of the system. The larger the individual free surface energies, the larger the energetic gain upon the formation of an interface. Above, we have related the temperature sensitivity of the surface energy κ to the surface entropy Ss. For most liquids, the value κ is negative, owing to an increase in

Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene

• Teodora Vićentić,
• Stevan Andrić,
• Vladimir Rajić and
• Marko Spasenović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58

• visual inspection of the images in Figure 2 confirms that slower centrifugation rates (samples on the left) yield thicker films than faster centrifugation rates (samples on the right), which is expected because flakes are thicker and laterally larger when processed at slower rates. To gain further

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• microscale energy system. Triboelectric power generation: Two materials with different work functions will gain or lose electrons when they are in contact with each other, resulting in the triboelectric effect [90]. When the switch is closed, the electrode contact friction causes the surfaces to carry

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

Controllable two- and three-state magnetization switching in single-layer epitaxial Pd_1−xFe_x films and an epitaxial Pd_0.92Fe_0.08/Ag/Pd_0.96Fe_0.04 heterostructure

• Igor V. Yanilkin,
• Amir I. Gumarov,
• Gulnaz F. Gizzatullina,
• Roman V. Yusupov and
• Lenar R. Tagirov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 334–343, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.28

• behavior was proposed in [21]. It suggested the successive movements of two 90° domain walls. The values of the coercive fields are determined by the conditions when the energy gain due to a moment rotation overcomes the wall pinning energy: For the Pd0.92Fe0.08 film, this model describes well the

Thermal oxidation process on Si(113)-(3 × 2) investigated using high-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy

• Hiroya Tanaka,
• Shinya Ohno,
• Kazushi Miki and
• Masatoshi Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 172–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.12

• ) substrate dramatically, so that it was close to that of Si(001) [1]. To gain insight into the origin of this remarkable reduction in Dit, it is necessary to understand the dynamic processes that occur during thermal oxidation more precisely. To this end, we observed the reaction dynamics during thermal

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

Nonmonotonous temperature dependence of Shapiro steps in YBCO grain boundary junctions

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitriy V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Sergey A. Pavlov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1279–1285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.95

• , maxΔI1 ≈ 5 mA × 72 GHz/560 GHz = 0.64 mA. For 265 GHz signal, the step height almost reaches the limit ≈Ic at 50 K, while at 20 K, ωmw is still far from ωc. Summarizing, for low-gigahertz radiation frequencies, lowering the temperature does not gain the response magnitude due to the non-optimal frequency

Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• TiO2 or TeO2 film are responsible for the emission of light. The intensity of the luminescence can be enhanced by the plasmon resonance from Au nanostructures. The gain is tunable by the thickness of a Al2O3 thin film deposited as a separator between metallic nanostructures and the luminescent layer

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• point. For high quality images, a correct feedback gain setting is required. We will not consider this issue in detail, since it is sufficiently general for all systems with negative feedback; the specificity associated with the operation of a scanning probe microscope can be found in [11]. We only note

• comparison with AM-AFM, the loss of the scanning speed in the VM is compensated by the gain in the ease of the AFM set up and the overall time required for collecting a high-quality image. There is no need for a test scan, it is easier to process collected images; due to the dramatic reduction of tip

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• a response time of 140 s. The fractal dimensions of the investigated samples ranged from 1.4 to 1.6. The authors did not observe any dependence on D, but a dependence on grain size was reported. These results indicate that a fractal geometry alone is not sufficient to gain better gas sensitivity

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• temperature to gain a more detailed understanding of the interactions of the cobalt additive and the carbon framework, as well as the formation and location of cobalt–nitrogen species. The changes in graphitisation, fibre chemistry, and electrochemical ORR performance are studied in depth using scanning

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• calibration for the gain of the cantilever’s transfer function. DH-KPFM has found applications on sensitive materials and solid–liquid interfaces where conventional CL KPFM does not perform very well [43]. CPD measurements in an OL operation have also been demonstrated in more inclusive scanning probe modes

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• crucial to adjust these parameters. Also, when aiming for continuous production by transferring the synthesis into a microreactor, it is necessary to know and control synthesis and particle parameters in a broader range [15]. Mainly two synthesis strategies to gain nanoparticles with uniform size and

• at 150 °C was revealed. In this way, we could gain a more in-depth insight into the kinetics of particle formation, while earlier studies by Abulikemu et al. and Li et al. were focusing on the temperature-dependent evolution of Sb2S3 particles. The suggested mechanism assumes that seeds (type 0

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• nanoparticles gain magnetization against an applied external magnetic field. Paramagnetism is caused by spin angular momentum (i.e., spin magnetic moment). Under the action of an external magnetic field, the initially disordered magnetic moments will be reoriented, thereby exhibiting paramagnetism, while other

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• charges. Single-atom adsorption Co and Ru atoms adsorb exothermically at all three adsorption sites. A single Co atom adsorbs most strongly at site atop_Mo, with an energy gain of −5.82 eV, followed by site hollow and site atop_S, with energy gains of −5.55 eV and −4.21 eV, respectively. A single Ru atom

• adsorbs preferentially at site atop_Mo with an energy gain of −3.92 eV, followed by site hollow and site atop_S, with energy gains of −3.40 eV and −2.47 eV, respectively. Similarly to Cu, for both Co and Ru, site atop_Mo is the most favourable adsorption site. This is likely due to the adatom position

• , (b) ML rearrangements including incorporation of metal atoms into the S layer and (c) formation of metal–S clusters. Incorporation of adatoms into the surface layer is known to increase the metal–substrate interaction, as is the lack of metal–metal bonds [48]. A gain in the metal–substrate

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• deployment and maintenance of sensors will bring challenges for intelligent transportation systems. PENGs/TENGs can gain energy from vibrations without the need for an energy grid. In 2013, Lin et al. [3] proposed a transparent and flexible PENG (TFNG) based on a flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• PVP-AgNPs, as observed in Figure 2b, occurred already in the circulation as blood represents a chloride-rich medium. To gain more detailed insight into the biotransformation of AgNPs, differently coated AgNPs were incubated for 30 min at a concentration of 100 mg Ag/L in PBS, whole blood (WB), blood

• AgNPs in artificial biological media In order to gain more coherent insight into the transformation of different AgNPs in biological media, we examined changes in their size, surface charge, and dissolution in simpler media (i.e., CCM, m(CCM+BSA), mCYS, m(CYS+BSA), mGSH, m(GSH+BSA), ALF, and AGF, see

• AgNPs enter the body where they gain a protein corona, aggregate, and dissolve to Ag+. Ionic silver may precipitate in the anion-rich environment of different tissues, where Ag binds to S, resulting in nanocrystals. Aggregation and corona–NP destabilisation can also lead to precipitation. Whole blood

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• backscattered electrons from the substrate and the secondary electrons they generate. In contrast, for ion beam lithography, the sensitivity gain can be orders of magnitude higher and the proximity effect is dramatically reduced, due to the much lower propensity of the ions to backscatter. However, before the

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• absorption [9]. However, the interaction between corrugated nanowire substrate and graphene could substantially increase the scattering of carriers in a graphene electrode and decrease its conductivity. Therefore, detailed studies of the interaction between nanowire substrate and graphene are crucial to gain