Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• at the highest rate [36][37]. It is reasonable to assume that an increase of concentration at the droplet edges also promotes crystal nucleation in that area. The growing crystals then, in turn, reduce the concentration in the droplet. However, the evaporation of the solvent leads to an increase in

• concentration again after some time, which in turn leads to crystal nucleation. This process is repeated several times and due to the loss of droplet volume through evaporation, several rings of different diameters with greater mass accumulation were formed. To avoid this unequal mass distribution

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• possible to modulate the viscosity of DESs, especially NADES, by varying the composition ratio of hydrogen bond donor and hydrogen bond acceptor components [29]. Also, the growth mechanisms and nucleation processes of nanoparticles are highly modulated by the components of DESs through modifying reduction

• of DESs facilitates rapid nucleation yielding tiny particles that undergo Ostwald ripening through a slow process, allowing for the manipulation on the nanoscale with controlled crystal growth. Plasmonic metal nanoparticle synthesis using DESs Plasmonic metal nanoparticles, such as gold, silver, and

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• their cargo in response to locally elevated temperatures [24]. Under some circumstances, small mechanical displacements of the tissue can result in nucleation, growth, and collapse of gas bubbles in a process known as acoustic cavitation, which is responsible for drug release from some structures [27

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• studied the nucleation of silver on halloysite substrates modified by chemical treatment with NaOH. The resulting stabilized Ag-NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The nucleation was characterized by thermogravimetric

• surfaces of HNT have different chemical constitutions, they display different chemical affinities as well. Silver nucleation, for example, is favoured on the aluminol surface, due the high affinity between Ag+ ions and hydroxy groups (OH−) [26]. There is evidence suggesting that the silver nucleation on

• with NaOH to improve Ag-NP nucleation into the clay substrate. The resulting nanocomposite was evaluated in terms of chemical composition, morphology, and antimicrobial properties, while the nucleation process was characterized in terms of thermal behaviour and structural changes. We also investigated

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• gap in understanding thin film nucleation on 2D materials. In this paper, we present a density functional theory (DFT) study of the adsorption of small Co and Ru structures, with up to four atoms, on a monolayer of MoS2. We explore how the metal–substrate and metal–metal interactions contribute to the

• . Based on this understanding, we propose Co on MoS2 as a suitable candidate for advanced interconnects, while Ru on MoS2 is more suited to catalysis applications. Keywords: cobalt (Co); 2D materials; molybdenum disulfide (MoS2); ruthenium (Ru); thin film nucleation; Introduction Layered materials that

• metal and 2D materials [9][10][21][26], first principles modelling is a powerful tool that permits the investigation of the detailed interactions of metals and 2D materials at the atomic scale. In particular, understanding the nucleation of metals on 2D materials will be valuable for the design of

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• , the spectral evidence points to the generation of AgNPs with GSH as both the reducing and coating agent, which likely binds to the surface in its oxidised form. Similarly, Ag cluster nucleation finally leading to AgNP formation was observed also for the interaction of Ag+ with CYS [60]. Similar to our

• previous NMR observation on the CYS oxidation to cystine during Ag cluster nucleation [60], the experiments presented here also indicate the conversion of GSH to GSSG during the nucleation of Ag clusters with subsequent AgNP synthesis. Conclusion The evaluation of NP behaviour in biological media is a

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• has been used to induce the growth of semiconductor nanowires [97]. In this study by Aramesh, gold catalyst nanoparticles were distributed onto GaAs and InAs substrates and upon irradiating selected regions with helium ions, semiconductor nanowires grew from the gold nucleation sites. By increasing

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• nm. An important difference is that many of the C60 islands are observed in the middle of the terraces, that is, far away from step edges. This phenomenon, not observed for TE, suggests a difference in the nucleation during island formation. It could be explained by the presence of defects on the

• surface. These defects, induced by the HV-ESD method itself, could allow for the trapping of C60 molecules and island nucleation far away from step edges. The separation distance between islands can also be small, as indicated by the white arrow and observed in several place in Figure 2b. Another

• difference compared to TE is the size and numbers of the islands. At a coverage of 0.30 monolayers, the average size of the islands after HV-ESD is 600 nm2, that is, by a factor of 2.5 smaller than after TE. This reduced size also indicates the presence of additional nucleation sites that can facilitate the

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• typical heating process) which initiates the reduction of the silver salt by ethanol. This triggers a short burst of silver nanoparticle nucleation, which forms reaction seeds on the glass substrate. The strong affinity of the silver ions for the free hydroxyl groups of glass surfaces allows for the

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• stages of nucleation and growth are depicted in Figure 8. By modifying the temperature and the proportion of citrate concentration in relation to Ag+, Pillai and Kamat investigated the action of citrate in controlling the size and shape of AgNPs. By increasing the relative concentration of sodium citrate

• glycol, besides serving as a solvent, is also a reducing agent. Furthermore, as the reaction is dependent on the temperature it allows for an easy control of the nucleation and growth of AgNPs, as shown in Figure 10 [141]. Upon starting the reaction in an EG solution heated at 160 °C, the monocrystalline

• silver seeds are formed through homogeneous nucleation. The as-formed AgNPs seeds are dissolved by HNO3 present at a fairly high concentration during the initial stages of the reaction, according to Equation 4. After HNO3 is gradually consumed, a second round of nucleation is triggered, which favors the

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• relieve the epitaxial strain between the 2D Mn layer and the substrate occurs (significantly increasing the critical thickness for crystallographic defects nucleation). Second, there is the spontaneous elongation of 3D islands also induced by strain relaxation, which is the driving force leading to the

• Ge–Mn phases could easily nucleate on the surface upon high-temperature annealing of the Mn wetting layer. At low Mn thicknesses, small islands are expected to be strained and their nucleation onto the film surface occurs during the early stage of the annealing process, driven by strain between the

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• opposite out-of-plane magnetization in remanence. We are particularly interested in how ion irradiation changes the morphology of the magnetic domains and how it influences the nucleation and annihilation of domains in a typical adiabatic field cycle as well as after picosecond laser excitation [37][38

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• observed. The findings boost progress toward template-directed nucleation, growth, networking, and charge state manipulation of functional molecular nanostructures on surfaces using operando techniques. Keywords: atom manipulation; scanning tunneling microscopy; supramolecular self-assemblies; titanium

• closed oxide film, a hexagonal arrangement of larger particles can be detected (see the FFT inset in Figure 2c). Hereby, the hexagonal coincidence points of the oxide moiré pattern seem to act as preferred nucleation centers. Different from the adsorption on the z’-TiOx phase, there is still a slight

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• ]. The first one is the top-down approach where particles are produced from the bulk material, and the second one is the bottom-up approach where nucleation sites are formed and finally grow into a nanometer-sized particle. The first approach consists of a set of techniques also known as “physical

• ]. In the sol–gel method, a gel-like mixture is first prepared by mixing the silver precursor solution with a metal complex compound (i.e. comprised of Ca, Ti, Sr, etc.) [143][144] in a solvent such as water or alcohol. Then the product is heated in order for the nucleation and reaction to take place

• the gas phase to the reactor chamber. Second, adsorption of the vapor on the substrate surface and establishment of medium compounds followed by formation of a layer. Third, nucleation and growth of the layer through heating [241]. The important factors that control the process and size of synthesized

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• corresponds to the stage of transporting the atoms from the evaporated substances using the buffer gas to the synthesis chamber. The equations of atomic motion were solved based on the Verlet velocity scheme [16] with an integration step of h = 1 fs. During nucleation and further growth of the particles from

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• . Another remarkable result is the bulging outside the irradiated areas (Figure 4b), which is considered a result of bulge nucleation at the boundary between irradiated and non-irradiated regions, followed by an in-plane bulge propagation inside and outside the irradiated regions. The results show that

PTCDA adsorption on CaF₂ thin films

• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1615–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.144

• PTCDA molecules on CaF1 areas can rather be explained by nucleation at defects present in the interface layer. This is substantiated by data in Figure 3e and Figure 3f, where defects in the interface layer are imaged at positions where molecules were accidentally removed in the STM scans between the two

• rationalised by nucleation at defects present within the CaF1 interface layer. In contrast, the CaF2/CaF1 layer is mostly defect-free. A statistical analysis revealed a preferred molecular orientation of the long molecular axis along a CaF2 direction, in full agreement with the DFT-calculated optimum

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

• , resulting in a mobility decrease at the surface; and (2) the high porosity of the film which serves as a support for the surface diffusion of silver. The clusters formed during the early stages of the process serve as nucleation sites which grow into larger spheres as the oxidation process evolves. The

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• . [28] and Suzuki and coworkers [29]. The reduction of the density of the CNWs results from the etching of the CNWs at the initial nucleation step by atomic hydrogen, effectively reducing the nucleation sites. Increasing the H2 concentration in the plasma finally results in the deposition of an

•  3). As the precursor molecule provides much more carbon than platinum, the reduction in platinum loading likely results from a significant increase in the CNW growth and nucleation rate with substrate temperature (see Figure 4c) above the capability of the surrounding to provide sufficient Pt for

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• layer. We discovered that the self-assembly on top of the buffer layer allows better control over the nanoscale manipulation of the self-assembled networks. Using the influence of the STM tip, we could initiate the nucleation of small isolated domains of the benzoic acid on-command in a reproducible

• fashion. Such controlled nucleation experiments hold promise for studying fundamental processes inherent to the assembly process on surfaces. Keywords: benzoic acid; nucleation; self-assembly; solution–solid interface; substrate effect; Introduction The ability of some molecules to crystalize in more

• buffer layer experiments. In order to minimize the influence of the domain borders of the buffer layers on the nucleation and the growth of the BA-OC14 domains, we first optimized the deposition conditions in order to obtain large domains of n-C50. Specifically, we targeted domain sizes of ≥250 nm × 250

Magnetic-field-assisted synthesis of anisotropic iron oxide particles: Effect of pH

• Andrey V. Shibaev,
• Petr V. Shvets,
• Darya E. Kessel,
• Roman A. Kamyshinsky,
• Anton S. Orekhov,
• Sergey S. Abramchuk,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov and
• Olga E. Philippova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1230–1241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.107

• constant until the end of the synthesis (2–2.5 h). During the first several seconds, the color of the reaction mixture changes to black (Figure 1). This is consistent with the fact that the crystal nucleation happens almost instantly [6][43]. After that, only changes or reorganization of the crystalline

• ). Similar pictures depicting many primary nanoparticles attached to the surface of a larger magnetite particle were recently observed in spherical nanoparticles [9]. This was considered as evidence for magnetite nucleation and the growth mechanism, consisting of the aggregation of primary nanoparticles. As

Gram-scale synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Mohammad Jaber,
• Asim Mushtaq,
• Kebiao Zhang,
• Jindan Wu,
• Dandan Luo,
• Zihan Yi,
• M. Zubair Iqbal and
• Xiangdong Kong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1119–1125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.96

• TiO2 NP nucleation started after adding the urea and PVP surfactant. Then, the aqueously dispersed AgNO3 solution was poured into the prepared TiO2/PVP mixture. It was assumed that the positively charged Ag+ ions interacted with the negatively charged PVP-modified TiO2 NPs due to electrostatic

Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer

• Sébastien Gottis,
• Régis Laurent,
• Vincent Collière and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1110–1118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.95

• few studies [62][63][64]. According to these studies none of the nanoparticles were obtained as a resulted of fast nucleation, which in turn should lead to spherical and uniform nanoparticles with a 2–5 nm diameter range. On the contrary, the shapes that were observed here were obtained through a

• quantity of the Girard’s T reagent was sufficient to induce the first nucleation steps. The cleavage of all the hydrazone linkages would generate dendrimers 1 or 2 that are insoluble in water; however, no precipitate was observed. The intact dendrimer 4, on the other hand, acted as a nanoreactor in water

Electrochemical nanostructuring of (111) oriented GaAs crystals: from porous structures to nanowires

• Elena I. Monaico,
• Eduard V. Monaico,
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki,
• Shashank Honnali,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Karin Leistner,
• Kornelius Nielsch and
• Ion M. Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 966–975, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.81

• propagation of pores was observed for the potentiostatic mode of anodization (Figure 1C). Switching the anodization voltage to 1 V stops the formation of the porous layer, since this value is below the pore nucleation potential (1.8 V) established from the I–V characteristic, which is in agreement with the

• KOH electrolyte, and the orientation of the arrays is basically random, while the nanowires produced in HNO3 electrolyte are highly oriented perpendicularly to the wafer surface. No nanowires were reported after GaAs anodization in H2SO4 electrolyte, which was used for uniform pore nucleation in a two

• number of tilted pores. One can conclude that etching in HNO3 electrolyte suppresses the nucleation of tilted pores as compared to anodization in HCl or H2SO4 electrolyte, resulting in the fabrication of non-porous GaAs nanowires, which are better suitable for photodetector applications. High-aspect

Templating effect of single-layer graphene supported by an insulating substrate on the molecular orientation of lead phthalocyanine

• K. Priya Madhuri,
• Abhay A. Sagade,
• Pralay K. Santra and
• Neena S. John

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 814–820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.66

• [6][11][20][21][22]. Studies concerning the orientation of nonplanar MPcs on graphene are rare. Vanadyl phthalocyanine (VOPc) has been reported to attain edge-on configuration on a graphene surface [23]. The nucleation of CuPc on graphene is reported to be influenced by the underlying Ir(111