Ultrastructural changes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus induced by positively charged silver nanoparticles

• Dulce G. Romero-Urbina,
• Humberto H. Lara,
• J. Jesús Velázquez-Salazar,
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez,
• Eduardo Larios,
• Anand Srinivasan,
• Jose L. Lopez-Ribot and
• Miguel José Yacamán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2396–2405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.246

• spun down again for 10 min for washing. After washing two times, fixation of the bacterial cells was performed by resuspending each pellet in 1 mL of 4% formaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in PBS. After 2 h of incubation at room temperature, the samples were stored at 4 °C until they were stained with 1

Fabrication of hybrid graphene oxide/polyelectrolyte capsules by means of layer-by-layer assembly on erythrocyte cell templates

• Joseba Irigoyen,
• Nikolaos Politakos,
• Eleftheria Diamanti,
• Elena Rojas,
• Marco Marradi,
• Raquel Ledezma,
• Layza Arizmendi,
• J. Alberto Rodríguez,
• Ronald F. Ziolo and
• Sergio E. Moya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2310–2318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.237

• deposition of GO and polymers, as well as for the subsequent NaOCl oxidation and capsule generation, is represented in Figure 2. In the first step, the red blood cells are crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. The crosslinking is necessary to insure that the polyelectrolytes will not disrupt the erythrocyte

• 15 kg/mol), polystyrenesulfonate sodium salt, (PSS, Mw 70 kg/mol), sodium hypochlorite with active chlorine 13%, phosphate buffered saline 10× (PBS), glutaraldehyde solution grade II 25% in water, Hank´s balanced salt solution 10×, sodium chloride and graphite powder (<45 μm, ≥99.99% trace metals

• at 4 °C depositing the erythrocytes at the bottom and the rest of the plasma in different phases above them. Only the erythrocytes were obtained and cleaned twice with Hank´s solution by centrifugation under the same conditions as before. Cells were then fixed for 1 h at 4 °C with glutaraldehyde at a

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• Figure 3. Next, chitosan and TMC were introduced to the magnetic core in the presence of glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. According to the many reports on materials used for coating or encapsulating iron oxide nanoparticles, using chitosan results in particles with a rather broad distribution (20–100 nm

• 1502 cm−1 in the polymer/Fe3O4 spectra correlates with the shifted N–H bond. This is in addition to a new peak at about 1630 cm−1 which is supposed to be the result of the Schiff base formation due to the interaction between the N–H groups of the polymers and the CHO group of glutaraldehyde (which was

• purchased from Sigma (UK). T47D human ductal breast epithelial tumor cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (USA). FeCl3·6H2O (99.0%), FeCl2·4H2O (99.0%), NaOH, and acetic acid were purchased from Acros Organics (USA). Analytical HCl, NaCl, D-glucose, glutaraldehyde, N

Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• results were analysed and presented as a percentage of the untreated control samples. A cell plate that did not undergo the MTT procedure but did have cells incubated with the tattoo ink was treated with 4% glutaraldehyde for 20 min in order to chemically fix the cells for AFM analysis. Chemically fixed

Probing fibronectin–antibody interactions using AFM force spectroscopy and lateral force microscopy

• Andrzej J. Kulik,
• Małgorzata Lekka,
• Kyumin Lee,
• Grazyna Pyka-Fościak and
• Wieslaw Nowak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1164–1175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.118

• ) was used for the silanization of the mica and cantilever surfaces; (c) 2.5% glutaraldehyde aqueous solution, prepared from a 25% solution of glutaraldehyde was purchased from Sigma. All solutions were prepared using deionized water (Cobrabid water purification system, 0.08 µS). Cantilevers

• surface from gas phase for 2 h in a desiccator. Next, the sample was immersed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde aqueous solution for 20 min and afterwards rinsed with 10 mM PBS buffer. Then, the prepared sample was completely immersed in 0.1 mg/mL FN solution in PBS for 60 min, which prevented drying. Then, it was

• silanized using APTES from the gas phase, then their surface was activated using a 1.5% aqueous glutaraldehyde solution and rinsed with PBS buffer. Then, the cantilevers were immersed in a drop (≈50 µL) of PBS solution of 0.05 mg/mL Mab for 30 min, and afterwards rinsed with PBS buffer. These prepared

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• was then amine-functionalized through APS treatment for bioconjugation with FITC-IgG by using glutaraldehyde as linker. The characterization of the prepared NPs was carried out through XRD, UV–vis spectroscopy and PL emission spectra, VSM, TEM and SEM. The fluorescence spectra of mercaptosuccinic-acid

• -precipitation method and then coated with silica. Further these nanocomposites were treated with FITC-APTES and TEOS to obtain amine-functionalized silica-coated fluorescent magnetic NPs. The prepared NPs were then further functionalized with MeO-PEG-NH2 using glutaraldehyde as linker. The characterization of

Comparative evaluation of the impact on endothelial cells induced by different nanoparticle structures and functionalization

• Lisa Landgraf,
• Ines Müller,
• Peter Ernst,
• Miriam Schäfer,
• Christina Rosman,
• Isabel Schick,
• Oskar Köhler,
• Hartmut Oehring,
• Vladimir V. Breus,
• Thomas Basché,
• Carsten Sönnichsen,
• Wolfgang Tremel and
• Ingrid Hilger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 300–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.28

• microscopy For TEM analysis cells were cultured in 24-well plates as described above until they reached 90% confluency. Endothelial cells were treated with different nanoparticle formulations for 1 and 24 h. Subsequently, cells were fixed with 2% (v/v) glutaraldehyde solution (EM grade in 0.1 M cacodylate

Mammalian cell growth on gold nanoparticle-decorated substrates is influenced by the nanoparticle coating

• Christina Rosman,
• Sebastien Pierrat,
• Marco Tarantola,
• David Schneider,
• Eva Sunnick,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Carsten Sönnichsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.257

• 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 1h. The fixing agent was removed and the sample was rinsed three times with PBS. Afterwards the sample was immersed in 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 95% ethanol for 30 min each. Finally, the sample was covered with 100 % ethanol overnight. After dehydration, the sample was dried in a

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• HaCaT Cells: HaCaT cells were incubated for 24 h with 25 µg/mL AgNP. After fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde and dehydration with increasing concentrations of ethanol, cells were embedded in Epon resin. The block was sectioned (80 nm) and the cells were observed by means of a transmission electron

Coating with luminal gut-constituents alters adherence of nanoparticles to intestinal epithelial cells

• Heike Sinnecker,
• Katrin Ramaker and
• Andreas Frey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2308–2315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.239

• cells were treated according to the protocol of Bye et al. [32]. They were washed once with 0.1 M sodium cacodylate (pH 7.4) and fixed with a solution containing osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde as fixatives (0.5% osmium tetroxide (Polysciences Europe GmbH, Eppelheim, Germany), 2.5% glutaraldehyde

Nanoencapsulation of ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide into human serum albumin nanoparticles

• Matthias G. Wacker,
• Mahmut Altinok,
• Stephan Urfels and
• Johann Bauer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2259–2266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.235

• crosslinked with increasing amounts of glutaraldehyde and a dense particle structure was formed to incorporate the contrast agent. A decreasing standard deviation of the polydispersity indicated a narrow size distribution for particles that were crosslinked with higher amounts of glutaraldehyde (Figure 3

• observations in TEM HSA nanoparticles were chemically stabilized by using the theoretical amount of glutaraldehyde corresponding to a crosslinking of 100% of the 60 amino groups in the HSA molecule. By this, HSA nanoparticles with transparent appearance (grey) in the TEM were generated. Iron core particles of

• time range. After freeze drying, only USPIO HSA hybrid particles prepared at an iron concentration of 15 µg/mg demonstrated significant agglomeration. Experimental Reagents and chemicals Human serum albumin (Fraction V) and glutaraldehyde 8% aqueous solution were purchased from Sigma (Steinheim

Growth and structural discrimination of cortical neurons on randomly oriented and vertically aligned dense carbon nanotube networks

• Christoph Nick,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Ravi Joshi,
• Christiane Thielemann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1575–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.169

• to be fixed and finally dried before being sputter coated with 5 nm PtPd for SEM investigation. For doing so, the cell culture medium was removed from the substrates and replaced by 2.5% glutaraldehyde. After 2.5 h glutaraldehyde was removed and all substrates were washed in DI-water three times for

Mimicking exposures to acute and lifetime concentrations of inhaled silver nanoparticles by two different in vitro approaches

• Fabian Herzog,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Sandor Balog,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Matthias Epple,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1357–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.149

• with Adobe Photoshop and Adobe Illustrator. Transmission electron microscopy As described in [44], intracellular particles were visualized by conventional TEM. For TEM analysis, the exposed cells on the transwell membrane were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.03 M potassium phosphate buffer for at

Antimicrobial properties of CuO nanorods and multi-armed nanoparticles against B. anthracis vegetative cells and endospores

• Pratibha Pandey,
• Merwyn S. Packiyaraj,
• Himangini Nigam,
• Gauri S. Agarwal,
• Beer Singh and
• Manoj K. Patra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.91

• developed by the former Soviet Union, is another challenge [6]. Disinfectants like formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, phenols, ethylene oxide, chlorine dioxide, peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite etc. show high inactivation effect against B. anthracis spores. However, the generation of toxic fumes, the

• vegetative cells of Bacillus species, but that higher concentrations may be necessary to achieve a sporicidal effect (e.g., for glutaraldehyde and CRAs). Nonetheless, certain bactericides like alcohol, phenolics, quaternary ammonium compounds, and chlorhexidine lack a sporicidal effect even at high

The surface microstructure of cusps and leaflets in rabbit and mouse heart valves

• Xia Ye,
• Bharat Bhushan,
• Ming Zhou and
• Weining Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 622–629, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.73

• using scissors and the hearts were removed. After irrigating with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), the hearts were fixed in a solution of 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Res Group Co., Ltd. chemical reagents) for 2 h. Then the atria and ventricles were cut open, and all of the heart valves (including aortic

FTIR nanobiosensors for Escherichia coli detection

• Stefania Mura,
• Gianfranco Greppi,
• Maria Laura Marongiu,
• Pier Paolo Roggero,
• Sandeep P. Ravindranath,
• Lisa J. Mauer,
• Nicoletta Schibeci,
• Francesco Perria,
• Massimo Piccinini,
• Plinio Innocenzi and
• Joseph Irudayaraj

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 485–492, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.55

• necessary to improve the safety of our food supply chain. In this work we report on mesoporous titania thin-film substrates as sensors to detect E. coli O157:H7. Titania films treated with APTES ((3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane) and GA (glutaraldehyde) were functionalized with specific antibodies and the

• %), glutaraldehyde (GA Grade I, 50% in H2O, specially purified for use as an electron microscopy fixative or other sophisticated use) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Germany). E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli K12 were obtained from the bacteria collection at Purdue University (Agricultural and Biological Engineering

• of titania films functionalized with APTES (solid line) and after the linking of glutaraldehyde (dashed line); the spectrum of glutaraldehyde (GA) was reported in the inset for reference. (c) Spectrum of functionalized titania with APTES and GA (solid line) and after the linking of anti-E. coli O157

Superhydrophobicity in perfection: the outstanding properties of the lotus leaf

• Hans J. Ensikat,
• Petra Ditsche-Kuru,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Wilhelm Barthlott

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 152–161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.19

• imaging of epicuticular waxes. These preparation methods are described in detail elsewhere [28]. The samples for thin sections were prepared following a standard protocol for transmission electron microscopy preparation [29]: fixation in glutaraldehyde, dehydration with acetone, embedding in epoxy resin

Electrochemical behavior of dye-linked L-proline dehydrogenase on glassy carbon electrodes modified by multi-walled carbon nanotubes

• Haitao Zheng,
• Leyi Lin,
• Yosuke Okezaki,
• Ryushi Kawakami,
• Haruhiko Sakuraba,
• Toshihisa Ohshima,
• Keiichi Takagi and
• Shin-ichiro Suye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 135–141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.16

• ) and used as received. L-Proline and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) were obtained from Wako Chemical In. (Tokyo, Japan), and glutaraldehyde (25% w/w solution for electron microscopy grade was obtained form Nacarai Chemical Co., (Kyoto, Japan). All the other chemicals were of analytical grade

• cross-linking method using glutaraldehyde as the linking agent [35][36]. A 300 μL L-proDH solution and 200 μL glutaraldehyde solution (0.5%, w/w) were mixed. A 12 μL of the above mixture was coated onto the bare GC electrode and dried in a N2 stream at room temperature. The electrode so obtained is