ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• cobalt nanoparticle catalysts on an aluminum oxide support, industrially relevant in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. The catalysts are imaged before and after reaction at 430 K as the current maximum temperature of the qPlus sensor used falls just below the reaction temperature. Quadrupole mass

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• ]. Apart from that, quantitative and qualitative measurements of SDS in terms of laboratory use are necessary. The SDS is widely used in protein estimation via polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) [10]. Several research groups widely explore nanoparticle synthesis using SDS as a capping agent for

• different applications [11]. The application of nanoparticles depends on the amount of capping agent adsorbed on the surface of the nanoparticles [12]. This suggests that quantifying the amount of surface capping, such as SDS, is necessary for designing nanoparticle-based applications. The food industry has

• performed using SEM (FEI Quanta 250, Netherlands). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also performed to measure nanoparticle mean size and their distribution. The sample was diluted 1000-fold from the stock solution, and 5 µL of the sample was placed onto a carbon-coated copper grid with 200 mesh

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• , there are few studies focusing on this property when they are used as nanoparticle formulations [17]. Over the years, several valuable alginate-based applications have been reported as gastroretentive drug delivery systems, in which alginate beads were either coated with aminated chitosan [24], or

• used for nanoparticle preparation. The nanoscale size is particularly important in mucoadhesive systems designed for gastric delivery because of the mesh-like structure of gastric mucus. Since the pore size in gastric mucus is around 500 nm [9], the smaller the nanoparticle, the better the mucus

• corresponding fluorescence intensity (FI) values (λex = 485 nm, λem = 530 nm) was used to calculate the amount of peptide within the nanoparticles. Based on the parameters used for the nanoparticle synthesis in this study, the encapsulation efficiency of the FAM-labeled peptide model within EudAlg NPs was (58.6

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• nanoparticles with their surface attachment and solves longstanding nanoparticle adhesion and electrical contact issues. Irradiation of hydrophilic carbon fiber paper submerged in aqueous HAuCl4 solution by nanosecond laser pulses produced composites with uniform distribution of gold nanoparticles on carbon

• must be integrated with macroscopic supports to function as electrodes. A major obstacle in contemporary manufacturing of nanoparticle–support composites is their laborious inefficient multistep preparation, involving chemical synthesis, heating, cooling, collection, purification, distribution, and

• ]. Alkaline electrolytes can decrease acid-based side reactions but alter Nafion [11][14], impeding ion conductivity and overall performance [5]. Adding binders additionally complicates reaction mechanisms and introduces competing pathways or by-products [5]. Further challenges in traditional nanoparticle

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• formation. The results demonstrated that BerNPs were produced with an average particle size of 40–65 nm. The chemical structure of BerNPs remained consistent with that of berberine, with no modifications occurring during nanoparticle preparation. The BerNPs exhibited the ability to inhibit S. mutans, with

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• ) was found to direct both the nanoparticles’ phase selectivity and recovery after cycling. The observed correlations provide potential guidelines for nanoparticle extraction and size separation, relevant for phase transfer and cycling during homogeneous catalysis. Keywords: catalysis; laser ablation

• nanoparticle synthesis was shown to produce gas phases consisting of hydrogen [11][12][13], carbon dioxide [12][14], and carbon monoxide [12][14], as well as carbon-based gases such as methane or C2 hydrocarbons [12][13][14][15][16]. In addition to gaseous by-products, the decomposition was found to produce

• ], and/or carbon shells on the nanoparticle surface [7]. These carbon shells are either amorphous or graphitic [7][8][30], while doping of the shells [31] is also possible. Besides carbon formation, the choice of organic solvent influences the properties of the generated nanoparticles and process

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• PAI contrast agents [195][196]. Gold nanorods [197], gold nanostars [198], hollow gold nanocages [199], chains of gold nanoparticles [200], and ultraminiature chain-like gold nanoparticle clusters [201] have been used for the detection of ocular structures such as retinal blood vessels, choroidal

• explanations of material size, structure, dosage, and administration methods [215]. During treatment, processes such as nanoparticle aggregation, material degradation, cellular uptake/excretion, and unintended release of adsorbents require comprehensive safety analysis. In inorganic photothermal nanomaterials

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• as capping and reducing agents for ZnO NP synthesis, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly route for nanoparticle fabrication. To characterize the synthesized ZnO NPs, a range of analytical techniques were harnessed. XRD analysis established the occurrence of ZnO NPs with the hexagonal

• . Microscopic examination via TEM and SEM offered details about nanoparticle size and shape. Our study reported a size range from 7 to 98 nm, with an average size of 10 nm. Suba et al. [22] reported an average size of 32 nm, while Mohd Yusof et al. [23] synthesized ZnO NPs with a size of 291 nm (flower-like

• NPs with orange values representing the Miller indices of the diffraction planes, confirming the hexagonal wurtzite structure. (a, b) Scanning electron microscopy images depicting morphology, structure, and size of ZnO NPs. (c) Frequency distribution of nanoparticle sizes derived from SEM analysis. (d

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• focused on silica (SiO2) nanomaterials in the size range of 50–100 nm (depending on the method used, i.e., transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, or dynamic light scattering (intensity or number distribution)) with different surface modifications, which are reported to be

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• protein corona is present on any nanoparticle (NP) entering biological fluids; however, the existence of a natural protein corona on natural NPs has not been experimentally confirmed. We used our previously developed photomodification method to fix the natural corona on “biological nanoparticles” (bio-NPs

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• replicating the characteristics or functions of native cells [19]. Nanoparticle coating involves obtaining nanoparticles (Figure 1-2A), which can be organic or inorganic in structure (Figure 2A), and conjugating them with functional ligands (Figure 1-2B) or biological structures, such as cell membranes

• nanoparticle was demonstrated by inhibiting proliferation through negative regulation of cyclin D1, halting the G0/G1 cell cycle in HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cells [67][68]. Biomimetic-specific targets provide opportunities for personalized cancer therapies [10][11][12]. Coated nanocarriers have also been

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• samples on the liver of Wistar rats was identified. Keywords: biocompatibility; hepatotoxicity; iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle; rutin; Teucrium polium (T. polium); Introduction Leveraging nanotechnology, personalized medicine, and interdisciplinary collaboration is essential for overcoming the complex

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• /bjnano.15.124 Abstract ʟ-Carnosine is a dipeptide with notable antioxidant, antiglycation, metal chelating, and neuroprotective properties. Despite its many biological roles, applying ʟ-carnosine as a capping agent in nanoparticle synthesis has remained underexplored. This study explores the potential of

• pollutants [4][5][6]. Biomolecule-capped silver nanoparticles, particularly those stabilized by naturally occurring peptides such as ʟ-carnosine, have shown exceptional sensing and catalytic degradation capabilities. ʟ-Carnosine, a dipeptide consisting of β-alanine and histidine, stabilizes the nanoparticle

• nanotechnology have ushered in the development of nanoparticle-based systems that offer promising alternatives because of their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and potential for real-time applications. Plasmonic nanoparticles, such as silver, have been widely explored for their unique plasmonic and catalytic

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• reducing agent [34]. In this way, the green synthesis of nanoparticles has expanded in nanoscience and nanotechnology [35]. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using algae Green nanoparticle synthesis is the design and development of strategies for the production of nanoparticles to reduce the use or

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• hydrophilic drugs are entrapped in the lipid shell. PLHNPs demonstrate relatively greater loading capacity for lipophilic compounds than other nanoparticle systems [12][19]. Moreover, the surface modification of PLHNPs with targeting ligands, such as antibodies, peptides, or aptamers, has been explored to

• PLHNPs. Another surface modification strategy involves the addition of stealth coatings, such as PEG, to the nanoparticle surface. A schematic representation for the development of PEGylated PLHNPs is depicted in Figure 4A. PEGylation involves attaching PEG chains to the surface of the nanoparticles

• PLHNPs can also involve the incorporation of stimuli-responsive moieties onto the nanoparticle surface. These moieties enable the nanoparticles to respond to specific stimuli, such as pH changes, temperature shifts, or enzyme activity, thereby triggering controlled drug release at the target site [70][71

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• materials. Keywords: α-phase; β-phase; chemical rate theory; Fe; nanoparticle; nucleation; phase stability diagram; polymorphic phase transision; radiation stability; thermodynamics; vacancy saturation; Introduction Solid metal or ceramic nanoparticles with a diameter in the range of 1–100 nm, when placed

• this study, we define the size of a particle as its diameter in a spherical shape or the number of atoms (N0) in the nanoparticle with a given radius R, as depicted in Figure 1. The phase stability is evaluated based on various competing energy factors, including the degree of radiation-induced vacancy

• irradiation, which generate vacancies and interstitial atoms in both the interior and on the surfaces of the nanoparticle. Our approach utilizes thermodynamic calculations to determine the Gibbs free energy of a nanoparticle in various phase states with vacancy-type defects. Additionally, we consider the size

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• nanoparticle-based systems capable of efficient detection and degradation. However, conventional approaches utilizing strong capping agents like cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) on nanoparticles lead to limitations due to the rigid nature of CTAB. This restricts its utility in heavy metal detection and 4-NP

• metals and efficient degradation of 4-NP. For enabling linker-free/ligand-free detection of heavy metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-NP, CTAB was engineered as a versatile capping agent on gold and silver nanoparticles. Various factors, including nanoparticle characteristics such as shape, size

• potentially carcinogenic, and it is hard to predict their toxicity at early stages of exposure. In addition, industrial wastewater may contain toxic compounds such as the widely used 4-nitrophenol [1]. Hence, one need is to develop a dual-functional and flexible linker-free metal nanoparticle-based sensor

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• nucleation in a supersaturated solution) can be experimentally identified [18] and correlated with specific parameters of the systems exposed to microwaves [18][19][20]. For instance, the use of microwaves in nanoparticle production may increase the reaction rate, also contributing to a narrow particle size

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• -depth studies in complex environments to evaluate nanoparticle stability, protein corona formation, hemolytic activity, and targeting capabilities. To address this issue, fluorescent silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) are here functionalized with zwitterionic (kinetic stabilizer) and folate groups

• nanoparticles are not hemolytic. Remarkably, the functionalized SiO2NPs are more internalized by tumor cells than their healthy counterparts. Investigations of this nature play a crucial role in garnering results with greater reliability, allowing the development of nanoparticle-based pharmaceutical drugs that

• Discussion Nanoparticle characterization The functionalized NP synthesis was performed using zwitterionic as a kinetic stabilizer and folate as a tumor driver (Figure 1a). They presented a quasi-spherical shape (Figure 1b,c) and an average diameter of 86.4 ± 0.4 nm for non-functionalized SiO2NPs and 86.1

Enhanced catalytic reduction through in situ synthesized gold nanoparticles embedded in glucosamine/alginate nanocomposites

• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Le-Kim-Thuy Nguyen,
• Minh-Trong Tran,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Nguyen Minh Ty,
• T. Ngoc Han Pham,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Tran Thi Huong Giang,
• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1227–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.99

• absorbance declines again at higher temperatures (80 and 90 °C). This decrease in AuNP concentration in the colloidal solution is attributed to nanoparticle aggregation. Elevated temperatures can cause the detachment of the polysaccharide chains from the surface of the AuNPs, promoting the collision and

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• response to external stimuli [21][22]. Different “smart” polymeric nanoparticle systems have been described in the literature, which might respond to both internal and external stimuli to release drugs. Remarkable developments have been made regarding in vitro and in vivo drug release with varying drug

• humidified air atmosphere with 5% CO2. Preparation of DOX-SNPs To synthesize DOX-containing nanoparticle structures, the miniemulsion polymerization method was used according to a protocol adapted from [24]. First, the water phase was formed. The water phase was obtained by adding and dissolving 0.375 g

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• behavior in different oxidation states. This is particularly relevant in nanoparticle chemistry, where redox reactions are common. The density of a metal is a macroscopic property that influences the mass and volume of nanoparticles. Electron affinity measures the energy change when an electron is added to

• ones. Our results highlight the significance of specific nanoparticle properties influencing the degree of zebrafish toxicity (i.e., the degree of enzyme inhibition), including electronegativity, molecular bulk, and atomic radius of the metal. The developed nano-qRASTR model provides a robust framework

• computational resources required, thus, making it a viable option for rapid screening of nanoparticle toxicity. Our study’s ability to accurately predict the toxicity of a broad range of MONPs to zebrafish highlights its potential as a valuable tool in the safety assessment of nanomaterials. The prediction of

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• played an important role in the enhancement of therapeutic outcomes compared to those of conventional therapy. At the same time, nanoparticle drug delivery systems offer a significant reduction in side effects of treatments by lowering the off-target biodistribution of the active pharmaceutical

• impermeable basal lamina allow for rapid accumulation of NPs in the liver through passive targeting [24]. Complementing certain anatomic or pathophysiological features of the target organ, such passive accumulation also relies on nanoparticle properties including size, shape, surface charge, and

• nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin (NanoCurc™) could ameliorate CCl4-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis through reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines [54]. The polymer platform of NanoCurc™ consists of N-isopropylacrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, and acrylic acid and was selected because of its capability to