Metal-free catalysis based on nitrogen-doped carbon nanomaterials: a photoelectron spectroscopy point of view

• Mattia Scardamaglia and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2015–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.191

• materials, dual doping promotes long-term stability and resistance to poisoning agents for working catalysts. In general, the principle of dual doping is the introduction in the hexagonal carbon lattice of two elements with reverse electronegativity with respect to that of carbon (χ = 2.55), for example, N

Ag₂WO₄ nanorods decorated with AgI nanoparticles: Novel and efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for the degradation of water pollutants

• Shijie Li,
• Shiwei Hu,
• Wei Jiang,
• Yanping Liu,
• Yu Liu,
• Yingtang Zhou,
• Liuye Mo and
• Jianshe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1308–1316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.123

• ). These facts suggest that 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4 possesses long-term stability for photocatalytic reaction. Photocatalytic mechanism To elucidate the degradation mechanism, active-species trapping tests were performed during RhB degradation over 0.3AgI/Ag2WO4 (Figure 9) [13][48]. Figure 9 shows the effects of

Understanding the performance and mechanism of Mg-containing oxides as support catalysts in the thermal dry reforming of methane

• Nor Fazila Khairudin,
• Mohd Farid Fahmi Sukri,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1162–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.108

Single-crystalline FeCo nanoparticle-filled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties

• Rasha Ghunaim,
• Maik Scholz,
• Christine Damm,
• Bernd Rellinghaus,
• Rüdiger Klingeler,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Michael Mertig and
• Silke Hampel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1024–1034, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.95

• , shape, arrangement of the magnetic nanoparticles to their magnetic, chemical, mechanical and catalytic properties [18][26][30], it is important to choose synthesis methods which guarantee the control of size and morphology as well as the long-term stability in order to allow these magnetic nanoparticles

Facile synthesis of a ZnO–BiOI p–n nano-heterojunction with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Mengyuan Zhang,
• Jiaqian Qin,
• Pengfei Yu,
• Bing Zhang,
• Mingzhen Ma,
• Xinyu Zhang and
• Riping Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.72

• the most widely exploited by taking advantage of their long-term stability and environmental non-toxicity, in addition to providing a low-cost alternative to the n-type semiconductor photocatalysts [14][15][16]. However, further application of these metal oxides is usually significantly limited by the

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Marta Berholts,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

• exchange only electrostatic interactions with Au atoms and residues of Au3+ ions. However, this interaction between Au NP and ligands is strong enough to provide a long-term stability of Au NPs in solution. In addition, it allows functionalization of the NPs with a partially hydrophilic thin coating. From

Review on optofluidic microreactors for artificial photosynthesis

• Xiaowen Huang,
• Jianchun Wang,
• Tenghao Li,
• Jianmei Wang,
• Min Xu,
• Weixing Yu,
• Abdel El Abed and
• Xuming Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 30–41, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.5

• for the redox reactions [65][66][67]. The desirable features of a photocatalyst include wide-range absorption, long-term stability, fast electron–hole separation, and strong redox powers. However, it is difficult to have all of these features in a single photocatalyst. Thereby, a simple heterojunction

• photocatalyst is expected to have wide-range absorption, long-term stability, fast electron–hole separation, and strong redox power. The heterojunction and Z-scheme systems are the important most research results to date. Based on these systems, various materials have been developed for the improvement of

Facile synthesis of silver/silver thiocyanate (Ag@AgSCN) plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance

• Xinfu Zhao,
• Dairong Chen,
• Abdul Qayum,
• Bo Chen and
• Xiuling Jiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2781–2789, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.277

• the product was investigated based on the time-dependent experiments. Further experiments indicated that the prepared Ag@AgSCN nanostructures with an atomic ratio of Ag/AgSCN = 0.0463 exhibited high photocatalytic activity and long-term stability for the degradation of oxytetracycline (84%) under

• visible-light irradiation. In addition to the microstructure and high specific surface area, the enhanced photocatalytic activity was mainly caused by the surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles, and the high stability of AgSCN resulted in the long-term stability of the photocatalyst product

• photocatalysts, Ag/AgX (X = Cl, Br, I), suffer from instability during the recycling application, mainly due to the decomposition of AgX (X = Cl, Br, I) under irradiation [19][20][21][22]. Therefore, the development of visible-light catalysts with both high catalytic activity and long-term stability is of great

Dry adhesives from carbon nanofibers grown in an open ethanol flame

• Christian Lutz,
• Julia Syurik,
• C. N. Shyam Kumar,
• Christian Kübel,
• Michael Bruns and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2719–2728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.271

• prevents that some CNFs get in contact with the silica sphere, as schematically shown in Figure 7. Consequently, the oriented CNFs have higher adhesion forces and energies than the randomly oriented CNFs. An important question for dry adhesives is their long-term stability. It is essential for various

• artificial structures based on CNFs. Overall, the measurements demonstrate that CNF arrays have the potential for applications relying on adhesives with long-term stability under harsh environments. Conclusion We presented a fabrication method to produce dry adhesives by the growth of CNFs in an open ethanol

Towards molecular spintronics

• Georgeta Salvan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2464–2466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.245

• , taking into account that for device integration, the molecular layers need to obey certain boundary conditions, such as long-term stability, process compatibility, and the ability to integrate with electrode materials. Progress in this respect was only made possible by a continuous feedback from basic

Increasing the stability of DNA nanostructure templates by atomic layer deposition of Al₂O₃ and its application in imprinting lithography

• Hyojeong Kim,
• Kristin Arbutina,
• Anqin Xu and
• Haitao Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2363–2375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.236

• depth and FWHM of the trenches along with cross-sectional analysis on the PLLA stamp at the four locations remained consistent, demonstrating the long-term stability of the PLLA stamp. As mentioned earlier, the most critical challenge of using the DNA master template without a protective film is the

• nanostructures beneath the 2 nm of Al2O3 coating are likely damaged by the oxidation by O3. The long-term stability of the ALD-coated template was also studied. We kept the template in a plastic petri dish that was stored in a common lab bench drawer for 40 days. AFM images with corresponding cross-sectional

Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• material. In addition the material should yield device characteristics such as high on/off ratio, low hysteresis, and long-term stability. There are only few reports that describe, in a comprehensive way, an influence of each element on the performance of the organic transistor [12][14][15]. At present

Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging

• Marion Straßer,
• Joachim H. X. Schrauth,
• Sofia Dembski,
• Daniel Haddad,
• Bernd Ahrens,
• Stefan Schweizer,
• Bastian Christ,
• Alevtina Cubukova,
• Marco Metzger,
• Heike Walles,
• Peter M. Jakob and
• Gerhard Sextl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1484–1493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.148

• synthesis and determine the long-term stability of the CAs. No cytotoxicity of NP concentrations between 0.5 and 1 mg·mL−1 was observed after exposure to human dermal fibroblasts over 24 h. Overall this study shows, that the CaF2:(Tb3+,Gd3+) NPs are suitable for medical imaging. Keywords: calcium fluoride

• comparable with each other indicating a high reproducibility of the synthesis procedure. This matches to the above described results of TEM, DLS and ICP-OES examinations. Long-term stability The long-term stability of the relaxivity over time was examined. All batches were investigated nine months after

• NPs are suitable for use as a PL CA. With the second investigated imaging technique MRI we verified the integration of the Gd3+ ions in the CaF2 lattice and the reproducibility of the NP synthesis procedure. Furthermore, we investigated the long-term stability of the relaxivities. In fact, the results

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• -term stability due to degradation or desorption from the modified surface [66][67], or hardly predictable biological outcomes of interactions between the biological environment and the materials interfaces [60]. Moreover, widely used laminated/layered constructs are limited through the boundary

• , dielectric constant, temperature, and morphology and various chemical compositions [58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]. Because of the challenges in fabrication processes, gradients are often generated with solution-based technology. Limitations remain for the ongoing technologies, for example, the lack long

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

• Paul Christian and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

• processability due to an unsaturated acrylate group, allowing for mild processing conditions. One of the greatest limitations to the long-term stability of perfluoroacrylate-based technologies are mechanical, thermal and chemical stresses on the materials [4][5][6][7]. Some super-hydrophobic and oleophobic

Synthesis of coaxial nanotubes of polyaniline and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by oxidative/initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Alper Balkan,
• Efe Armagan and
• Gozde Ozaydin Ince

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 872–882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.89

• , above 100 °C the polymer starts degrading, resulting in damage to the crystalline structure and reduction of the conductivity. For sensor applications, the long-term stability of the deposited films was investigated. The conductivities of the PANI coated glass were recorded with a four-point probe in

Photocatalysis applications of some hybrid polymeric composites incorporating TiO₂ nanoparticles and their combinations with SiO₂/Fe₂O₃

• Andreea Laura Chibac,
• Tinca Buruiana,
• Violeta Melinte and
• Emil C. Buruiana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 272–286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.30

• than the other catalysts studied in literature (ZnO, SnO2, WO3, CdS) because of their superior redox ability and photoelectric properties, the long-term stability, the nontoxicity, and the low cost [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Nevertheless, the practical applications of TiO2 have a major drawback, namely

Nanostructured SnO₂–ZnO composite gas sensors for selective detection of carbon monoxide

• Paul Chesler,
• Cristian Hornoiu,
• Susana Mihaiu,
• Cristina Vladut,
• Jose Maria Calderon Moreno,
• Mihai Anastasescu,
• Carmen Moldovan,
• Bogdan Firtat,
• Costin Brasoveanu,
• George Muscalu,
• Ion Stan and
• Mariuca Gartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2045–2056, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.195

• technologies, low power requirements, quick response times (seconds), high sensitivity to small concentrations of a specific gas, complete sensor recovery, lightweight, and long term stability. More recently, sensors were fabricated with reduced dimensions (miniaturization or microelectronic processing) [2][3

Functionalized platinum nanoparticles with surface charge trigged by pH: synthesis, characterization and stability studies

• Giovanna Testa,
• Laura Fontana,
• Iole Venditti and
• Ilaria Fratoddi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1822–1828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.175

• colloid [39]). As observed in the literature, the role of the stable negative counter-ion is underlined from the negative values observed [40]. Measurements carried out up to three months confirmed the long-term stability of the colloidal suspension for all the samples. The FTIR spectrum of Pt-DEA

• bond on the PtNP surface. The DLS characterization demonstrated the long-term stability of the colloidal system up to three months and the possibility to tune the aggregation phenomenon of the PtNPs by varying the pH due to modulation of the metal surface charge. Experimental Instrumentation UV–vis

Hydrophilic silver nanoparticles with tunable optical properties: application for the detection of heavy metals in water

• Paolo Prosposito,
• Federico Mochi,
• Erica Ciotta,
• Mauro Casalboni,
• Fabio De Matteis,
• Iole Venditti,
• Laura Fontana,
• Giovanna Testa and
• Ilaria Fratoddi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1654–1661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.157

• <2RH> = 5 ± 2 nm, in good agreement with the STM analysis. The SPR absorption was monitored as a function of the time in order to check the long term stability of the NPs. As shown in Figure 5, the solution presents the same optical spectra 15 days after the preparation, indicating that no aggregation

• . SPR absorption spectroscopy of the AgNP-3MPS solution (synthesis b) taken immediately after the synthesis and after 15 days, indicating good long term stability. Absorption spectra of the AgNP-3MPS (synthesis b) solution with 1 ppm ion concentration. a) Absorption spectra of the AgNP-3MPS system

Reconstitution of the membrane protein OmpF into biomimetic block copolymer–phospholipid hybrid membranes

• Matthias Bieligmeyer,
• Franjo Artukovic,
• Stephan Nussberger,
• Thomas Hirth,
• Thomas Schiestel and
• Michaela Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 881–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.80

• functional reconstitution of integral proteins, these membranes are often not applicable in technical processes due to their high fluidity and lack of long-term stability [16][17]. Therefore, novel approaches substitute phospholipids by amphiphilic block polymers that form membranes with a mechanical

Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in pure water and in chloride solution

• Brunella Perito,
• Emilia Giorgetti,
• Paolo Marsili and
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 465–473, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.40

• zeta potential. In all cases, the zeta potential is strongly negative, indicating excellent long-term stability of the NPs, as already assessed by Giorgetti et al. [32]. Furthermore, as expected, the adsorption of chloride ions shifts the zeta potential of the samples obtained in LiCl solution towards

Efficiency improvement in the cantilever photothermal excitation method using a photothermal conversion layer

• Natsumi Inada,
• Hitoshi Asakawa,
• Taiki Kobayashi and
• Takeshi Fukuma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 409–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.36

• used PTC layers with a blackened area of ≈70% in our experiments. Long-term stability of PTC layers in liquid Long-term stability of a PTC layer in liquid is very important for stable operation of a photothermal excitation system in dynamic-mode AFM. To investigate the long-term stability, we measured

• colloidal graphite on the cantilevers. Long-term stability evaluation of PTC layers in liquid Long-term stability of the PTC layers in liquid was evaluated by monitoring the cantilever excitation amplitude. The signal of excitation amplitude from the oscillation controller (OC4) was recorded by a data

• the location where we took a magnified image. Long-term stability of the PTC layer in liquid. (a) Optical images of an AC55 cantilever before and after use in water. (b)–(f) Successive FM-AFM images of a mica surface in PBS solution. Δf = +3.9 kHz. A = 0.4 nm. Scale bar = 1 nm. Properties of a PPP

Organized films

• Maurizio Canepa and
• Helmuth Möhwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 406–408, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.35

• and long term stability, the problems mentioned above made such films less appealing for applications, emphasizing the need for exploration and invention of new processes of film fabrication. The most successful of these processes evolved during the habilitation of Gero Decher. In this process

Evaluation of gas-sensing properties of ZnO nanostructures electrochemically doped with Au nanophases

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.3

• general and ZnO nanomaterials in particular are promising as sensing layer in chemiresistive gas sensors, although their limited selectivity, high response/recovery time, high-power consumption, and lack of long-term stability have limited their use in more demanding applications [24]. Nowadays, many