A simple extension of the commonly used fitting equation for oscillatory structural forces in case of silica nanoparticle suspensions

• Sebastian Schön and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1095–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.101

• , aggregates or micelles tend to form a well-ordered layer in close proximity to a confining surface (henceforth called wall) with a density that is higher than that of the bulk. Since the molecules cannot penetrate each other, this layer of increased density is bordering on a region of lower density of

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• structures such as dendrimers, micelles, liposomes and polymer NPs. (iv) Composite-based nanomaterials: Composite NMs are multiphase NPs and NSMs with one phase on the nanoscale dimension that can either combine NPs with other NPs or NPs combined with larger or with bulk-type materials (e.g., hybrid

Optical orientation of nematic liquid crystal droplets via photoisomerization of an azodendrimer dopant

• Sergey A. Shvetsov,
• Alexander V. Emelyanenko,
• Natalia I. Boiko,
• Alexander S. Zolot'ko,
• Yan-Song Zhang,
• Jui-Hsiang Liu and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 870–879, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.81

• different kinds of soft matter, such as light-driven polymers [5][6], elastomers [7][8][9] microgel particles [10][11], micelles [12][13], nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) [7][14], liquid-crystalline (LC) polymers [15][16][17][18] and Langmuir–Blodgett films [19][20] with light-controllable supramolecular

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• particular facets [2]. Their structure-directing action is due to a combination of thermodynamic driving forces (energy differences in facets) and transport modulation, where ligand coverage adjusts diffusion of monomers to the facets [2]. Some ligands also form micelles that can act as templates during the

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• nanospheres were first fabricated by Kowaleski et al. [31] via successive shell crosslinking, oxidization and carbonization of the micelles resulting from the self-assembly of PAN-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) block copolymer in water. The crosslinked shell can retain the micelle structure during the heat

• treatments, and thus is very crucial to obtain discrete carbon nanospheres after pyrolysis. Jérom et al. [32] obtained discrete carbon nanocapules after pyrolysis of stable PAN-b-PAA micelles with Au-nanoparticle-crosslinked cores. However, the difficulty in synthesis of the block copolymers and the low

• observed in the cavitation of non-covalently-connected micelles composed of carboxyl-ended polybutadiene cores and crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) shells in THF/water (9/1, v/v) mixture [44]. It was very possible that the size of PAN chains was too large to diffuse out of the PMMA shell, thus, the

Self-assembly of chiral fluorescent nanoparticles based on water-soluble L-tryptophan derivatives of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene

• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Irina A. Khripunova,
• Olga A. Mostovaya,
• Timur A. Mukhametzyanov,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Vyacheslav V. Vorobev,
• Yuri N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1825–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.184

• agreement was observed between the DLS data and the microscopy measurements in the case of the compounds 8 and 10 in cone conformation. This is due to the structure of the macrocycles, which formed spherical charged particles (micelles) with inwardly directed hydrophobic parts (thiacalixarene) and outwardly

• oriented hydrophilic positively charged fragments in the solution (Figure 1). The charge on the micelles prevents them from aggregating when we concentrate the solutions for preparation of the SEM experiment. This leads to the preservation of individual particles of similar size to those that exist in

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• , an anionic surfactant gets adsorbed on the surface of graphene sheets and helps in the dispersion of graphene sheets. Then, the surfactant micelles with graphene sheets bind with metal cations and hence act as building block for self-assembly of metal oxides. Finally metal oxides become crystallized

Spin-chemistry concepts for spintronics scientists

• Konstantin L. Ivanov,
• Alexander Wagenpfahl,
• Carsten Deibel and
• Jörg Matysik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1427–1445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.143

Synthesis of [Fe(L_eq)(L_ax)]_n coordination polymer nanoparticles using blockcopolymer micelles

• Christoph Göbel,
• Ottokar Klimm,
• Florian Puchtler,
• Sabine Rosenfeldt,
• Stephan Förster and
• Birgit Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1318–1327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.133

• -poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) block copolymer (BCP) micelles as template. Variation of the solvent (THF and toluene) and the rigidity of the axial ligand Lax (Lax = 1,2-di(pyridin-4-yl)ethane) (bpea), trans-1,2-di(pyridin-4-yl)ethene (bpee), and 1,2-di(pyridin-4-yl)ethyne) (bpey); Leq = 1,2

• dynamic light scattering (DLS) in solution, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) in the solid. The hydrodynamic diameter of the polymeric micelles loaded with the CP measured by DLS is constant within the error of the measurement throughout all measured samples with

• the measurement, the NP core size is in the same order of magnitude for all samples with an average size of 45 nm (Table 1), demonstrating the excellent size control by the micelles themselves. The NP core size is independent of the number of cycles and independent of the used coordination polymer

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• substitution using reverse micelles Dabin et al. [22] have developed an ingenious method to prepare nanometer-scale RDX using a simple technique. The crystallization is triggered by a solvent substitution, and the nanometer scale material is obtained by restricting the reactor volume using reverse micelles

• . NaAOT (sodium 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonate) with isooctane was used to form reverse micelles. Then RDX in dimethylformamide (DMF) is added to one solution containing these micelles, and water to another solution of micelles. Both are finally mixed together to form the n-RDX with a

Nanoscale isoindigo-carriers: self-assembly and tunable properties

• Tatiana N. Pashirova,
• Andrei V. Bogdanov,
• Lenar I. Musin,
• Julia K. Voronina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Vladimir F. Mironov,
• Lucia Ya. Zakharova,
• Shamil K. Latypov and
• Oleg G. Sinyashin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.34

• and hydrogen bonding. Another strategy is the use of soft matter (micelles, emulsions, dendrimers, nanospheres, solid lipid nanoparticles or liposomes) as the delivery vehicle. These studies have been encouraged by the possibility to prevent side effects, to increase drug bioavailability, to decrease

• [66]: Data in Table S3 (Supporting Information File 1) show that packing parameters (P) are 0.25 and 0.12 for compounds 1g and 3, respectively, which makes it plausible to assume the occurrence of spherical normal micelles. For derivatives 2a–h P values are close to 0.5, which indicates the formation

• hydropohobic solutes including drugs. Furthermore, the solubilization of organic hydrophobic dyes makes it possible to detect the formation of micelles in solution [67]. In Figure 4a, the dependence of the absorbance of hydrophobic dye (Sudan I) on the concentration of isoindigo derivatives 2g and 2h is shown

Nanocrystalline ZrO₂ and Pt-doped ZrO₂ catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation

• Amit Singhania and
• Shipra Mital Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 264–271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.29

• nanoparticles such as sol–gel [21], precipitation [22], combustion [23], hydrothermal synthesis [24], solvothermal synthesis [25], reverse micelles [26], chemical vapor synthesis [27], aerosol pyrolysis [28], and sonochemical synthesis [29]. Dongare et al. [30] described the synthesis of ZrO2 by a sol–gel

A dioxaborine cyanine dye as a photoluminescence probe for sensing carbon nanotubes

• Mohammed Al Araimi,
• Petro Lutsyk,
• Anatoly Verbitsky,
• Yuri Piryatinski,
• Mykola Shandura and
• Aleksey Rozhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1991–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.190

• the PL detection towards the nanotube diameters. The energy diagram shown at the right-hand side of Figure 2a represents a two-component system consisting of the anionic surfactant SDBS and the SWNTs in water, where the anionic surfactant forms micelles around the nanotubes having typical exciton

• mixture at micellar concentration of SDBS does not exhibit new bands in the range of 700–780 nm (in absorption and PL excitation). Thus, no RET from DOB-719 is possible when the micelles of SDBS fully cover the SWNTs. This shows another dissimilarity of the studied system in comparison with SWNT–SDBS

• 735 nm can be used for PL detection of SWNTs in aqueous environment. In the mixture of DOB-719 and SWNTs, the monomeric dye molecules were either in free form and degraded severely, or associated in a complex with the SWNT micelles and became more stable. Thus, the interaction between DOB-719 and the

Antitumor magnetic hyperthermia induced by RGD-functionalized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, in an experimental model of colorectal liver metastases

• Oihane K. Arriortua,
• Eneko Garaio,
• Borja Herrero de la Parte,
• Maite Insausti,
• Luis Lezama,
• Fernando Plazaola,
• Jose Angel García,
• Jesús M. Aizpurua,
• Maialen Sagartzazu,
• Mireia Irazola,
• Nestor Etxebarria,
• Ignacio García-Alonso,
• Alberto Saiz-López and
• José Javier Echevarria-Uraga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1532–1542, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.147

• -water micelles, encapsulating iron oxide nanocrystals inside them. The monomeric units of maleic anhydride are easily hydrolyzed to form carboxylic groups, becoming hydrosoluble. Besides, the conjugation of carboxylates to a linker containing both an amino and a triple bond group generates an

Polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers as templates for stacked, spherical large-mesopore silica coatings: dependence of silica pore size on the PS/PEO ratio

• Roberto Nisticò,
• Giuliana Magnacca,
• Sushilkumar A. Jadhav and
• Dominique Scalarone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1454–1460, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.137

• critical micellar concentration, CMC) amphiphiles can spontaneously self-organize into well-defined supramolecular aggregates (host) which can be classified as normal and reverse micelles, emulsions, vesicles or liquid crystal phases and can shape or pattern other materials (guest), forming spherical

• concentration dependent. In addition to the amphiphile concentration, the morphology and size of both micelles and micellar aggregates also depend on other solution parameters, such as the type of solvents, the solvent/nonsolvent ratio, the presence of additives, and on molecular parameters, such as the

• films. Thus, by fixing the TEOS/PS-b-PEO weight ratio of the micellar solutions in order to get spherical micelles (that is for TEOS/PS-b-PEO weight ratios of 95/5 or 93/7), we studied the effect of the PS/PEO ratio on the pore size of the templated silica films. Results and Discussion Hybrid TEOS/block

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• surfactants seem to enable such water interactions. On the contrary, ionic surfactants tend to form micelles that limit access for the water molecules. Therefore, the results of the SWCNT studies give a general idea of the impact of surfactants on the relaxivity results. When comparing solely r2 measured in

Orientation of FePt nanoparticles on top of a-SiO₂/Si(001), MgO(001) and sapphire(0001): effect of thermal treatments and influence of substrate and particle size

• Martin Schilling,
• Paul Ziemann,
• Zaoli Zhang,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser and
• Ulf Wiedwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 591–604, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.52

• particle size, distance and arrangement [11]. Since this preparation is almost independent of the substrate, we successfully deposited the well-separated NPs on a-SiO2/Si(001), sapphire(0001) and magnesium oxide MgO(001). In brief, reverse micelles were formed using a commercial diblock-copolymer (PS-P2VP

• ) solved in water-free toluene and loaded by Zeise’s salt K[PtCl3(C2H4)]·H2O and FeCl2 or FeCl3 in the appropriate ratio for equiatomic FePt NPs. All chemicals were used as received. A self-assembled close-packed monolayer of precursor-loaded micelles forms on the substrates by dip coating at a typical

• velocity of 15 mm/min [11][30]. These deposited precursor-loaded micelles are transformed into FePt NPs by a combination of oxygen and hydrogen plasma treatments: The organic shell is removed by oxygen plasma, followed by a subsequent hydrogen plasma step, necessary to completely reduce the NPs into the

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• employed in case of other DDS such as biodegradable polymers, which co-assemble into composite micelles [10]. Another type of common drug carriers includes nanoparticles. Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles are often employed because they give possibility to control the transport by applying external magnetic

Two step formation of metal aggregates by surface X-ray radiolysis under Langmuir monolayers: 2D followed by 3D growth

• Smita Mukherjee,
• Marie-Claude Fauré,
• Michel Goldmann and
• Philippe Fontaine

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2406–2411, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.247

• place around the organic templates. We have previously applied this strategy to a spherical and a planar geometry. In the first case, we observed the formation of silver nanoshells upon irradiation of an aqueous solution of linoleic acid micelles that contained silver ions [6][7]. In the latter case, we

Selective porous gates made from colloidal silica nanoparticles

• Roberto Nisticò,
• Paola Avetta,
• Paola Calza,
• Debora Fabbri,
• Giuliana Magnacca and
• Dominique Scalarone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2105–2112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.215

• solution are able to form various types of aggregates, such as micelles and vesicles that can be employed to build novel nanomaterials [36][37]. Figure 1 reports the possible supramolecular organizations of amphiphiles when dissolved in solution. In particular, by changing the ratio between the silica

• brings them to spontaneously segregate in well-defined nanostructures. Therefore, when block copolymers are mixed to solvents which are selective for one of the blocks, polymer chains spontaneously aggregate into micelles having different architectures (i.e., spheres, rods, tubes, lamellae) and degree of

• reverse micellization takes place, reverse micelles can work as nanoreactors [40] and used to produce nanoparticles. Basing on our results, the reverse micellization regime definitively establishes with a TEOS/block copolymer weight ratio of 75/25 and the corresponding samples, obtained after calcination

Nanotechnology in the real world: Redeveloping the nanomaterial consumer products inventory

• Marina E. Vance,
• Todd Kuiken,
• Eric P. Vejerano,
• Sean P. McGinnis,
• Michael F. Hochella Jr.,
• David Rejeski and
• Matthew S. Hull

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1769–1780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.181

• advertising to contain metal and metal oxide nanomaterials, silicon-based nanomaterials (mostly SiO2 nanoparticles), and a variety of other nanomaterial components (organics, ceramics, polymers, clays, nanocellulose, liposomes, nano micelles, carnauba wax, etc.) have been growing in popularity. During the

• nanomaterials (CNT = carbon nanotubes). Major nanomaterial composition groups over time. Carbon = carbonaceous nanomaterials (carbon black, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphene). Other = organics, ceramics, polymers, clays, nanocellulose, liposomes, nano micelles, carnauba wax, etc. Note the difference in

Analyzing collaboration networks and developmental patterns of nano-enabled drug delivery (NEDD) for brain cancer

• Ying Huang,
• Jing Ma,
• Alan L. Porter,
• Seokbeom Kwon and
• Donghua Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1666–1676, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.169

• exposure of the pharmaceutical through controlled release. Thus, NEDD provides a novel approach to medical therapy, including treatment of chronic diseases and genetic disorders [5]. At the present, various kinds of nanoparticles have been developed as drug carriers, such as liposomes, micelles, polymeric

Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals

• Johannes Ostermann,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Christopher Wolter,
• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Hauke Kloust and
• Horst Weller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 232–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.22

• and specificity in a broad in vitro test is demonstrated. Keywords: biolable; cellular uptake; fluorescence quenching; poylmeric micelles; quantum dots; Introduction One of the main challenges in using high quality nanoparticles for biological applications is to ensure that the ligand system

• solvents, which are selective for only one of the blocks [7]. The formation of polymeric vesicles (polymerosomes) and spherical micelles is an interesting tool for the encapsulation of hydrophobic nanoparticles and since the critical micelle concentration (CMC) is comparatively low [8][9], a high stability

• -assembled vesicles and micelles in water, depending on the chosen block length ratio [19]. The high amount of present double bonds in the micelle core offers the possibility of radically initiated cross-linking of the structures or even microemulsion polymerizations to produce very dense capsules. Review

The distribution and degradation of radiolabeled superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and quantum dots in mice

• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Markus Heine,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Gordon M. Stachowski,
• Stephen G. Hickey,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Jörg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 111–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.11

• -coated SPIOs or from oleic acid-stabilized, lipophilic SPIOs embedded in lipid micelles (Figure 5B, “nanosomes”). The measured 51Cr values were significantly lower (p < 0.01) as compared to a trace dose of orally administered, aqueous CrCl3, indicating that only a very limited amount (<0.05%) of the

• administered dose from intact particles can be absorbed in the intestinal tract. This excludes a relevant, unspecific particle uptake in the intestinal tract, at least for particles of this type (size, charge). It should be noted that the results obtained with lipid micelles are also relevant for the field of

• dietary fat absorption in the intestinal tract, and would support the classical view of fatty acid absorption from micelles formed in the gastrointestinal tract after food intake. The action of bile acids and pancreas lipase would first produce free fatty acids or monoglycerides, but obviously does not

Synthesis and characterization of fluorescence-labelled silica core-shell and noble metal-decorated ceria nanoparticles

• Rudolf Herrmann,
• Markus Rennhak and
• Armin Reller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2413–2423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.251

• -derived BPD dye can be immobilized in a polyorganosiloxane network which in turn could be isolated by a silica shell. This is indeed possible. We modified existing procedures [24][25][26][27] for the slow co-hydrolysis of methyltrimethoxysilane and dimethyldiethoxysilane in the presence of BPD in micelles

• incorporated is, however, limited. It seems that the very large BPD molecules do not easily enter the micelles where the polyorganosiloxane network is formed, but tend to precipitate from the aqueous reaction mixture. The average number of dye molecules in the core can be estimated by the same photometric

• groups. A common feature of all dyes which failed is their cationic nature. We therefore think that they have difficulties to pass through the membrane of the micelles formed from (easily deprotonated) 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. Ceria nanoparticles Ceria (CeO2) NP do not occur in nature but are man