The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• interactions in soil [31]. Biochar properties The physical and chemical properties of biochar depend significantly on the composition of its feedstock [46]. Molecular model calculations and quantum chemistry analyses suggest that biochar derived from wood exhibits superior physical properties, such as porosity

• Information File 1, covering a range of MPs, including PE, PS, polyamide (PA), and mixtures such as LDPE, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PA, polycarbonate, PE, PS, and PVC [33][42][66][67]. Among these, PS is frequently utilized as a model MP due to its uniform composition and quantifiability, making it a

• the heart and kidneys [69]. Therefore, the removal of increasingly smaller MPs has become an urgent focus in MP treatment research. The treatment of PS using biochar derived from London plane tree pyrolyzed at 550 °C in a complete mixing model demonstrated an adsorption capacity of 60.05 mg·g−1

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• membrane exhibited significant antibacterial activity, reducing the number of attached live bacteria by 80−95% for three different model bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus). The Cu NPs could be reloaded onto the membrane surface after depletion

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• work aimed to classify the state of a STM tip based on STS measurements of the Au(111) surface. Using a total of 1789 archived spectra, a ML model was trained which aimed to classify new spectra into one of five categories, based on the similarity of each the spectrum to an idealised surface state

• addition to the lack of data, ML models require careful labelling and a high level of knowledge from the labeller to be able to train such a model. Switching to a new substrate system is likely to require retraining of the model, and furthermore, even after a successful training, it is still often unclear

• what the model is learning from the input data, a problem which leads to these models being referred to as a “black box”. Because of these limitations, there is a strong case to develop methods which do not rely on ML, circumventing these drawbacks whilst still being able to make precise

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• zebrafish embryo model, showing improved survival rates against pneumococcal infections on treatment with auranofin-loaded NPs compared to free auranofin. In another example, the gold(III) bisdithiolate complex 11 (Figure 4) was encapsulated in block copolymer micelles (BCMs) to improve solubility

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• series of video processing steps to enhance contrast and used differential treatment techniques to manage low signal and fast kinetics. The DL model demonstrates consistency with manual measurements and increased throughput, laying the foundation for statistical studies of nanotube growth. The approach

• filtering, and object edge contrast was enhanced using Gaussian difference filtering. Finally, image contrast was optimized through histogram equalization [10]. Deep learning model The deep learning model and its training are detailed in Supporting Information File 1. In short, an image recognition system

• a deep learning model to recognize and track both growing nanotubes (dark segments) and structural changes (bright segments) in such differential videos. The model was also trained at recognizing optical marks and catalyst lines (Figure 2) [20]. Kinetic data extraction proceeded in the following

Wavelength-dependent correlation of LIPSS periodicity and laser penetration depth in stainless steel

• Nitin Chaudhary,
• Chavan Akash Naik,
• Shilpa Mangalassery,
• Jai Prakash Gautam and
• Sri Ram Gopal Naraharisetty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1302–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.95

• wavelength remains not fully understood, despite numerous studies on this topic. The most puzzling aspect of our current results is the decrease in the periodicity of LIPSS after irradiation with wavelengths beyond 2000 nm. Further experiments and theoretical studies are necessary to develop a precise model

• or understand the underlying mechanisms. In pursuit of this understanding, we monitored the formation of plasma and the depth of laser penetration inside the material for all wavelengths of femtosecond laser irradiations. According to the plasmonic model, when the radiation is incident at a normal

• medium) and εm = (n + ik)2, n is the real part of the refractive index of the metal, and k is the coefficient of extinction. According to this model, the periodicity should exhibit an increasing trend with wavelength when there is no resonance. However, the experiments presented in this work show some

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• [52]. In this study, acute inflammation was induced via subplantar injection of carrageenan, a sulfated polysaccharide known to stimulate edema through the release of pro-inflammatory mediators associated with hyperalgesia and vascular alterations [53][54]. The paw edema model provides a reliable

• efficient interaction with cellular receptors, contributing to its heightened bioactivity [57]. Collectively, these findings suggest that bocaiúva oil-based nanoemulsions hold promising potential as anti-inflammatory agents. Further analysis using the carrageenan-induced paw edema model revealed that the

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• ) surface coupling (Figure 3). Generally, RBC membranes can be separated by hypotonic treatment to remove intracellular components (Figure 3A,B). Erythrocyte drug loading has been demonstrated by encapsulating artemether as a model drug and using different modifications of the hypotonic methods [27]. When

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• materials (BP, rBP, and rCBP) was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), model Primas E (US). The samples were coated with Pt for 30 s prior to measurement. Bioactive properties UV absorption. Transparency and UV absorption of the films were determined using UV–vis spectroscopy in the

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• suppressions of ear edema, pruritus, high IgE levels, epidermal swelling, and mast cell infiltration in Balb/c mouse model [62]. Temperature- and pH-responsive hydrogels loaded with gallic acid were developed using a combination of biocompatible polymers: Pluronic F-127, N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan, and

• polyethylene glycolated hyaluronic acid. The system was designed to be incorporated into therapeutic fabrics for transdermal application, making it a potentially valuable tool for treating conditions such as atopic dermatitis. The release mechanism of gallic acid followed a first-order kinetic model, in which

• test was performed with a collagen-induced arthritis model. The methotrexate nanogel showed significant improvement in the hind paw edema, reduced arthritic score, reduction in joint damage (histological and radiological), and attenuation of serum cytokines levels, such as TNF-alpha and IL-6. The

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• min. The dissolution profiles of the micellar systems were also evaluated using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with lag time (tlag), which indicated a Fickian diffusion mechanism, preceded by a thermodynamically driven accommodation stage of PpIX into the micelles. The solubility of PpIX ranged from 0.138

• , including zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer–Peppas were evaluated for both conventional and micellar systems. However, most of them could not fit the results. The best fit was obtained by using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model with lag time (tlag), only for the systems containing P407 (Table 1). The

• lag time parameter in the model reflects the initial phase of micelle formation and the subsequent accommodation of PpIX into the micellar core, which precedes the diffusion-driven dissolution process [23]. Among the systems evaluated, water + P407 and EtOH77 + P407 exhibited the highest correlation

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• (WHO) for larvicidal bioassays, which applies the cumulative normal distribution model. In contrast, the bioassay conducted with the nanocomposite produced by the conventional ionic gelation method (CS/TPP–rot, Figure 5A) showed an LC50 of 157.02 ppm and an LC90 of 246.52 ppm, a value notably higher

• Probit regression performed in RStudio with the glm() function (binomial family, probit link). The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) were calculated based on the estimated model parameters [40]. Cellular viability assessment by MTT assay The cellular viability of human skin fibroblasts (HSF) exposed

• formazan crystals were solubilized with acidified isopropanol, and the absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a microplate reader (Thermo Labsystems Multiskan, model 352). A positive control (2% Triton X-100) and a negative control (culture medium without treatment) were used. Cellular viability was

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• the axis of the nanotube. A density mesh cutoff of 150 Rydberg was applied to define the real-space grid for energy calculations. The ZnS NT model, consisting of 36 atoms periodically arranged along the Z-direction, was structurally optimized to achieve geometric and energetic stability. Optimization

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions suggest a softening of the outer envelope, which we associate with intense dehydration and membrane separation between inner and outer envelopes. Application of a contact mechanics model to account for the minute differences in mechanical behavior upon deformation

• Young’s modulus is extracted after a mechanics model has been chosen in the analysis software and the appropriate parameters between the AFM tip and sample have been given. Although the apex of the tip used in this case is not a perfect cone, and the radius of the tip is about 10% of that of PA, analysis

• of the force response obtained in the force curves suggests that the Sneddon model provides a better description for the induced deformation than that of the Hertz model for the case when a spherical tip indents on an elastic planar half-space. Under the frame of the Sneddon model, a rigid conical

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• asymmetry in our model, since they are generated through a single element Lout, common to both receiving loops. Nevertheless, Lout can lead to an effective asymmetry of the input signal supply, as will be shown below. Let us try to apply the results obtained above to the experimental data presented in our

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• , those numbers as well result from a computational model of pure silver and FeNi in water for ps-LAL and ns-LAL; therefore, transferability to HEA NPs in organic solvents may be limited. Additionally, the longest calculated pulse in [64] has a length of 2 ns, whereas in this work the pulse duration is 10

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• , which may affect the reported metrics. Furthermore, deep leaning models, as a rule of thumb, perform better when they are trained on large data sets. Since we had a relatively small number of images, we opted out of training a custom model and instead chose to use state-of-the-art pre-trained deep

• , RDN, and EDSR) [27][28][29][30][31]. The model architectures are built of residual convolutional neural network blocks while each of them integrates a unique algorithmic component (see “Methods”, “Computational Pipeline” section: “Traditional methods and deep learning super-resolution models”). For

• to align and crop the images so that corresponding low- (or the model-reconstructed high-resolution image) and high-resolution GT images were perfectly aligned. In addition to reference-based fidelity methods, no-reference methods were used to assess the quality of the 4× upscaled images. In this

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• that this model produces good qualitative agreement with our 3D measurements of 60 nm gold nanospheres, but only if both β and δ for the complex refractive index n = 1 – δ + iβ of gold are included in the model. This shows that both absorption and phase properties of the specimen influence the acquired

• TXM image. The qualitative agreement improves if we incorporate a small tilt into the condenser illumination relative to the optical axis, implying a small misalignment in the microscope. Finally, in quantitative comparisons, we show that the model predicts the nanosphere’s expected absorption as

• determined by Beer’s law, whereas the microscope underestimates this absorption by 10–20%. This surprising observation highlights the need for future work to identify the microscope feature(s) that lead to this quantitative discrepancy. Keywords: 3D imaging; mathematical model; Mie theory; nanoparticle

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• coating was removed from the substrate (Figure 9c). The results of the mechanical properties after annealing are shown in Table 5 and Figure 10c. Based on the SEM images of the surface morphology and cross sections of the thin films, along with the mechanical results (Table 5), Thornton’s model [66][67

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• ions, including radioactive nuclides in aqueous solutions. Large-area and single-layer graphene oxide (SLGO) grown on α-Al2O3(0001) was used as a model structure of GO since the aggregation and re-stacking of the GO sheets prevent the adequate analysis of the adsorption state. The SLGO film was

• the appearance of states derived from oxygen functional groups. Subsequently, the adsorption mechanism of Cs on GO was investigated using SLGO/α-Al2O3(0001) as the model structure. It was found that Cs adsorbs on SLGO by the substitution of H from oxygen functional groups, such as carboxyl and hydroxy

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• substrate prepared by sulfonation (Figure 16). The material, which exhibits a bifunctional system of antioxidants and antibacterial properties on its surface, was employed as a model implant to effectively treat diabetic bone defects and restore the integration and remodeling of the implant and surrounding

• material was observed to eliminate excessive oxidative stress, promote the growth of H2O2-injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and facilitate the secretion of endothelial growth factor, which is essential for angiogenesis. The subcutaneous implant model in diabetic rats and the bone tissue

• implant model yielded notable in vivo outcomes with respect to angiogenesis and osseointegration, respectively. The LbL strategy offers a highly applicable and versatile approach to soft materials nanoarchitectonics, with the potential to contribute to a range of medical fields, including the

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• coatings [17][18][19]. The understanding of LSPC in liquids has been largely stimulated by theoretical approaches and simulations. In a thermodynamic approach, the equilibration of excited electrons with the phonon bath is described in the two-temperature model (TTM) [20][21][22], which conveys important

• to liquid) should lead to restructuring. In a simple model, the laser energy is converted into heat that will be localized in the absorbing part within the laser penetration depth. Absorption is linear as expressed by the (known) absorption cross section. In the model by Takami et al. [46], which is

• ablation section, such as phase explosion, do require fast heating for the material to leave the binodal of liquid–gas coexistence and reach the critical point or the spinodal line [38]. This model offers a conceptually straightforward access to classifying structure formation according to the maximally

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• 1.4 μm (average: 0.7 μm), indicating that they were generally smaller. A statistical analysis is provided in Figure 4b. The mitochondrial volume was used as a shape-independent parameter and was calculated from the obtained topography data without relying on any specific model. Mitochondria isolated

• wide variation in mitochondrial diameters (0.2–2.6 μm), we use two model objects for comparison, namely, microspheres with diameters of 1 and 3 μm. For 3 μm microspheres (Figure 7c,e), the same behaviour is observed qualitatively. However, 1 μm microspheres (Figure 7d,f) do not exhibit the

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• temperature (LT). We identify atomic contrast changes resulting either from a polarity change of the tip-terminating cluster or from a polarity-preserving tip change. Following the recently developed model for contrast formation on CaF2(111) surfaces [10], we adopt the contrast mode notations C1, C3, and C4

• ) reconstructed unit cell from STM imaging [33]. With the surface orientation established, the sublattices can be identified through a distance-dependent analysis of NC-AFM images [10], and corresponding model drawings of the CaF2(111) surface geometry are superimposed on the image data. To improve the signal-to

• change in image contrast. Based on the sublattice identification in the contrast profiles in Figure 3b,c and Figure 3e,f, we superimpose the CaF2(111) surface model to the data in Figure 3a and Figure 3d and furthermore find that the tip change clearly goes along with a change in polarity of the contrast

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• precision in determining the pore morphologies [29][40]. The method involved fitting two-dimensional (2D) scattering patterns to a conical pore model utilizing a series of images with different tilts of the sample with respect to the incident X-ray beam, corresponding to the alignment of the parallel pores

• SiO2 (≈26°). As described in our track etching model [13], the cone angle depends only on the ratio of the track-etch rate to the bulk-etch rate. Hence, the different angles indicate different etch-rate ratios for PECVD and thermal SiO2. This discrepancy is not unexpected because PECVD-deposited films

• . Since the cone shape depends only on the ratio of track to bulk etch rate, the significantly different cone angles cannot be explained solely by the variation in bulk etch rates. Therefore, the track etch rate must also differ between the two types of SiO2. Using our track etching model [13] and the