Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• during preparation, and require no further purification, which gives them properties of a green solvent [25]. However, DESs share remarkable features with RTILs such as low vapor pressure, high tolerance to humidity, and high thermostability. The term “deep eutectic solvent” was first coined by Abbott in

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• loss increases substantially. The behaviour is concurrent with an endothermal peak. The endothermal behaviour and the fact that the increased rate of mass loss happens near 100 °C (water boiling temperature) strongly suggests that phase II is an evaporation process of humidity left after phase I. Again

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• . Modaresinezhad et al. used a DC nanogenerator based on ZnO nanosheets as room-temperature self-powered humidity sensor [103]. This new type of self-powered gas sensors will be an important development direction for the next generation of gas sensors [95]. In addition, the above self-powered sensors show that

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• Unit for Laboratory Animals, at the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia. The animals were kept under specific pathogen-free conditions, in polycarbonate cages with temperature (23 ± 2 °C) and humidity (55 ± 7%) control, with a 12 h light/dark reversed cycle. They

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• triboelectric materials is helpful for distinguishing different gases. It is noted that water or humidity can degrade the surface charge density of the electrification surfaces in an actual experiment. We will carry out further investigations in the future. Conclusion Simulations of three differently shaped

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• , formation of heterojunctions, or size reduction [18][19]. Doping of WO3 with nickel improves the humidity sensing compared to neat WO3. Attributed to a greater number of electrons donated by Ni atoms, higher surface area, and smaller bandgap energy, Ni-doped WO3 has a faster response, higher sensitivity

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• (e.g., humidity and height sensors) have been rarely reported. Recently, Ejehi et al. proposed a self-powered humidity sensor based on a graphene oxide (GO) paper-based TENG [151], which showed an outstanding power density as high as 1.3 W·m−2, a Voc of up to 870 V and a Isc of 1.4 µA·cm−2. GO was

• stable thin layer, which could be used as a free-standing friction layer (also electrode) in TENGs. In addition to the applications in energy harvesting, GO can also be readily used to monitor the relative humidity (RH) because of the strong interactions between water molecules and oxygen functional

• groups on its surface. The basis of a GO humidity sensor is the variation of impedance or capacitance owing to the tendency of the water molecules to be adsorbed on the GO surface. The rich functional groups of GO and the flexibility of GO paper deliver the significant potential for a less complicated

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• humidity [233]. The sol–gel process is associated with costly precursors, process longevity, and difficulties regarding reproducibility [234]. 2.2.2 Reverse-micelle process. The reverse micelle is another approach for the synthesis of AgNPs. Reverse micelles are produced from surfactants such as sucrose

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• . IR (CH2Cl2): νCO 2129, 2170 cm−1. Both precursors are very sensitive to air and humidity and decompose immediately, discolouring to brown if exposed to air. For comparison, commercial samples of the commonly used Pt precursor MeCpPtMe3 are crystalline and colourless at room temperature and the

• compound is not sensitive to air or humidity. Thermogravimetric analysis Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of Pt(CO)2X2 was conducted on an ISI TGA-1000 instrument housed inside a nitrogen-atmosphere glove box, using Pt sample pans, with a 5 cc/min flow of ultrahigh-purity N2. The complexes were measured

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• humidity rises and the chemical composition of the gaseous medium changes. With an increase in humidity and temperature, the galvanic element, which is integrated in the point-contact gas-sensitive array and generates the electric field, is activated. The field initiates quantum-energy effects in the bulk

• previous one and it is caused by the desorption of the breath components and the return of atmospheric nitrogen molecules to the active centers. It is also initiated by the electric field of the galvanic cell integrated into the point-contact array. Yet, in this case, due to a decrease in humidity and

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• excellent performance, which can be used as motion [35][36][37] and temperature sensors [38][39], UV detectors [40], tactile sensors [41][42][43], sensors for healthcare [44][45][46][47], humidity sensors, and gas sensors [48][49][50][51], for example. In this work, a flexible undulated electrode-based

Triboelectric nanogenerator based on Teflon/vitamin B1 powder for self-powered humidity sensing

• Liangyi Zhang,
• Huan Li,
• Yiyuan Xie,
• Jing Guo and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1394–1401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.123

• measured open-circuit voltage was approximately 340 V. The TVB-TENG can be applied as a humidity sensor and exhibits a linear and reversible response to the relative humidity of the environment. Moreover, the change in relative humidity is also indicated by the change in luminosity of a set of light

• -emitting diodes (LEDs) integrated in the TVB-TENG system. The TVB-TENG proposed in this study illustrates a cost-effective method for portable power supply and sensing devices. Keywords: humidity sensor; self-powered system; triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs); triboelectrification; vitamin B1

• ; Introduction Recently, there has been unprecedented advancement in the internet of things (IoT) technology, which includes environmental monitoring and intelligent community applications. Particularly, humidity sensing has been investigated in environmental monitoring, and in other sectors, such as agriculture

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• -voltage power supply, whereas the parallel electrodes were connected to the cathode [24]. According to our previous work [33], electrospun-ordered PAN/graphene CNFs (PGCNFs) were prepared by MPEM at room temperature and 50 ± 5% relative humidity. The spinning solution was placed in the syringe and

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• performed to reduce the sensitivity of nanoparticles to air, humidity and acidity. In addition, it allows for the functionalization and absorption of proteins and creation of hydrophilic molecules at the surface of the nanoparticles to prevent agglomeration, reducing capillary obstruction risk. Coating can

Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach

• Edgar Cruz Valeriano,
• José Juan Gervacio Arciniega,
• Christian Iván Enriquez Flores,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Joel Moreno Palmerin,
• Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde,
• Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta,
• Rafael Ramírez Bon and
• José Martín Yañez Limón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58

• spring constant of 0.2 N/m were used. All experiments were carried out in dry air at a temperature of 21.0 ± 0.1 °C and a relative humidity of (2 ± 1)%. It is very important to define the appropriate signal to perturb the system. This allows for gathering sufficient information about the system dynamics

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• needle tip to collector were, respectively, maintained at 20 kV and 18 cm. The electrospinning experiments were carried out at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) and a relative humidity of (55 ± 5%), and the electrospun Cu(Ac)2/Zn(Ac)2/PVDF/PAN CNFMs were collected and carefully peeled off from the aluminium

Recent progress in perovskite solar cells: the perovskite layer

• Xianfeng Dai,
• Ke Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 51–60, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.5

• achieved a certificated PCE of 23.7%, the instability of traditional three-dimensional (3D) perovskites under ambient operational conditions, including weather, light, temperature and humidity changes, remains a critical hurdle for commercialization. The results of many efforts of several research groups

• only 2.2% after 1,512 hours without encapsulation when exposed to ambient conditions with 55% relative humidity (RH). Very recently, Stoumpos et al. [60] reported a novel 2D perovskite that adopted the Dion–Jacobson (DJ) structure, which is considered to be more stable and more efficient than its RP

• and 3D perovskite phases could be controlled. The hydrophobic alkylammonium cations remarkably enhanced the humidity resistance of the 2D/3D mixtures. In addition, the halogen functional groups in the alkylammonium salts could cause changes of the electron cloud distribution and also enhance the

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• humidified incubator (Nuaire, USA) in 100 mm tissue culture dishes (Orange Scientific, Belgium) under standard culture conditions (37 °C, 5% CO2, 100% humidity). The growth medium of the PDLCs was the following. Eagle’s Minimal Essential Medium Alfa (αMEM) (Gibco, USA) was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• humidity of 20%, which was determined in the previous study [25]. Figure 2c illustrates a schematic picture of the lithography process. To study the influence of time and temperature on the coupling content, after lithography, the reaction between fluorescently labeled AFP and anti-AFP was allowed to

• –streptavidin–biotin sandwich technique previously prepared via different click reaction methods (samples of routes 1–6). b–g) Fluorescence microscope images of the micropatterns obtained at the optimum incubation time and temperature. All microarrays were spotted at a relative humidity of 20%. The ink

• spots with fluorescently labeled AFP. a) Fluorescence intensity of the microarrays at different concentrations of fluorescently labeled AFP (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/mL). b) Fluorescence microscope images of the micropatterns. All microarrays were spotted at a relative humidity of 20%. The

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• deposition (Figure 1) was carried out at room temperature by drop casting of a 0.35 mM cyclohexane solution of [Tb(hfac)3·2H2O]n onto the mica surface. Key parameters were the 24-hour aging of the samples at room temperature and the relative humidity of 90%. AFM was used to study the deposited material

• , the presence of these disordered areas could be minimized, thus optimizing the overall quality of the deposit. We stress here, that the moisture conditions are crucial for the development of ordered features on the mica surface. Indeed, as soon as drier conditions (ambient relative humidity or dry

• water condensation [39]. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that epitaxial adsorption of water on the hexagonal lattice of mica [40] is observed above 45% of relative humidity [41][42]. These findings were confirmed by theoretical simulations [43]. Accordingly, this is a favorable thermodynamic

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• at rest in VOC condition for 230 days at room temperature (RT), relative humidity (RH) <30%, and exposed to both indoor light and daylight incident through the laboratory windows (Figure 6). In the 7.1 mm2 cell, over 230 days, VOC increased slightly, whereas JSC was halved, FF decreased slightly due

• question and requires further study. A partially reversible increase of VOC over time due to humidity in air is common for solar cells containing organic materials [9]. JSC declines linearly at a similar rate in both cells, 2.0 mA cm−2 per 100 days for the small cell, and 1.4 mA cm−2 per 100 days for the

• , the 88 mm2 non-encapsulated solar cell stored under standard office conditions showed half the rate of aging and an increased stability towards humidity and air when compared to smaller cells (<10 mm2 area). We consider the trend of increased PCE at decreased light intensity observed in USP-Sb2S3

Polyvinylpyrrolidone as additive for perovskite solar cells with water and isopropanol as solvents

• Chen Du,
• Shuo Wang,
• Xu Miao,
• Wenhai Sun,
• Yu Zhu,
• Chengyan Wang and
• Ruixin Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2374–2382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.228

• , and the efficiency is 12.27%. This demonstrate clearly that the PVP as an additive to the aqueous solution of Pb(NO3)2 is genuinely effective in boosting the photoelectric performance of the device. In addition, we studied the long-term stability of the PSCs in ambient environment (humidity less than

• density–voltage curves of PSCs (b) EQE spectra of PSCs. The stable output current density and PCE at the max power point of PSCs. Long-term stability of solar cells over 60 d. All devices were stored in ambient environment (humidity less than 10%, room temperature). Parameters of the PSCs fabricated under

Four self-made free surface electrospinning devices for high-throughput preparation of high-quality nanofibers

• Yue Fang and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2261–2274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.218

• for SEM analysis. All FSE experiments were carried out at room temperature (20 °C) and at a relative humidity of 60%. The spinning processes of the different devices were recorded using a high-speed camera at a frame rate of 100 frames/s (VRI-Phantom-VEO-L, Ametek, California, USA), as shown in Figure

Ion mobility and material transport on KBr in air as a function of the relative humidity

• Dominik J. Kirpal,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer,
• Alfred J. Weymouth and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2084–2093, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.203

• to the surface. We collected atomic force microscopy images of KBr surfaces in a humidity-controlled glove box at various relative humidities below 40%. By scratching and poking the surface with the AFM tip, we constructed energetically unfavorable holes or scratch sites and material accumulations

• force microscopy; material transport; relative humidity; Introduction Defining surface properties under ambient conditions is challenging as they are heavily influenced by the environment. In general, there are various contributing factors such as temperature, air pressure and air composition

• . Typically, air is composed of different gases, a small fraction of aerosols and water vapor. The relative humidity (RH) usually ranges from about 25% to 70%, depending on weather and season. A thin film of water molecules adsorbs on every surface exposed to humid gases [1][2][3]. The thickness of these